电子束辐照水处理反应器研究进展
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摘要
目前国内外对电子束辐照水处理中反应动力学的研究较为深入,但对反应器流体力学特性和吸收剂量分布规律的研究相对薄弱,而反应器的流体力学特性和吸收剂量分布均匀性决定了辐照水处理的效率。本文对现有电子束辐照水处理反应器进行了分类、分析和对比,并对它们的优缺点进行了讨论:瀑布式和射流式反应器产生的水流与电子束要求的水流特性较为相似,且应用较为广泛,但缺乏系统的研究;喷雾式反应器处理量相对较小且缺乏对其雾化水流的研究;上流式与折流式反应器容易引起水流吸收剂量分布的不均匀。指出了目前反应器研究都没有考虑水流细部的流体力学特性及其对吸收剂量分布均匀性的影响。提出了电子束辐照水处理反应器进一步的研究方向为,采用计算流体力学与蒙特卡罗模拟粒子输运相结合的方法,研究反应器水流流速分布、厚度分布与雾化水流密度分布等流体力学特性与吸收剂量分布规律,并据此优化反应器。
A lot of research has been conducted to study the reaction kinetics of electron beam(EB)treatment of wastewater. However,relatively less attention has been paid to the hydrodynamic behavior and absorbed dose distribution of the EB reactor which is crucially important for the EB treatment efficiency. Existing EB reactors were classified,analyzed and compared in this paper. Advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of EB reactors were briefly discussed. The waterfall and nozzle jet reactors were widely used and their flow coincided well with the requirement of electron beam,but very few systematic studies were conducted on them. The treatment capacity of the spraying reactors was relatively small and there were very few studies on the aerosol flow formed by them. As for up-flow and plate reactors,their absorbed dose distribution was less uniform. All previous studies didn't consider the detailed hydrodynamic of the EB reactor and its effect on the absorbed dose distribution which is also considered as the future research area for EB reactor study. Computational fluid dynamic(CFD)method should be used to study the detailed hydrodynamic of the EB reactor,including the velocity,depth and density distribution of the flow. The Monte Carlo method incorporating CFD simulation result should be used to study the absorbed dose distribution of the flow. The configuration of the EB reactor should be improved to make the absorbed dose distribution more uniform.
A lot of research has been conducted to study the reaction kinetics of electron beam(EB)treatment of wastewater. However,relatively less attention has been paid to the hydrodynamic behavior and absorbed dose distribution of the EB reactor which is crucially important for the EB treatment efficiency. Existing EB reactors were classified,analyzed and compared in this paper. Advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of EB reactors were briefly discussed. The waterfall and nozzle jet reactors were widely used and their flow coincided well with the requirement of electron beam,but very few systematic studies were conducted on them. The treatment capacity of the spraying reactors was relatively small and there were very few studies on the aerosol flow formed by them. As for up-flow and plate reactors,their absorbed dose distribution was less uniform. All previous studies didn't consider the detailed hydrodynamic of the EB reactor and its effect on the absorbed dose distribution which is also considered as the future research area for EB reactor study. Computational fluid dynamic(CFD)method should be used to study the detailed hydrodynamic of the EB reactor,including the velocity,depth and density distribution of the flow. The Monte Carlo method incorporating CFD simulation result should be used to study the absorbed dose distribution of the flow. The configuration of the EB reactor should be improved to make the absorbed dose distribution more uniform.
引文
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[30]范茏,施汉昌,徐农,等.污水处理反应器的计算流体力学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012.FAN L,SHI H C,XU N,et al.Computational fluid dynamics of wastewater treatment reactor[M].Beijing:China Building Industry Press,2012.
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[32]CHEN J,DENG B,Kim C N.Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)modeling of UV disinfection in a closed-conduit reactor[J].Chemical Engineering Science,2011,66(21):4983-4990.
