循环水养殖系统中几种常用的固定膜式生物过滤器
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摘要
采用循环水养殖系统实现养殖用水的重复利用并进行封闭式生产,被认为是一种环境友好的水产品获取方式。自养硝化过程将氨氮经由亚硝酸盐氮转化成硝酸盐氮,是目前封闭式循环水养殖系统中最普遍的一种氨氮控制途径。固定膜式生物过滤器为硝化细菌提供附着基面,形成生物膜,是常用的自养硝化实现方式,也是循环水养殖系统核心的水处理单元。可根据生物膜载体与水流的接触方式或载体流经滤器的水体中的位置分为几种类型。本文综述了滴滤式、浸没式、流化床、移动床等循环水养殖系统中较常用的几种生物过滤器,分析其优缺点并进行比较,同时结合具体案例进行生物过滤器的设计举例,为循环水养殖系统的构建提供参考。
It is regarded as an environment friendly way to obtain aquatic products by realizing the re-use of aquaculture water and closed production in recirculating aquaculture systems. The biological conversion of nitrite nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen is called Nitrification,which is the most common way to control ammonia-nitrogen in the present recirculating aquaculture systems. Fixed-film biological filter,as a common way to realize nitrification and a key unit in a recirculating aquaculture system,can provide attachment surfaces for nitrobacteria to form bio-films. It can be divided into several types according to the different ways of contact between the bio-film carrier and the water flow or the different positions where the bio-film carrier flows through the fixed-film biological filter in the water body. The paper reviewed several types of frequently-used fixed-film bio-filters in recirculating aquaculture systems including trickling bio-filter,submerged bio-filter,fluid bed bio-filter,moving bed bio-film reactor,etc.in which the advantages and disadvantages of them were analyzed and compared,and specific cases were taken to illustrate the designs of bio-filters,thus providing reference for the construction of circulating aquaculture systems.
It is regarded as an environment friendly way to obtain aquatic products by realizing the re-use of aquaculture water and closed production in recirculating aquaculture systems. The biological conversion of nitrite nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen is called Nitrification,which is the most common way to control ammonia-nitrogen in the present recirculating aquaculture systems. Fixed-film biological filter,as a common way to realize nitrification and a key unit in a recirculating aquaculture system,can provide attachment surfaces for nitrobacteria to form bio-films. It can be divided into several types according to the different ways of contact between the bio-film carrier and the water flow or the different positions where the bio-film carrier flows through the fixed-film biological filter in the water body. The paper reviewed several types of frequently-used fixed-film bio-filters in recirculating aquaculture systems including trickling bio-filter,submerged bio-filter,fluid bed bio-filter,moving bed bio-film reactor,etc.in which the advantages and disadvantages of them were analyzed and compared,and specific cases were taken to illustrate the designs of bio-filters,thus providing reference for the construction of circulating aquaculture systems.
引文
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[2]AMIRKOLAIEA K.Dietary carbohydrate and faecal waste in the Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus L)[D].Wageningen,The Netherlands:University Wageningen,2005.
[3]BOUWMAN A F,BEUSEN A H W,OVERBEEK C C,et al.Hindcasts and future projections of global inland and coastal nitrogen and phosphorus loads due to finfish aquaculture[J].Reviews in Fisheries Science,2013,21(2):112-156.
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[15]LIAO P B,MAYO R D.Intensified Fish Culture Combining Water Reconditioning with Pollution Abatement[J].Aquaculture,1974,3(1):61-85.
[16]EDING E H,KAMSTRA A,VERRETHJ A J,et al.Design and operation of nitrifying trickling filters in recirculating aquaculture:A review[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2006,34(3):234-260.
[17]朱松明.循环水养殖系统中生物过滤器技术简介[J].渔业现代化,2006(2):16-20.
[18]MALONE R F.Floating Media Biofilter:No.5,126,042[P].1992-06-30.
[19]SUMMERFELT S T.Design and management of conventional fluidized-sand biofilters[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2006,34(3):275-302.
[20]SUMMERFELT S T,SHARRER M J.Design implication of carbon dioxide production within biofilters contained in recirculating salmonid culture systems[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2005,32(1):171-182.
[21]TIMMONS M B,EBELING J M,WHEATON F W,et al.Recirculating Aquaculture Systems[M].2nd Edition.Ithaca,New York,USA:Cayuga Aqua Ventures,2002:256-258.
