鄂尔多斯市生态系统格局和质量变化及驱动力
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摘要
生态系统变化是生态问题产生的主要驱动力之一,研究生态系统格局与质量变化对于认识人类活动与生态系统关系具有重要意义。鄂尔多斯市能源资源丰富,但生态环境脆弱,2000年以来,鄂尔多斯市在大规模开发能源的同时,也在不断加强生态环境的保护,而研究鄂尔多斯市生态系统格局与质量演变过程,对认识生态脆弱区发展与保护的关系有重要价值。应用遥感数据和GIS技术,评估了鄂尔多斯市生态系统类型与格局、生态系统质量的特征,以及2000年以来的时空变化趋势,分析了导致鄂尔多斯市生态系统格局与质量变化的驱动力因素。结果表明:(1)鄂尔多斯市的草地、荒漠裸地和农田为主要生态系统类型,分别占2010年市域面积的64.46%、21.34%与5.93%。(2)鄂尔多斯市城镇、灌丛、森林面积有所增加,草地、湿地、农田、荒漠裸地面积有所下降。城镇面积增幅最大,相对变化率增加33.37%,草地面积降幅最大,相对变化率减少0.78%,变化主要集中在中部、东北部。(3)鄂尔多斯市生态系统质量整体偏低,低等级与差等级的生态系统面积比例高达98.91%。全市的生态系统质量没有明显改善,其中生态系统质量有不同程度改善的面积为15.84%,质量降低的面积比例为15.29%。(4)生态系统格局与质量变化的主要驱动力有城市扩张、农田开垦、退耕还林(草湿)、生态保护、矿山开采等,鄂尔多斯市生态系统质量与降水、退耕还草工程、道路密度、温度、GDP1、放牧因子相关性显著。
Ecosystem change is one of the main driving forces of ecological problems. Studies on ecosystem pattern and quality change have great significance in understanding the relationship between human activities and the ecosystem. Ordos has plenty of energy resources,but its ecological environment is fragile. Since 2000,simultaneously with extensive energy exploration,protection of the ecological environment in Ordos has also been strengthened. Therefore,it is important to study the relationship between the pattern and evolutionary quality of Ordos' s ecosystem to understand the relationship between the development and protection of ecologically fragile areas. In this study,remote sensing data and GIS technology were used to evaluate the characteristics and pattern of the ecosystem in Ordos,and to analyze the characteristics of ecosystem quality,trend of spatio-temporal changes from 2000 to 2010 in the ecosystem,and factors determining the pattern and quality of the ecosystem.We obtained the following results:(1) The ecosystem in Ordos can be divided into seven types: forest,shrub,grassland,wetland,farmland,urban and deserted and bare lands. Grasslands,deserted and bare lands,and farmlandsaccounted for 64.46%,21. 34%,and 5. 93%,respectively,of the city area in Ordos in 2010.(2) The areas of urban,shrub and forest lands increased during the study period,while those of grassland,wetland,farmland,and deserted and bare lands decreased. The increase in the area of the urban lands was the highest(33.37%). Simultaneously,the decrease in the area of the grasslands was the highest(0. 78%). In the middle of Ordos city, the landscape pattern at the northeastern part changed to the greatest extent. It mainly concentrated in the central and northeastern of Ordos,which changed the most.(3) The quality of the Ordos ecosystem was low; 98.91% of its ecosystems were of low grade or poor grade. Furthermore,the overall ecosystem quality showed no significant improvement during the study period; quality improved in 15.84% of the area and declined in 15.29% of the area.(4) The main driving forces of the ecosystem structure and quality change in Ordos are urban expansion,farmland reclamation,converting farmland to forest(or to grass-or wetland),ecological protection,and mining. The correlations between the quality of the ecosystem and precipitation,converting farmland to grassland,road density,temperature,GDP1,and grazing factors were significant.