[33]吴云,张楠,张宏伟,等.膜曝气生物膜反应器内流场的CFD模拟及组件优化[J].化工学报,2014,66(1):402-409.WU Y,ZHANG N,ZHANG H W,et al.CFD simulation of internal hydrodynamic characteristics and optimization of membrane module in membrane aerated biofilm reactor[J].CIESC Journal,2014,66(1):402-409..
[34]蔡会勇,刘永红,李婷,等.内循环厌氧反应器Fluent数值模拟与优化[J].化工进展,2014,33(12):3210-3214.CAI H Y,LIU Y H,LI T,et al.Numerical simulation and optimization of internal circulation anaerobic reactor by Fluent software[J].Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2014,33(12):3210-3214.
[35]KIM J,MOREIRA R G,HUANG Y,et al.3-D dose distributions for optimum radiation treatment planning of complex foods[J].Journal of food engineering,2007,79(1):312-321.
[2]冯骞,薛朝霞,汪翙.计算流体力学在水处理反应器优化设计运行中的应用[J].水资源保护,2006,22(2):11-15.FENG J,XU C X,WANG H.Application of CFD theory in optimal design and operation of water treatment reactor[J].Water Resources Protection,2006,22(2):11-15.
[3]SPINKS J W T,WOODS R J.An introduction to radiation chemistry[J].Radiation Research,1990,124(3):403-408.
[4]WANG J L,WANG J Z.Application of radiation technology to sewage sludge processing:a review[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2007,143(1):2-7.
[5]DING R,MAO Z Y,WANG J L.Synergistic effects of 4-nitrophenol degradation using gamma irradiation combined with an advanced oxidation process[J].Nuclear Science and Techniques,2016,27(1):1-6.
[6]王建龙,叶龙飞,杨春平,等.电子加速器辐射处理含氰废水的中试研究[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(1):60-66.WANG J L,YE L F,YANG C P,et al.A pilot study of cyanide-containing wastewater treatment using electron accelerator[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2014,34(1):60-66.
[7]孙伟华,陈吕军,王建龙,等.电离辐射技术在水环境保护中的应用[C]//2012中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集(第三卷),2012.SUN W H,CHEN L J,WANG J L,et al.Application of ionizing radiation in the protection of water environment[C]//Academic Conference Proceedings of Chinese Society for Environment Science,2012.
[8]CLELAND M R,FERNALD R A,MALOOF S R.Electron beam process design for the treatment of wastes and economic feasibility of the process[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,1984,24(1):179-190.
[9]KURUCZ C N,WAITE T D,COOPER W J.The miami electron beam research facility:a large scale wastewater treatment application[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,1995,45(2):299-308.
[10]ENGOHANG-NDONG J,URIBE R M,GREGORY R,et al.Effect of electron beam irradiation on bacterial and Ascaris ova loads and volatile organic compounds in municipal sewage sludge[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2015,112:6-12.
[11]GEHRINGER P,ESCHWEILER H,FIEDLER H.Ozone-electron beam treatment for groundwater remediation[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,1995,46(4):1075-1078.
[12]PIKAEV A K,PODZOROVA E A,BAKHTIN O M.Combined electron-beam and ozone treatment of wastewater in the aerosol flow[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,1997,49(1):155-157.
[13]PIKAEV A K.Current status of the application of ionizing radiation to environmental protection:Ⅲ.Sewage sludge,gaseous and solid systems(A review)[J].High Energy Chemistry,2000,34(3):129-140.
[14]PODZOROVA E A,PIKAEV A K,BELYSHEV V A,et al.New data of electron-beam treatment of municipal wastewater in the aerosol flow[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,1998,52(52):361-364.
[15]PIKAEV A K,PODROZOVA E A,BAKHTIN O M,et al.Electron beam technology for purification of municipal wastewater in the aerosol flow[C]//IAEA-TECDOC-1225,IAEA,Vienna,Austria,2001:45-55.
[16]CHMIELEWSKI A G.Electron beam processing-What are the limits[C]//International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Research Applications and Utilization of Accelerators,2009.