[22]ODEGAARD H,RUSTEN B,WESTRUM T.A new moving bed biofilm reactor-applications and results[J].Water Science and Technology,1994,29:157–165.
[23]RUSTEN B,EIKEBROKK B,ULGENES Y,et al.Design and operations of the Kaldnes moving bed biofilm reactors[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2006,34(3):322-331.
[24]PFEIFFER T,WILLS P.Low-head Recirculating Aquaculture System for Juvenile Red Drum Production[C]//Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Recirculating Aquculture,Roanoke,Virginia,July,2008:25-27.
[25]SUHR K I,PEDERSENP B.Nitrification in moving bed and fixed bed biofilters treating effluent water from a large commercial outdoor rainbow trout RAS[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2010,42(1):31-37.
[26]GUERDAT T C,LOSORDOT M,CLASSENJ J,et al.An evaluation of commercially available biological filters for recirculating aquaculture systems[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2010,42(1):38-49.
[27]MALONE R F.Floating Media Hourglass Biofilter:No.5,232,586[P].1993-08-03.
[28]TIMMONSM B,LOSORDO T.Advances in aquacultural engineering:Aquacultural Engineering Society Proceedings III.Orlando[C]//November 1997:197-208.
[29]WASKAR V G,KULKARNI G S,KORE V S.Review on process,application and performance of rotating biological contactor(RBC)[C]//International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,2012:1-6.
[30]MARIN P,DONOSO-BRAVO A,CAMPOS J L,et al.Performance of an in-situ rotating biological contactor in a recirculating aquaculture system[J].Water Science&Technology,2011,64(11):2217-2222.
[31]MALONE R F,PFEIFFER J J.Rating fixed film nitrifying biofilters used in recirculating aquaculture systems[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2006,34(3):389-402.
[32]TIMMONS MB,HOLDER J L,EBELING J M.Application of microbead biological filters[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2006,34(3):332-343.
[33]HOCHHEIMER J N,WHEATON F.Biological Filters:Trickling and RBC Design[C]//Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture Roanoke.Roanoke.1998:291-318.
[34]HOCHHEIMER J N,WHEATON F.Biological Filters:Trickling and RBC Design[C]//Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture Roanoke.Roanoke.1998:291-318.
[35]COLT J.An introduction to water quality management in intensive aquaculture[C]//Presented at the Northwest Fish Culture Conference,Springfield,OR,1986.
[36]GUJERM D,BOLLERW M.Design of a nitrifying tertiary trickling filter based on theoretical concepts[J].Water Research,1986,20(11):1353-1362.
[2]AMIRKOLAIEA K.Dietary carbohydrate and faecal waste in the Nile tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus L)[D].Wageningen,The Netherlands:University Wageningen,2005.
[3]BOUWMAN A F,BEUSEN A H W,OVERBEEK C C,et al.Hindcasts and future projections of global inland and coastal nitrogen and phosphorus loads due to finfish aquaculture[J].Reviews in Fisheries Science,2013,21(2):112-156.
[4]VAN R J.Waste treatment in recirculating aquaculture systems[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2013,53(53):49-56.
[5]MANCINELLI R L,MCKAY C P.The evolution of nitrogen cycling[J].Origins of Life&Evolution of the Biosphere,1988,18(4):311-325.
[6]BOLEY C E,TUCKER C S.Handbook for Aquaculture Water Quality[M].Auburn Alabama,USA:CRAFTMASTER,2014:439.
[7]NOGUEIRA R,LAZAROVAV,MANEM J,et al.Influence of dissolved oxygen on the nitrification kinetics in a circulating bed biofilm reactor[J].Bioprocess Engineering,1998,19(6):441-449.
[8]CAMPOS J L,GARRIDO J M,MOSQUERA-CORRAL A,et al.Stability of a nitrifying activated sludge reactor[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal,2007,35(1):87-92.
[9]ELMERICH C.Nitrification and denitrification in the activated sludge process:M.H.Gerardi,Ed.John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.Sussex,England,￡37.50[J].Research in Microbiology,2002,153(4):253.
[10]COYTEA K Z,TABUTEAUE H,GAFFNEY E A,et al.Microbial competition in porous environments can select against rapid biofilm growth[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America,2017,114(2):161-170.
