根据气象信息指导南疆棉花膜下滴灌的试验研究
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摘要
为了探索利用气象信息指导膜下滴灌棉花科学灌溉的可行性,在南疆阿拉尔布设田间试验,根据自动气象站采集的气象信息计算作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET_c),当蒸发蒸腾量与降水量的差值累计达到30 mm时即进行灌溉。试验设置3个灌水定额处理,T1:24 mm,T2:30 mm,T3:36 mm,分别为水分亏缺量的0.8,1.0和1.2倍,同时设置1个当地生产中的常规灌溉处理作为对照(T4),重复3次。试验过程中,对不同处理棉田的土壤水分动态变化、植株生理指标、籽棉及皮棉产量、灌溉水利用效率和田间水利用效率进行了监测与分析。结果表明:根据气象信息指导灌溉的处理生育期耗水量在361.8～435.2 mm,且灌水定额越大,全生育耗水量越多,但均显著低于常规灌溉处理522.1 mm的总耗水量。根据气象信息确定灌溉时间的处理,籽棉产量与灌水定额呈显著的正相关关系,T3处理籽棉产量7 072.05 kg·hm~(-2)与T4对照处理7 245.28 kg·hm~(-2)的籽棉产量无显著差异,但灌水量却减少了164 mm;灌溉水利用效率随着灌水定额的增加而减小,但均显著高于对照处理。综合灌水量、产量及水分利用效率等因素考虑,认为当棉田作物蒸发蒸腾量与降水量的差值累计达到30 mm灌溉+灌水定额36 mm的组合,可以在保证棉花不减产的条件下,显著提高灌溉水利用效率和田间水利用效率,适用于南疆地区根据气象信息指导膜下滴灌棉花的灌溉管理。
In order to explore the feasibility of guiding cotton drip irrigation under mulch according to meteorological information in southern Xinjiang, a field experiment was conducted in Alar, southern Xinjiang. The irrigation was carried out when the difference between evapotranspiration and precipitation reached 30 mm. The evapotranspiration of crops(ET_c) was calculated from weather data collected by automatic meteorological station. There were four treatments including three irrigation quotas(T1:24 mm, T2:30 mm, and T3:36 mm) and a conventional irrigation treatment(T4), which was considered as a control. Each treatment was triplicated. During the experiment, the dynamic changes in soil moisture, physiological indexes of plant, yield of seed-cotton and lint-cotton, irrigation water use efficiency, and field water use efficiency were monitored and analyzed. The results showed that the water consumption of the treatments guiding irrigation by meteorological information was between 361.8～435.2 mm, it was noticed that the greater irrigation quota was, the more water consumption during the whole growth period was. However, it was significantly lower than the total water consumption of 522.1 mm under conventional irrigation. Furthermore, unginned cotton yield was positively correlated with irrigation quota. There was no significant difference in unginned cotton yield between T3 treatment(7 072.05 kg·hm~(-2)) and T4 control treatment(7 245.28 kg·hm~(-2)). The irrigation water use efficiency decreased with increasing irrigation quota but was significantly higher than that of the control treatment. Taking in account the yield and water use efficiency of different irrigation treatments, it is concluded that when the difference of evapotranspiration and precipitation was 30 mm, 36 mm irrigation quota can significantly improve the irrigation water use efficiency and field water use efficiency without impacting cotton yield, which is suitable for southern Xinjiang.
In order to explore the feasibility of guiding cotton drip irrigation under mulch according to meteorological information in southern Xinjiang, a field experiment was conducted in Alar, southern Xinjiang. The irrigation was carried out when the difference between evapotranspiration and precipitation reached 30 mm. The evapotranspiration of crops(ET_c) was calculated from weather data collected by automatic meteorological station. There were four treatments including three irrigation quotas(T1:24 mm, T2:30 mm, and T3:36 mm) and a conventional irrigation treatment(T4), which was considered as a control. Each treatment was triplicated. During the experiment, the dynamic changes in soil moisture, physiological indexes of plant, yield of seed-cotton and lint-cotton, irrigation water use efficiency, and field water use efficiency were monitored and analyzed. The results showed that the water consumption of the treatments guiding irrigation by meteorological information was between 361.8～435.2 mm, it was noticed that the greater irrigation quota was, the more water consumption during the whole growth period was. However, it was significantly lower than the total water consumption of 522.1 mm under conventional irrigation. Furthermore, unginned cotton yield was positively correlated with irrigation quota. There was no significant difference in unginned cotton yield between T3 treatment(7 072.05 kg·hm~(-2)) and T4 control treatment(7 245.28 kg·hm~(-2)). The irrigation water use efficiency decreased with increasing irrigation quota but was significantly higher than that of the control treatment. Taking in account the yield and water use efficiency of different irrigation treatments, it is concluded that when the difference of evapotranspiration and precipitation was 30 mm, 36 mm irrigation quota can significantly improve the irrigation water use efficiency and field water use efficiency without impacting cotton yield, which is suitable for southern Xinjiang.