Ecosystem change is one of the main driving forces of ecological problems. Studies on ecosystem pattern and quality change have great significance in understanding the relationship between human activities and the ecosystem. Ordos has plenty of energy resources,but its ecological environment is fragile. Since 2000,simultaneously with extensive energy exploration,protection of the ecological environment in Ordos has also been strengthened. Therefore,it is important to study the relationship between the pattern and evolutionary quality of Ordos' s ecosystem to understand the relationship between the development and protection of ecologically fragile areas. In this study,remote sensing data and GIS technology were used to evaluate the characteristics and pattern of the ecosystem in Ordos,and to analyze the characteristics of ecosystem quality,trend of spatio-temporal changes from 2000 to 2010 in the ecosystem,and factors determining the pattern and quality of the ecosystem.We obtained the following results:(1) The ecosystem in Ordos can be divided into seven types: forest,shrub,grassland,wetland,farmland,urban and deserted and bare lands. Grasslands,deserted and bare lands,and farmlandsaccounted for 64.46%,21. 34%,and 5. 93%,respectively,of the city area in Ordos in 2010.(2) The areas of urban,shrub and forest lands increased during the study period,while those of grassland,wetland,farmland,and deserted and bare lands decreased. The increase in the area of the urban lands was the highest(33.37%). Simultaneously,the decrease in the area of the grasslands was the highest(0. 78%). In the middle of Ordos city, the landscape pattern at the northeastern part changed to the greatest extent. It mainly concentrated in the central and northeastern of Ordos,which changed the most.(3) The quality of the Ordos ecosystem was low; 98.91% of its ecosystems were of low grade or poor grade. Furthermore,the overall ecosystem quality showed no significant improvement during the study period; quality improved in 15.84% of the area and declined in 15.29% of the area.(4) The main driving forces of the ecosystem structure and quality change in Ordos are urban expansion,farmland reclamation,converting farmland to forest(or to grass-or wetland),ecological protection,and mining. The correlations between the quality of the ecosystem and precipitation,converting farmland to grassland,road density,temperature,GDP1,and grazing factors were significant.
引文
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[16]罗海江,白海玲,方修琦,王文杰,李增慧,申文明,熊文成,张峰.农牧交错带近十五年生态环境变化评价——以鄂尔多斯地区为例.干旱区地理,2007,30(4):474-481.
[17]李增慧,刘惠清.基于遥感的鄂尔多斯农牧交错区生态环境变化研究.农业与技术,2005,25(5):68-70.
[18]蒙吉军,赵春红,刘明达.基于土地利用变化的区域生态安全评价——以鄂尔多斯市为例.自然资源学报,2011,26(4):578-590.
[19]战金艳,邓祥征,岳天祥,包玉海,赵涛,马胜男.内蒙古农牧交错带土地利用变化及其环境效应.资源科学,2004,26(5):80-88.
[20]董宁,韩兴国,邬建国.内蒙古鄂尔多斯市城市化时空格局变化及其驱动力.应用生态学报,2012,23(4):1097-1103.
[21]崔桂凤.基于GIS的鄂尔多斯市生态环境监测与评价[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学,2010.
[22]原凯旋,朱元洪,张晶晶,王涛,肖勇.鄂尔多斯某区域石油开发生态环境变化分析.油气田环境保护,2013,23(2):52-54.
[23]鲁丽波.鄂尔多斯市土地生态状况调查与评估分析[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学,2013.
[24]张鹏飞,潮洛濛.资源型城市城镇化水平格局及驱动因素研究——以鄂尔多斯为例.资源与环境,2016,32(1):31-36.
[25]刘祗坤.鄂尔多斯能源开发区土地利用生态红线划定研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学,2015.
[26]宋乃平,张凤荣.鄂尔多斯农牧交错土地利用格局的演变与机理.地理学报,2017,62(12):1299-1308.
[27]赵哈林,赵学勇,张铜会,周瑞莲.北方农牧交错带的地理界定及其生态问题.地球科学进展,2002,17(5):739-747.
[28]贾宝全,王国柱,慈龙骏.景观格局分布特征的区域差异分析——以鄂尔多斯高原伊金霍洛旗为例.干旱区研究,2003,20(3):168-174.
