我国水污染物排放总量控制政策评估
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摘要
采用环境政策评估的一般模式,对我国水污染物排放总量控制政策进行了初步评估。结果显示:我国水环境保护目标不明确,总量控制政策未能围绕保障人体健康和水生态安全这一目标进行设计,同时总量控制政策法律地位的缺失导致其缺乏制度保障;以目标总量控制为主的考核体系,以水环境容量为依据进行计算,以行政区为单位、年为时间尺度,以化学需氧量和氨氮两种主要污染物为依据,以水污染物排放量为主实施的总量控制政策不合理且缺乏科学意义,无法保障水质达标。在此评估的基础之上,提出了相关政策建议。
According to the general model of environmental policy evaluation, we evaluatied preliminarily the total amount control policy of water pollution discharge. Results showed that China's water environmental protection target was not clear. The total amount control policy failed to design around the goal orientation "safeguard human health and water ecological security", and lacked institutional guarantee due to the absence of legal status. The total amount control policy focused on target gross control evaluation system, the calculation and allocation were based on water environmental capacity, using administrative region as land unit and year as time scale, two major pollutants of chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen as the basis, so it was unreasonable and lack of scientific significance and could not guarantee the water quality to reach a set standard. On the basis of evaluation, relevant policy suggestions were put forward.
According to the general model of environmental policy evaluation, we evaluatied preliminarily the total amount control policy of water pollution discharge. Results showed that China's water environmental protection target was not clear. The total amount control policy failed to design around the goal orientation "safeguard human health and water ecological security", and lacked institutional guarantee due to the absence of legal status. The total amount control policy focused on target gross control evaluation system, the calculation and allocation were based on water environmental capacity, using administrative region as land unit and year as time scale, two major pollutants of chemical oxygen demand and ammonia nitrogen as the basis, so it was unreasonable and lack of scientific significance and could not guarantee the water quality to reach a set standard. On the basis of evaluation, relevant policy suggestions were put forward.
引文
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[2] 曾维华,程蕾,吴悦颖,等.基于水质改善的总量控制框架设计[J].环境保护,2017,45(15):32-36.
[3] 赵华林,郭启民,黄小赠.日本水环境保护及总量控制技术与政策的启示[J].环境保护,2007(24):82-87.
[4] 文扬,周楷,蒋姝睿,等.陆水流域水环境与水资源承载力研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(3):126-132.
[5] 李涛,杨喆,马中,等.公共政策视角下官厅水库流域水环境保护规划评估[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(1):62-69.
[6] 胡耕通,何佳楠.水环境审计评价指标体系构建研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(8):13-18.
[7] 唐访良,张明,徐建芬,等.钱塘江(杭州段)水中有机氯农药残留污染特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(11):3595-3603.
[8] 谢阳村,赵越,徐敏,等.石头口门水库流域水污染物排放总量控制目标的确定方法研究[J].环境污染与防治,2015,37(3):98-101.
[9] 刘源月,刘新民,夏溶矫.总量控制制度对排污权有偿使用与交易的影响[J].环境污染与防治,2015,37(3):66-68.
[10] 方玉杰,万金保,罗定贵,等.流域总量控制下赣江流域控制单元划分技术[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(4):540-548.
[11] 孟伟,刘征涛,张楠,等.流域水质目标管理技术研究(II)-水环境基准、标准与总量控制[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(1):1-8.
[12] 吴健,马中.总量控制的经济学分析与政策问题讨论[J].生态经济,2004,32(8):22-26.
[13] 段海燕,王宪恩.我国污染物排放总量控制指标差异性公平配置理论及法律制度研究[J].法学杂志,2017,36(7):22-31.
[14] 宋国君.环境政策分析[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2008.
[15] 宋国君.论中国污染物排放总量控制和浓度控制[J].环境保护,2000(6):11-13.
[16] 田其云,黄彪.我国污染物总量控制制度探讨[J].环境保护,2014,42(20):42-44.
[17] 王春磊.污染物总量控制制度实施中的若干问题研究[J].政治与法律,2016,12(7):62-70.