[17]HAN B,KIM J,KIM Y,et al.Electron beam treatment of textile dyeing wastewater:operation of pilot plant and industrial plant construction[J].Water Science and Technology,2005,52(10/11):317-324.
[18]HAN B,KO J,KIM J,et al.Combined electron-beam and biological treatment of dyeing complex wastewater.Pilot plant experiments[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2002,64(1):53-59.
[19]HAN B,JIN K K,KIM Y,et al.Operation of industrial-scale electron beam wastewater treatment plant[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2012,81:1475-1478.
[20]HAN B,KIM J,KANG W,et al.Development of mobile electron beam plant for environmental applications[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2016,124:174-178.
[21]HE S J,SUN W H,WANG J L,et al.Enhancement of biodegradability of real textile and dyeing wastewater by electron beam irradiation[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2016,124:203-207.
[22]YE L F,HE S J,WANG J L,et al.A comparison of pilot scale electron beam and bench scale gamma irradiations of cyanide aqueous in solution[J].Nuclear Science and Techniques,2013,24:S010202.
[23]SAMPA M H O,BORRELY S I,SILVA B L,et al.The use of electron beam accelerator for the treatment of drinking water and wastewater in Brazil[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,1995,46(4):1143-1146.
[24]RELA P R,SAMPA M H O,DUARTE C L,et al.Development of an up-flow irradiation device for electron beam wastewater treatment[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2000,57(3):657-660.
[25]DUARTE C L,SAMPA M H O,RELA P R,et al.Advanced oxidation process by electron-beam-irradiation-induced decompositionof pollutants in industrial effluents[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2002,63(3):647-651.
[26]EMAMI-MEIBODI M,PARSAEIAN M R,AMRAEI R,et al.An experimental investigation of wastewater treatment using electron beam irradiation[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2016,125:82-87.
[27]史戎坚.电子加速器工业应用导论[M].北京:中国质检出版社,2012.SHI R J.An introduction to electron accelerators and industrial applications[M].Beijing:China Zhijian Press,2012.
[28]CLELAND M,GALLOWAY R,GENIN F,et al.The use of dose and charge distributions in electron beam processing[J].Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2002,63(3):729-733.
[29]BEREJKA A J,CLELAND M R.Industrial radiation processing with electron beams and X-rays[R].Int.At.Energy Agency,2011:34-36.
[30]范茏,施汉昌,徐农,等.污水处理反应器的计算流体力学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2012.FAN L,SHI H C,XU N,et al.Computational fluid dynamics of wastewater treatment reactor[M].Beijing:China Building Industry Press,2012.
[31]WOLS B A,HOFMAN J,BEERENDONK E F,et al.A systematic approach for the design of UV reactors using computational fluid dynamics[J].AICh E Journal,2011,57(1):193-207.
[32]CHEN J,DENG B,Kim C N.Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)modeling of UV disinfection in a closed-conduit reactor[J].Chemical Engineering Science,2011,66(21):4983-4990.
[33]吴云,张楠,张宏伟,等.膜曝气生物膜反应器内流场的CFD模拟及组件优化[J].化工学报,2014,66(1):402-409.WU Y,ZHANG N,ZHANG H W,et al.CFD simulation of internal hydrodynamic characteristics and optimization of membrane module in membrane aerated biofilm reactor[J].CIESC Journal,2014,66(1):402-409..
[34]蔡会勇,刘永红,李婷,等.内循环厌氧反应器Fluent数值模拟与优化[J].化工进展,2014,33(12):3210-3214.CAI H Y,LIU Y H,LI T,et al.Numerical simulation and optimization of internal circulation anaerobic reactor by Fluent software[J].Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2014,33(12):3210-3214.
[35]KIM J,MOREIRA R G,HUANG Y,et al.3-D dose distributions for optimum radiation treatment planning of complex foods[J].Journal of food engineering,2007,79(1):312-321.