基于GIS的北京市生态脆弱性评价
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摘要
城市化背景下"社会-自然"耦合生态系统的生态脆弱性评价成为当今研究热点。以GIS为平台,使用SPOT5和Landsat 8 OLI遥感数据等多元数据,运用"敏感、弹性和压力"生态脆弱性评估框架模型,结合空间主成分分析法,计算北京市生态脆弱度(EVI)、生态敏感度(ESI)、生态弹性度(EEI)和生态压力度(EPI),进行生态脆弱性评价。结果表明:(1)北京市生态脆弱性整体程度呈中等水平,但城镇区域生态脆弱性偏高(极高和高度脆弱区面积占北京市总面积的34%),山地林区生态脆弱性较低(一般脆弱区占研究区总面积的11%)。(2)生态脆弱性的敏感度、弹性度和压力度的权重系数分别为0. 196、0. 526和0. 278,平原地区植被覆盖度低和城镇建设用地比例过高是北京市生态脆弱性的主要影响因子。(3) EVI、ESI、EEI和EPI与土地利用方式均呈显著相关,其中EVI与建设用地相关性最大,Pearson相关系数为0. 80。(4)建议北京市生态保护和恢复工作应针对不同区域的脆弱性特征采取相应措施,进行优化实施。
With the development of urbanization and industrialization,ecological environment problems have been increasing imminently. Ecological vulnerability has become a hot spot study area of global change and land use/cover change.This paper demonstrates an illustrative analytical framework for assessing ecological vulnerability in Beijing City by spatial principal component analysis resolutions. And ecological vulnerability index system for multiple spatial variables,based on remote sensing data of the year of 2013 and other aspects of spatial ecological environment data,was established from ecological sensitivity index(ESI),ecological elasticity index(EEI) and ecological pressure index(EPI). The results are as follows:(1) Beijing's overall ecological vulnerability is at medium level,but the urban vulnerability index is higher than other districts(extremely high and highly vulnerable areas account for 34% of the total area of Beijing),and the vulnerability index of mountain forest areas are relatively lower(general vulnerability areas account for 11% of total areas).(2) The weight coefficients of ecology sensitivity,elasticity and pressure are 0. 196,0. 526 and 0. 278.(3) EVI,ESI,EEI,EPI are closely related to LUCC for significant correlations,and the correlation between construction land and EVI is the largest(Pearson correlation coefficient is 0. 80). In short,ecological protection measures have good effects on ecological restoration,and some effective measures should be carried out for urban ecological protection.
With the development of urbanization and industrialization,ecological environment problems have been increasing imminently. Ecological vulnerability has become a hot spot study area of global change and land use/cover change.This paper demonstrates an illustrative analytical framework for assessing ecological vulnerability in Beijing City by spatial principal component analysis resolutions. And ecological vulnerability index system for multiple spatial variables,based on remote sensing data of the year of 2013 and other aspects of spatial ecological environment data,was established from ecological sensitivity index(ESI),ecological elasticity index(EEI) and ecological pressure index(EPI). The results are as follows:(1) Beijing's overall ecological vulnerability is at medium level,but the urban vulnerability index is higher than other districts(extremely high and highly vulnerable areas account for 34% of the total area of Beijing),and the vulnerability index of mountain forest areas are relatively lower(general vulnerability areas account for 11% of total areas).(2) The weight coefficients of ecology sensitivity,elasticity and pressure are 0. 196,0. 526 and 0. 278.(3) EVI,ESI,EEI,EPI are closely related to LUCC for significant correlations,and the correlation between construction land and EVI is the largest(Pearson correlation coefficient is 0. 80). In short,ecological protection measures have good effects on ecological restoration,and some effective measures should be carried out for urban ecological protection.
引文
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[17] PEI H,FANG S f,LIN L,et al.Methods and Applications for Ecological Vulnerability Evaluation in a Hyper-Arid Oasis:A Case Study of the Turpan Oasis,China[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(2):1449-1461.
[18]刘康,欧阳志云,王效科,等.甘肃省生态环境敏感性评价及其空间分布[J].生态学报,2003,23(12):2711-2718.[LIU Kang,OUYANG Zhi-yun,WANG Xiao-ke,et al.Eco-Environmental Sensitivity and Its Spatial Distribution in Gansu Province[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(12):2711-2718.