引文
[1] 武建设,陈学庚.新疆兵团棉花生产机械化发展现状问题及对策[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(18):5-10.
[2] 胡家帅,郑旭荣,王振华,等.不同滴灌灌水处理对南疆沙区红枣产量及品质的影响[J].节水灌溉,2016,(9):40-43.
[3] 蔡焕杰,邵光成,张振华.荒漠气候区膜下滴灌棉花需水量和灌溉制度的试验研究[J].水利学报,2002,(11):119-123.
[4] 刘新永,田长彦,马英杰,等.南疆膜下滴灌棉花耗水规律以及灌溉制度研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(1):108-112.
[5] 杨鹏年,吴彬,王水献,等.干旱区不同地下水埋深膜下滴灌灌溉制度模拟研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(3):76-82.
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[8] 王峰,孙景生,刘祖贵,等.灌溉制度对机采棉生长、产量及品质的影响[J].棉花学报,2014,26(1):41-48.
[9] 高龙,田富强,倪广恒,等.膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐分布特征及灌溉制度试验研究[J].水利学报,2010,41(12):1483-1490.
[10] 余美,杨劲松,刘梅先,等.不同膜下滴灌模式对土壤水分及棉花产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(12):2368-2374.
[11] 杨九刚,何继武,马英杰,等.灌水频率和灌溉定额对膜下滴灌棉花生长及产量的影响[J].节水灌溉,2011,(3):29-32.
[12] 王军,李久生,关红杰.北疆膜下滴灌棉花产量及水分生产率对灌水量响应的模拟[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(3):62-68.
[13] 黄晓敏,于宴民,汪昌树,等.干旱区膜下滴灌棉田灌溉制度及土壤水盐运移规律研究[J].节水灌溉,2017,(4):24-29.
[14] 李百凤,冯浩,吴普特.作物非充分灌溉适宜土壤水分下限指标研究进展[J].干旱地区农业研究,2007,25(3):227-231.
[15] 危常州,马富裕,雷咏雯,等.棉花膜下滴灌根系发育规律的研究[J].棉花学报,2002,14(4):209-214.
[16] 魏光辉,马亮.干旱区不同地下水埋深与棉花膜下滴灌灌溉制度的响应研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(12):9-13.
[17] 刘晓伟,刘勤,吕军,等.近54年新疆地区水资源的气候特征分布[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(29):124-131.
[18] 姚宝林,程晨,杨晨.南疆膜下滴灌棉田土壤温度时空变化规律研究[J].节水灌溉,2016,(12):46-49.
[19] 李慧,虎胆·吐马尔白,杨鹏年,等.南疆膜下滴灌不同盐分棉田水盐运移规律研究[J].节水灌溉,2014,(7):4-6.
[20] 阿布都卡依木·阿布力米提,赵经华,马英杰,等.南疆自动化滴灌棉花灌溉制度的研究[J].节水灌溉,2017,(1):33-37.
[21] 赵波,王振华,李文昊.滴灌方式及定额对北疆冬灌棉田土壤水盐分布及次年棉花生长的影响[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(6):139-148.
[22] 李淦,高丽丽,康正华,等.不同灌水处理对机采棉干物质和氮素运移及产量的影响[J].棉花学报,2016,28(4):353-360.
[23] 严以绥.膜下滴灌系统规划设计与应用[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003:1.
[24] Janat,M.Response of cotton to irrigation methods and nitrogen fertilization:Yield components,water-use efficiency,nitrogen uptake,and recovery[J].Communications in Soil Science & Plant Analysis,2008,39(15):2282-2302.