[11]MALONE R F,PFEIFFER T J.Rating fixed film nitrifying biofilters used in recirculating aquaculture systems[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2006,34(3):389-402.
[12]HOCHHEIMER J N,WHEATON F.Biological Filters:Trickling and RBC Design[C]//Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture Roanoke.Roanoke.1998:291-318.
[13]WHEATON F,HOCHHEIMER J N,KAISER G E.Fixed-film nitrification filters for aquaculture[M].In:D.E.Brune,J.R.Tomasso(Eds.).World Aquaculture Society:Aquaculture and Water Quality.1991:272-303.
[14]HOCHHEIMER J N,WHEATON F.Biological Filters:Trickling and RBC Design[C]//Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture Roanoke.1998:291-318.
[15]LIAO P B,MAYO R D.Intensified Fish Culture Combining Water Reconditioning with Pollution Abatement[J].Aquaculture,1974,3(1):61-85.
[16]EDING E H,KAMSTRA A,VERRETHJ A J,et al.Design and operation of nitrifying trickling filters in recirculating aquaculture:A review[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2006,34(3):234-260.
[17]朱松明.循环水养殖系统中生物过滤器技术简介[J].渔业现代化,2006(2):16-20.
[18]MALONE R F.Floating Media Biofilter:No.5,126,042[P].1992-06-30.
[19]SUMMERFELT S T.Design and management of conventional fluidized-sand biofilters[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2006,34(3):275-302.
[20]SUMMERFELT S T,SHARRER M J.Design implication of carbon dioxide production within biofilters contained in recirculating salmonid culture systems[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2005,32(1):171-182.
[21]TIMMONS M B,EBELING J M,WHEATON F W,et al.Recirculating Aquaculture Systems[M].2nd Edition.Ithaca,New York,USA:Cayuga Aqua Ventures,2002:256-258.
[22]ODEGAARD H,RUSTEN B,WESTRUM T.A new moving bed biofilm reactor-applications and results[J].Water Science and Technology,1994,29:157–165.
[23]RUSTEN B,EIKEBROKK B,ULGENES Y,et al.Design and operations of the Kaldnes moving bed biofilm reactors[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2006,34(3):322-331.
[24]PFEIFFER T,WILLS P.Low-head Recirculating Aquaculture System for Juvenile Red Drum Production[C]//Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Recirculating Aquculture,Roanoke,Virginia,July,2008:25-27.
[25]SUHR K I,PEDERSENP B.Nitrification in moving bed and fixed bed biofilters treating effluent water from a large commercial outdoor rainbow trout RAS[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2010,42(1):31-37.
[26]GUERDAT T C,LOSORDOT M,CLASSENJ J,et al.An evaluation of commercially available biological filters for recirculating aquaculture systems[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2010,42(1):38-49.
[27]MALONE R F.Floating Media Hourglass Biofilter:No.5,232,586[P].1993-08-03.
[28]TIMMONSM B,LOSORDO T.Advances in aquacultural engineering:Aquacultural Engineering Society Proceedings III.Orlando[C]//November 1997:197-208.
[29]WASKAR V G,KULKARNI G S,KORE V S.Review on process,application and performance of rotating biological contactor(RBC)[C]//International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,2012:1-6.
[30]MARIN P,DONOSO-BRAVO A,CAMPOS J L,et al.Performance of an in-situ rotating biological contactor in a recirculating aquaculture system[J].Water Science&Technology,2011,64(11):2217-2222.
[31]MALONE R F,PFEIFFER J J.Rating fixed film nitrifying biofilters used in recirculating aquaculture systems[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2006,34(3):389-402.
[32]TIMMONS MB,HOLDER J L,EBELING J M.Application of microbead biological filters[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2006,34(3):332-343.
[33]HOCHHEIMER J N,WHEATON F.Biological Filters:Trickling and RBC Design[C]//Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture Roanoke.Roanoke.1998:291-318.
[34]HOCHHEIMER J N,WHEATON F.Biological Filters:Trickling and RBC Design[C]//Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture Roanoke.Roanoke.1998:291-318.
[35]COLT J.An introduction to water quality management in intensive aquaculture[C]//Presented at the Northwest Fish Culture Conference,Springfield,OR,1986.
[36]GUJERM D,BOLLERW M.Design of a nitrifying tertiary trickling filter based on theoretical concepts[J].Water Research,1986,20(11):1353-1362.