[19]万忠成,王治江,董丽新,等.辽宁省生态系统敏感性评价[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(6):677-681.[WAN Zhong-cheng,WANG Zhi-jiang,DONG Li-xin,et al. Ecosystem Sensitivity Assessment of Liaoning Province[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2006,25(6):677-681.
[20]付刚,肖能文,乔梦萍,等.北京市近二十年景观破碎化格局的时空变化[J].生态学报,2017,37(8):2551-2562.[FU Gang,XIAO Neng-wen,QIAO Meng-ping,et al.Spatial-Temporal Changes of Landscape Fragmentation Patterns in Beijing in the Last Two Decades[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(8):2551-2562.
[21]刘义,袁秀,李景文,等.北京市自然保护区管理有效性评估及优先性确定[J].林业资源管理,2008(4):58-63.[LIU Yi,YUAN Xiu,LI Jing-wen,et al.Assessing Management Effectiveness and Setting Priorities for Nature Reserves in Beijing[J].Forest Resources Management 2008(4):58-63.
[22] JAFARI S,ZAREDAR N.Land Suitability Analysis Using Multi-Attribute Decision Making Approach[J].International Journal of Environmental Science and Development,2010,1(5):441-445.
[23]韩刚,袁家冬,李恪旭.兰州市城市脆弱性研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(11):70-76.[HAN Gang,YUAN Jia-dong,LI Ke-xu,et al.Research on the Urban Vulnerability in Lanzhou[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2016,30(11):70-76.
[24] TURNER B LⅡ.Vulnerability and Resilience:Coalescing or Paralleling Approaches for Sustainability Science?[J]. Global Environmental Change,2010,20(4):570-576.
[25]潘竟虎,刘晓.基于空间主成分和最小累积阻力模型的内陆河景观生态安全评价与格局优化:以张掖市甘州区为例[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(10):3126-3136.[PAN Jing-hu,LIU Xiao. Assessment of Landscape Ecological Security and Optimization of Landscape Pattern Based on Spatial Principal Component Analysis and Resistance Model in Arid Inland Area:A Case Study of Ganzhou District,Zhangye City,Northwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(10):3126-3136.
[26] FAN C,MYINT S.A Comparison of Spatial Autocorrelation Indices and Landscape Metrics in Measuring Urban Landscape Fragmentation[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2014,121:117-128.
[27]陈彦光.基于Moran统计量的空间自相关理论发展和方法改进[J].地理研究,2009,28(6):1449-1463.[CHEN Yan-guang.Reconstructing the Mathematical Process of Spatial Autocorrelation Based on Moran's Statistics[J]. Geographical Research,2009,28(6):1449-1463.
[28]颜磊,许学工,谢正磊,等.北京市域生态敏感性综合评价[J].生态学报,2009,29(6):3117-3125.[YAN Lei,XU Xue-gong,XIE Zheng-lei,et al. Integrated Assessment on Ecological Sensitivity for Beijing[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(6):3117-3125.
[29]时宇,史明昌.基于GIS的北京市水土流失生态风险评价[J].生态科学,2014,33(6):1100-1105.[SHI Yu,SHI Ming-chang.Ecological Risk Assessment of Soil Erosion in Beijing Based on GIS[J].Ecological Science,2014,33(6):1100-1105.
[30] VYSKUPOVA M,PAVLICKOVA K,BAUS P.A Landscape Vulnerability Analysis Method Proposal and Its Integration in the EIA[J].Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,2017,60(7):1193-1213.
[31] WANG Y P,THORNTON D H,GE D P,et al. Ecological Correlates of Vulnerability to Fragmentation in Forest Birds on Inundated Subtropical Land-Bridge Islands[J]. Biological Conservation,2015,191:251-257.
[32]赵强,李秀梅,谢嘉欣.济南市生态弹性力评价研究[J].生态科学,2015,34(2):156-160.[ZHAO Qiang,LI Xiu-mei,XIE Jiaxin. Evaluation on City Ecosystem Resilience in Jinan City[J].Ecological Science,2015,34(2):156-160.
[33]徐广才,康慕谊,贺丽娜,等.生态脆弱性及其研究进展[J].生态学报,2009,29(5):2578-2588.[XU Guang-cai,KANG Mu-yi,HE Li-na,et al. Advances in Research on Ecological Vulnerability[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(5):2578-2588.