[25] Luo H H,Yong H H,Zhang Y L,et al.Effects of water stress and rewatering on photosynthesis,root activity,and yield of cotton with drip irrigation under mulch [J].Photosynthetica,2016,54(1):65-73.
[2] 胡家帅,郑旭荣,王振华,等.不同滴灌灌水处理对南疆沙区红枣产量及品质的影响[J].节水灌溉,2016,(9):40-43.
[3] 蔡焕杰,邵光成,张振华.荒漠气候区膜下滴灌棉花需水量和灌溉制度的试验研究[J].水利学报,2002,(11):119-123.
[4] 刘新永,田长彦,马英杰,等.南疆膜下滴灌棉花耗水规律以及灌溉制度研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,24(1):108-112.
[5] 杨鹏年,吴彬,王水献,等.干旱区不同地下水埋深膜下滴灌灌溉制度模拟研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(3):76-82.
[6] 赵波.膜下滴灌棉花自动化灌溉控制指标研究[D].石河子:石河子大学,2017.
[7] Allen R G,Pereira L S,Raes D,et al.Crop Evapotranspiration:Guideline for computing crop water requirements[M].FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56,Rome:FAO,1998:15-64.
[8] 王峰,孙景生,刘祖贵,等.灌溉制度对机采棉生长、产量及品质的影响[J].棉花学报,2014,26(1):41-48.
[9] 高龙,田富强,倪广恒,等.膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐分布特征及灌溉制度试验研究[J].水利学报,2010,41(12):1483-1490.
[10] 余美,杨劲松,刘梅先,等.不同膜下滴灌模式对土壤水分及棉花产量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(12):2368-2374.
[11] 杨九刚,何继武,马英杰,等.灌水频率和灌溉定额对膜下滴灌棉花生长及产量的影响[J].节水灌溉,2011,(3):29-32.
[12] 王军,李久生,关红杰.北疆膜下滴灌棉花产量及水分生产率对灌水量响应的模拟[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(3):62-68.
[13] 黄晓敏,于宴民,汪昌树,等.干旱区膜下滴灌棉田灌溉制度及土壤水盐运移规律研究[J].节水灌溉,2017,(4):24-29.
[14] 李百凤,冯浩,吴普特.作物非充分灌溉适宜土壤水分下限指标研究进展[J].干旱地区农业研究,2007,25(3):227-231.
[15] 危常州,马富裕,雷咏雯,等.棉花膜下滴灌根系发育规律的研究[J].棉花学报,2002,14(4):209-214.
[16] 魏光辉,马亮.干旱区不同地下水埋深与棉花膜下滴灌灌溉制度的响应研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2015,34(12):9-13.
[17] 刘晓伟,刘勤,吕军,等.近54年新疆地区水资源的气候特征分布[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(29):124-131.
[18] 姚宝林,程晨,杨晨.南疆膜下滴灌棉田土壤温度时空变化规律研究[J].节水灌溉,2016,(12):46-49.
[19] 李慧,虎胆·吐马尔白,杨鹏年,等.南疆膜下滴灌不同盐分棉田水盐运移规律研究[J].节水灌溉,2014,(7):4-6.
[20] 阿布都卡依木·阿布力米提,赵经华,马英杰,等.南疆自动化滴灌棉花灌溉制度的研究[J].节水灌溉,2017,(1):33-37.
[21] 赵波,王振华,李文昊.滴灌方式及定额对北疆冬灌棉田土壤水盐分布及次年棉花生长的影响[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(6):139-148.
[22] 李淦,高丽丽,康正华,等.不同灌水处理对机采棉干物质和氮素运移及产量的影响[J].棉花学报,2016,28(4):353-360.
[23] 严以绥.膜下滴灌系统规划设计与应用[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2003:1.
[24] Janat,M.Response of cotton to irrigation methods and nitrogen fertilization:Yield components,water-use efficiency,nitrogen uptake,and recovery[J].Communications in Soil Science & Plant Analysis,2008,39(15):2282-2302.
[25] Luo H H,Yong H H,Zhang Y L,et al.Effects of water stress and rewatering on photosynthesis,root activity,and yield of cotton with drip irrigation under mulch [J].Photosynthetica,2016,54(1):65-73.