吉林珲春保护区哺乳动物种间冷暖季空间共存关系的研究
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摘要
群落中多物种的共存是群落生态学研究的核心内容之一。为探索生物群落中物种共存机理,本研究于2016年4月至2017年4月在吉林珲春东北虎国家级自然保护区内应用自动相机技术共设置54个相机样点进行哺乳动物类群的监测,并采用占域模型(occupancy model)分析自然保护区内同域分布的哺乳动物类群冷暖季物种间空间共存关系。研究结果表明,在捕食关系中,虎-马鹿、虎-野猪、豹-马鹿、豹-野猪、豹猫-松鼠、黄喉貂-东北兔、黄鼬-松鼠等物种对在暖季比冷季的物种互作因子(SIF,species interaction factor)值显著上升;在竞争关系中,肉食动物物种对中的豹-豹猫、豹-黄鼬和赤狐-豹猫等的SIF值在暖季比冷季显著下降,草食动物物种对中的马鹿-野猪、马鹿-梅花鹿、野猪-梅花鹿和野猪-东北兔在暖季的SIF值比冷季显著上升。研究显示,珲春保护区内的哺乳动物空间共存关系在冷暖季间有着显著变化,肉食动物物种间多为在暖季SIF值较大,互作强度较强,趋向于空间分布上的重合,草食动物则多为在冷季中显现出这样的趋势。
The coexistence of multiple species in the community is one of the core contents of community ecology research. To study species coexistence in biomes,we used a total of 54 camera traps to monitor mammalian groups in the Jilin Hunchun Amur Tiger National Nature Reserve from April 2016 to April 2017. We used an occupancy model to analyze the spatial coexistence of sympatric mammalian species in the cold and warm seasons in the nature reserve. In the predator-prey relationship,the species interaction factor( SIF) values of the tiger-red deer,tiger-wild boar,leopard-red deer,leopard-wild boar,leopard cat-squirrel,yellow throat marten-Manchurian hare,and Siberian weasel-Manchurian hare increased significantly during the warm season compared to the cold season. In the competitive relationship,the SIF values for leopard-leopard cat,leopard-Siberian weasel and red fox-leopard cat in carnivorous species were significantly lower in the warm season than in the cold season,and the SIF values for red deer-wild boar,red deer-sika deer,wild boar-sika deer and wild boar-Manchurian hare in herbivore species were significantly higher than in the cold season. The spatial coexistence of mammals in Hunchun Nature Reserve changed significantly between cold and warm seasons. Most of the carnivores had a larger SIF value during the warm season,and the interaction intensity was strong,tending to coincide with the spatial distribution,while herbivores tended to show this trend during the cold season.
The coexistence of multiple species in the community is one of the core contents of community ecology research. To study species coexistence in biomes,we used a total of 54 camera traps to monitor mammalian groups in the Jilin Hunchun Amur Tiger National Nature Reserve from April 2016 to April 2017. We used an occupancy model to analyze the spatial coexistence of sympatric mammalian species in the cold and warm seasons in the nature reserve. In the predator-prey relationship,the species interaction factor( SIF) values of the tiger-red deer,tiger-wild boar,leopard-red deer,leopard-wild boar,leopard cat-squirrel,yellow throat marten-Manchurian hare,and Siberian weasel-Manchurian hare increased significantly during the warm season compared to the cold season. In the competitive relationship,the SIF values for leopard-leopard cat,leopard-Siberian weasel and red fox-leopard cat in carnivorous species were significantly lower in the warm season than in the cold season,and the SIF values for red deer-wild boar,red deer-sika deer,wild boar-sika deer and wild boar-Manchurian hare in herbivore species were significantly higher than in the cold season. The spatial coexistence of mammals in Hunchun Nature Reserve changed significantly between cold and warm seasons. Most of the carnivores had a larger SIF value during the warm season,and the interaction intensity was strong,tending to coincide with the spatial distribution,while herbivores tended to show this trend during the cold season.
引文
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[27] 王文,马建章,李健,等.黑龙江省通河乌龙狩猎场野猪冬季食性的初步研究[J].兽类学报,2005,25(4):407-409.
[28] 李言阔,张明海.完达山林区马鹿的冬季食性[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(3):104-105.
[29] 宋军,李伟,张海军,等.白石砬子地区野猪生态习性观察与食性分析[J].辽宁林业科技,2005(2):25-26.
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[31] SUTTIE J M,GOODALL E D,PENNIE K,et al.Winter food restriction and summer compensation in red deer stags(Cervus elaphus)[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1983,50(3):737-747.
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[33] MATTHIOPOULOS J,FIEBERG J,AARTS G,et al.Establishing the link between habitat selection and animal population dynamics[J].Ecological Monographs,2015,85(3):413-436.
[2] BR?NMARK C,HANSSON L A.The biology of lakes and ponds[M].London:Oxford University Press,2017.
[3] 储诚进,王酉石,刘宇,等.物种共存理论研究进展[J].生物多样性,2017,25(4):345-354.
[4] VELLEND M.Conceptual synthesis in community ecology[J].The Quarterly Review of Biology,2010,85(2):183-206.