[29]王伟锋,刘鹏,郑玲,周晓光,姜帅.鄂尔多斯盆地天然气储量和产量预测分析.天然气地球科学,2014,25(9):1483-1490.
[30]乌云.鄂尔多斯市羊绒产业发展及其对策研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2008.
[31]欧阳志云,张路,吴炳方,李晓松,徐卫华,肖燚,郑华.基于遥感技术的全国生态系统分类体系.生态学报,2015,35(2):219-226.
[32]肖燚,中国科学院生态环境研究中心.中国生态系统评估与生态安全数据库.(2014-11-19)[2017-11-27]. http://www. ecosystem.csdb.cn/.
[33]欧阳志云,徐卫华,肖燚.中国生态系统格局、质量、服务与演变.北京:科学出版社,2016.
[34] Leprieur C,Verstraete M M,Pinty B. Evaluation of the performance of various vegetation indices to retrieve vegetation cover from AVHRR data.Remote Sensing Reviews,1994,10(4):265-284.
[35] Qi J,Marsett R C,Moran M S,Goodrich D C,Heilman P,Kerr Y H,Dedieu G,Chehbouni A,Zhang X X. Spatial and temporal dynamics of vegetation in the San Pedro River basin area. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,105(1/3):55-68.
[36] Jiapaer G,Chen X,Bao A M. A comparison of methods for estimating fractional vegetation cover in arid regions. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,151(12):1698-1710.
[37]朴世龙,方精云,郭庆华.利用CASA模型估算我国植被净第一性生产力.植物生态学报,2001,25(5):603-608.
[2] Plakidas K,Schall D,Zdun U. Evolution of the R software ecosystem:Metrics,relationships,and their impact on qualities. Journal of Systems and Software,2017,132:119-146.
[3] Finlayson C M. Millennium ecosystem assessment//Finlayson C M,Everard M,Irvine K,McInnes R J,Middleton B A,van Dam A A,Davidson N C,eds. The Wetland Book. Dordrecht:Springer,2016:1-5.
[4]胡云锋,艳燕,于国茂,刘越,阿拉腾图雅. 1975—2009年锡林郭勒盟生态系统宏观格局及其动态变化.地理科学,2012,32(9):1125-1130.
[5]徐新良,刘纪远,邵全琴,樊江文. 30年来青海三江源生态系统格局和空间结构动态变化.地理研究,2008,27(4):829-839.
[6] Malek,Verburg P H,Geijzendorffer I R,Bondeau A,Cramer W. Global change effects on land management in the Mediterranean region. Global Environmental Change,2018,50:238-254.
[7] Xie H L,Wang W,Zhang X M. Evolutionary game and simulation of management strategies of fallow cultivated land:a case study in Hunan province,China. Land Use Policy,2018,71:86-97.
[8] Wang J,He T,Lin Y F. Changes in ecological,agricultural,and urban land space in 1984-2012 in China:Land policies and regional socialeconomical drivers. Habitat International,2018,71:1-13.
[9] Gao J,Li F,Gao H,Zhou C B,Zhang X L. The impact of land-use change on water-related ecosystem services:a study of the Guishui River Basin,Beijing,China. Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,163(S1):S148-S155.
[10] Schirpke U,Kohler M,Leitinger G,Fontana V,Tasser E,Tappeiner U. Future impacts of changing land-use and climate on ecosystem services of mountain grassland and their resilience. Ecosystem Services,2017,26:79-94.
[11]肖洋,欧阳志云,王莉雁,饶恩明,江凌,张路.内蒙古生态系统质量空间特征及其驱动力.生态学报,2016,36(19):6019-6030.
[12] Siteur K,Siero E,Eppinga M B,Rademacher J D M,Doelman A,Rietkerk M. Beyond turing:the response of patterned ecosystems to environmental change. Ecological Complexity,2014,20:81-96.
[13] Jiang C,Zhang L B. Ecosystem change assessment in the Three-river Headwater Region,China:patterns,causes,and implications. Ecological Engineering,2016,93:24-36.