[2] BEROYA-EITNER M A.Ecological Vulnerability Indicators[J].Ecological Indicators,2016,60:329-334.
[3] WILLIAMS L R R,KAPUSTKA L A.Ecosystem Vulnerability:A Complex Interface With Technical Components[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2000,19(4):1055-1058.
[4] GALLOPIN G C.Linkages Between Vulnerability,Resilience,and Adaptive Capacity[J]. Global Environmental Change,2006,16(3):293-303.
[5]乔青,高吉喜,王维,等.生态脆弱性综合评价方法与应用[J].环境科学研究.2008,21(5):117-123.[QIAO Qing,GAO Ji-xi,WANG Wei,et al. Method and Application of Ecological Frangibility Assessment[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2008,21(5):117-123.
[6]靳毅,蒙吉军.生态脆弱性评价与预测研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(11):2646-2652.[JIN Yi,MENG Ji-jun.Assessment and Forecast of Ecological Vulnerability:A Review[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(11):2646-2652.
[7] WOLFSLEHNER B,VACIK H.Evaluating Sustainable Forest Management Strategies With the Analytic Network Process in a Pressure-State-Response Framework[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2008,88(1):1-10.
[8] POLSKY C,NEFF R,YARNAL B. Building Comparable Global Change Vulnerability Assessments:The Vulnerability Scoping Diagram[J]. Global Environmental Change,2007,17(3/4):472-485.
[9] TURNER B LⅡ,KASPERSON R E,MATSON P A,et al. A Framework for Vulnerability Analysis in Sustainability Science[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA,2003,100(14):8074-8079.
[10] ADGER W N,KELLY P M.Social Vulnerability to Climate Change and the Architecture of Entitlements[J].Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,1999,4(3/4):253-266.
[11]田亚平,常昊.中国生态脆弱性研究进展的文献计量分析[J].地理学报,2012,67(11):1515-1525.[TIAN Ya-ping,CHANG Hao.Bibliometric Analysis of Research Progress on Ecological Vulnerability in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(11):1515-1525.
[12] SONG G B,LI Z,YANG Y G,et al.Assessment of Ecological Vulnerability and Decision-Making Application for Prioritizing Roadside Ecological Restoration:A Method Combining Geographic Information System,Delphi Survey and Monte Carlo Simulation[J].Ecological Indicators,2015,52:57-65.
[13] WIIK E,BENNION H,SAYER C D,et al.Ecological Sensitivity of Marl Lakes to Nutrient Enrichment:Evidence From Hawes Water,UK[J].Freshwater Biology,2015,60(11):2226-2247.
[14]李湘梅,肖人彬,王慧丽,等.社会-生态系统弹性概念分析及评价综述[J].生态与农村环境学报,2014,30(6):681-687.[LI Xiang-mei,XIAO Ren-bin,WANG Hui-li,et al. Resilience Concept Analysis and Evaluation of Socio-Ecological Systems:An Overview[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2014,30(6):684-687.
[15] HUBACEK K,GUAN D B,BARRETT J,et al.Environmental Implications of Urbanization and Lifestyle Change in China:Ecological and Water Footprints[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production,2009,17(14):1241-1248.
[16]李耀明,王玉杰,王云琦.基于GIS的北京地区生态风险评价[J].中国水土保持科学,2017,15(2):100-106.[LI Yao-ming,WANG Yu-jie,WANG Yun-qi.Ecological Risk Assessment in Beijing Based on GIS[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,15(2):100-106.
[17] PEI H,FANG S f,LIN L,et al.Methods and Applications for Ecological Vulnerability Evaluation in a Hyper-Arid Oasis:A Case Study of the Turpan Oasis,China[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(2):1449-1461.
[18]刘康,欧阳志云,王效科,等.甘肃省生态环境敏感性评价及其空间分布[J].生态学报,2003,23(12):2711-2718.[LIU Kang,OUYANG Zhi-yun,WANG Xiao-ke,et al.Eco-Environmental Sensitivity and Its Spatial Distribution in Gansu Province[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(12):2711-2718.