[5] VASSEUR D A,FOX J W.Phase-locking and environmental fluctuations generate synchrony in a predator-prey community[J].Nature,2009,460(7258):1007-1010.
[6] MACKENZIE D I,NICHOLS J D,LACHMAN G B,et al.Estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are less than one[J].Ecology,2002,83(8):2248-2255.
[7] MACKENZIE D I,NICHOLS J D,HINES J E,et al.Estimating site occupancy,colonization,and local extinction when a species is detected imperfectly[J].Ecology,2003,84(8):2200-2207.
[8] 李晟,王大军,肖治术,等.红外相机技术在我国野生动物研究与保护中的应用与前景[J].生物多样性,2014,22(6):685-695.
[9] ROVERO F,MARSHALL A R.Camera trapping photographic rate as an index of density in forest ungulates[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,46(5):1011-1017.
[10] TOBLER M W,CARRILLO-PERCASTEGUI S E,PITMAN R L,et al.An evaluation of camera traps for inventorying large-and medium-sized terrestrial rainforest mammals[J].Animal Conservation,2008,11(3):169-178.
[11] DI BITETTI M S,PAVIOLO A,DE ANGELO C.Density,habitat use and activity patterns of ocelots(Leopardus pardalis)in the Atlantic Forest of Misiones,Argentina[J].Journal of Zoology,2006,270(1):153-163.
[12] LI S,MCSHEA W J,WANG D J,et al.Gauging the impact of management expertise on the distribution of large mammals across protected areas[J].Diversity and Distributions,2012,18(12):1166-1176.
[13] 张鹏.基于自动相机技术的兽类监测及狍栖息地选择研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2015.
[14] MACKENZIE D I,BAILEY L L,NICHOLS J D.Investigating species co-occurrence patterns when species are detected imperfectly[J].Journal of Animal Ecology,2004,73(3):546-555.
[15] RICHMOND O M W,HINES J E,BEISSINGER S R.Two-species occupancy models:a new parameterization applied to co-occurrence of secretive rails[J].Ecological Applications,2010,20(7):2036-2046.
[16] STEEN D A,MCCLURE C J W,BROCK J C,et al.Snake co-occurrence patterns are best explained by habitat and hypothesized effects of interspecific interactions[J].Journal of Animal Ecology,2014,83(1):286-295.
[17] HULBERT I A,ANDERSEN R.Food competition between a large ruminant and a small hindgut fermentor:the case of the roe deer and mountain hare[J].Oecologia,2001,128(4):499-508.
[18] TATARA M,DOI T.Comparative analyses on food habits of Japanese marten,Siberian weasel and leopard cat in the Tsushima Islands,Japan[J].Ecological Research,1994,9(1):99-107.
[19] MELBERG S.Spatiotemporal competition patterns of Swedish roe deer and wild boar during the fawning season[J].Polymer,2012,43(7):2117-2120.
[20] SHEREMET'EV I S,ZHURAVLEV Y N,KORYTIN N S,et al.The structure of ungulate communities[J].Russian Journal of Ecology,2011,42(6):480-484.
[21] CHUA M A H,SIVASOTHI N,MEIER R.Population density,spatiotemporal use and diet of the leopard cat(Prionailurus bengalensis)in a human-modified succession forest landscape of Singapore[J].Mammal Research,2016,61(2):99-108.
[22] GRASSMAN L I,TEWES M E,SILVY N J,et al.Spatial organization and diet of the leopard cat(Prionailurus bengalensis)in north-central Thailand[J].Journal of Zoology,2005,266(1):45-54.
[23] 朱博伟,王彬,冉江洪,等.黄喉貂日活动节律及食性的季节变化[J].兽类学报,2019,39(1):52-61.
[24] 于兰.东北虎和豹的食物选择及其营养生态位研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2017.
[25] 马勇,孙兆惠,刘振生,等.赤狐食性的研究进展[J].经济动物学报,2014,18(1):53-58.
[26] 张玮琪.小时间尺度下东北小兴安岭和完达山地区鹿类冬季营养生态学研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2013.
[27] 王文,马建章,李健,等.黑龙江省通河乌龙狩猎场野猪冬季食性的初步研究[J].兽类学报,2005,25(4):407-409.
[28] 李言阔,张明海.完达山林区马鹿的冬季食性[J].东北林业大学学报,2005,33(3):104-105.
[29] 宋军,李伟,张海军,等.白石砬子地区野猪生态习性观察与食性分析[J].辽宁林业科技,2005(2):25-26.
[30] 周宏力,张晓岚.大、小兴安岭松鼠的食性[J].东北林业大学学报,2003,31(3):44-46.
[31] SUTTIE J M,GOODALL E D,PENNIE K,et al.Winter food restriction and summer compensation in red deer stags(Cervus elaphus)[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1983,50(3):737-747.
[32] PULLIAM H R,DANIELSON B J.Sources,sinks,and habitat selection:a landscape perspective on population dynamics[J].The American Naturalist,1991,137:S50-S66.
[33] MATTHIOPOULOS J,FIEBERG J,AARTS G,et al.Establishing the link between habitat selection and animal population dynamics[J].Ecological Monographs,2015,85(3):413-436.