[14] Z9lch T,Wamsler C,Pauleit S. Integrating the ecosystem-based approach into municipal climate adaptation strategies:the case of Germany. Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,170:966-977.
[15]安树伟.“鄂尔多斯经济现象”与我国西部开发.青海民族研究:社会科学版,2002,13(3):1-5.
[16]罗海江,白海玲,方修琦,王文杰,李增慧,申文明,熊文成,张峰.农牧交错带近十五年生态环境变化评价——以鄂尔多斯地区为例.干旱区地理,2007,30(4):474-481.
[17]李增慧,刘惠清.基于遥感的鄂尔多斯农牧交错区生态环境变化研究.农业与技术,2005,25(5):68-70.
[18]蒙吉军,赵春红,刘明达.基于土地利用变化的区域生态安全评价——以鄂尔多斯市为例.自然资源学报,2011,26(4):578-590.
[19]战金艳,邓祥征,岳天祥,包玉海,赵涛,马胜男.内蒙古农牧交错带土地利用变化及其环境效应.资源科学,2004,26(5):80-88.
[20]董宁,韩兴国,邬建国.内蒙古鄂尔多斯市城市化时空格局变化及其驱动力.应用生态学报,2012,23(4):1097-1103.
[21]崔桂凤.基于GIS的鄂尔多斯市生态环境监测与评价[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学,2010.
[22]原凯旋,朱元洪,张晶晶,王涛,肖勇.鄂尔多斯某区域石油开发生态环境变化分析.油气田环境保护,2013,23(2):52-54.
[23]鲁丽波.鄂尔多斯市土地生态状况调查与评估分析[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学,2013.
[24]张鹏飞,潮洛濛.资源型城市城镇化水平格局及驱动因素研究——以鄂尔多斯为例.资源与环境,2016,32(1):31-36.
[25]刘祗坤.鄂尔多斯能源开发区土地利用生态红线划定研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学,2015.
[26]宋乃平,张凤荣.鄂尔多斯农牧交错土地利用格局的演变与机理.地理学报,2017,62(12):1299-1308.
[27]赵哈林,赵学勇,张铜会,周瑞莲.北方农牧交错带的地理界定及其生态问题.地球科学进展,2002,17(5):739-747.
[28]贾宝全,王国柱,慈龙骏.景观格局分布特征的区域差异分析——以鄂尔多斯高原伊金霍洛旗为例.干旱区研究,2003,20(3):168-174.
[29]王伟锋,刘鹏,郑玲,周晓光,姜帅.鄂尔多斯盆地天然气储量和产量预测分析.天然气地球科学,2014,25(9):1483-1490.
[30]乌云.鄂尔多斯市羊绒产业发展及其对策研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2008.
[31]欧阳志云,张路,吴炳方,李晓松,徐卫华,肖燚,郑华.基于遥感技术的全国生态系统分类体系.生态学报,2015,35(2):219-226.
[32]肖燚,中国科学院生态环境研究中心.中国生态系统评估与生态安全数据库.(2014-11-19)[2017-11-27]. http://www. ecosystem.csdb.cn/.
[33]欧阳志云,徐卫华,肖燚.中国生态系统格局、质量、服务与演变.北京:科学出版社,2016.
[34] Leprieur C,Verstraete M M,Pinty B. Evaluation of the performance of various vegetation indices to retrieve vegetation cover from AVHRR data.Remote Sensing Reviews,1994,10(4):265-284.
[35] Qi J,Marsett R C,Moran M S,Goodrich D C,Heilman P,Kerr Y H,Dedieu G,Chehbouni A,Zhang X X. Spatial and temporal dynamics of vegetation in the San Pedro River basin area. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,105(1/3):55-68.
[36] Jiapaer G,Chen X,Bao A M. A comparison of methods for estimating fractional vegetation cover in arid regions. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2011,151(12):1698-1710.
[37]朴世龙,方精云,郭庆华.利用CASA模型估算我国植被净第一性生产力.植物生态学报,2001,25(5):603-608.