[19]万忠成,王治江,董丽新,等.辽宁省生态系统敏感性评价[J].生态学杂志,2006,25(6):677-681.[WAN Zhong-cheng,WANG Zhi-jiang,DONG Li-xin,et al. Ecosystem Sensitivity Assessment of Liaoning Province[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2006,25(6):677-681.
[20]付刚,肖能文,乔梦萍,等.北京市近二十年景观破碎化格局的时空变化[J].生态学报,2017,37(8):2551-2562.[FU Gang,XIAO Neng-wen,QIAO Meng-ping,et al.Spatial-Temporal Changes of Landscape Fragmentation Patterns in Beijing in the Last Two Decades[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(8):2551-2562.
[21]刘义,袁秀,李景文,等.北京市自然保护区管理有效性评估及优先性确定[J].林业资源管理,2008(4):58-63.[LIU Yi,YUAN Xiu,LI Jing-wen,et al.Assessing Management Effectiveness and Setting Priorities for Nature Reserves in Beijing[J].Forest Resources Management 2008(4):58-63.
[22] JAFARI S,ZAREDAR N.Land Suitability Analysis Using Multi-Attribute Decision Making Approach[J].International Journal of Environmental Science and Development,2010,1(5):441-445.
[23]韩刚,袁家冬,李恪旭.兰州市城市脆弱性研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(11):70-76.[HAN Gang,YUAN Jia-dong,LI Ke-xu,et al.Research on the Urban Vulnerability in Lanzhou[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2016,30(11):70-76.
[24] TURNER B LⅡ.Vulnerability and Resilience:Coalescing or Paralleling Approaches for Sustainability Science?[J]. Global Environmental Change,2010,20(4):570-576.
[25]潘竟虎,刘晓.基于空间主成分和最小累积阻力模型的内陆河景观生态安全评价与格局优化:以张掖市甘州区为例[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(10):3126-3136.[PAN Jing-hu,LIU Xiao. Assessment of Landscape Ecological Security and Optimization of Landscape Pattern Based on Spatial Principal Component Analysis and Resistance Model in Arid Inland Area:A Case Study of Ganzhou District,Zhangye City,Northwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(10):3126-3136.
[26] FAN C,MYINT S.A Comparison of Spatial Autocorrelation Indices and Landscape Metrics in Measuring Urban Landscape Fragmentation[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2014,121:117-128.
[27]陈彦光.基于Moran统计量的空间自相关理论发展和方法改进[J].地理研究,2009,28(6):1449-1463.[CHEN Yan-guang.Reconstructing the Mathematical Process of Spatial Autocorrelation Based on Moran's Statistics[J]. Geographical Research,2009,28(6):1449-1463.
[28]颜磊,许学工,谢正磊,等.北京市域生态敏感性综合评价[J].生态学报,2009,29(6):3117-3125.[YAN Lei,XU Xue-gong,XIE Zheng-lei,et al. Integrated Assessment on Ecological Sensitivity for Beijing[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(6):3117-3125.
[29]时宇,史明昌.基于GIS的北京市水土流失生态风险评价[J].生态科学,2014,33(6):1100-1105.[SHI Yu,SHI Ming-chang.Ecological Risk Assessment of Soil Erosion in Beijing Based on GIS[J].Ecological Science,2014,33(6):1100-1105.
[30] VYSKUPOVA M,PAVLICKOVA K,BAUS P.A Landscape Vulnerability Analysis Method Proposal and Its Integration in the EIA[J].Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,2017,60(7):1193-1213.
[31] WANG Y P,THORNTON D H,GE D P,et al. Ecological Correlates of Vulnerability to Fragmentation in Forest Birds on Inundated Subtropical Land-Bridge Islands[J]. Biological Conservation,2015,191:251-257.
[32]赵强,李秀梅,谢嘉欣.济南市生态弹性力评价研究[J].生态科学,2015,34(2):156-160.[ZHAO Qiang,LI Xiu-mei,XIE Jiaxin. Evaluation on City Ecosystem Resilience in Jinan City[J].Ecological Science,2015,34(2):156-160.
[33]徐广才,康慕谊,贺丽娜,等.生态脆弱性及其研究进展[J].生态学报,2009,29(5):2578-2588.[XU Guang-cai,KANG Mu-yi,HE Li-na,et al. Advances in Research on Ecological Vulnerability[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(5):2578-2588.
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