PM_(2.5)分析方法、组分特征及来源研究进展
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摘要
PM_(2.5)是当前大气重要污染物,对生态环境和人体健康均有较大的危害。论述了国内外PM_(2.5)的环境标准、分析方法、组分特征和来源。我国PM_(2.5)年平均标准限值为35μg/m~3,日平均标准限值为75μg/m~3;目前,PM_(2.5)浓度监测手段主要有手工监测、自动监测和遥感监测;PM_(2.5)的主要组分有水溶性阴阳离子、含碳组分、无机重金属元素等;PM_(2.5)的来源以机动车尾气、燃煤、扬尘为主。
PM_(2.5) is an important pollutant in the atmosphere,which is harmful to the ecological environment and human health. The environmental standards,analytical methods,component characteristics and sources of PM_(2.5) at home and abroad have been discussed. The annual average standard limit of PM_(2.5) is 35 μg/m~3 and the daily average standard limit is 75μg/m~3 in China.At present,the monitoring methods of PM_(2.5) concentration mainly include manual monitoring,automatic monitoring and remote sensing monitoring. The main components of PM_(2.5) include water-soluble anions and positive ions,carbon-containing components,inorganic heavy metal elements and so on. PM_(2.5) mainly comes from motor vehicle exhaust,coal combustion and dust.
PM_(2.5) is an important pollutant in the atmosphere,which is harmful to the ecological environment and human health. The environmental standards,analytical methods,component characteristics and sources of PM_(2.5) at home and abroad have been discussed. The annual average standard limit of PM_(2.5) is 35 μg/m~3 and the daily average standard limit is 75μg/m~3 in China.At present,the monitoring methods of PM_(2.5) concentration mainly include manual monitoring,automatic monitoring and remote sensing monitoring. The main components of PM_(2.5) include water-soluble anions and positive ions,carbon-containing components,inorganic heavy metal elements and so on. PM_(2.5) mainly comes from motor vehicle exhaust,coal combustion and dust.
引文
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[2]曹军骥. PM2.5与环境[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.
[3] Williams R,Suggs J,Rodes C,et al. Comparison of PM2.5and PM10monitors[J]. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol,1997,19(9):1075-1091.
[4] Pui D Y H,Chen S C,Zuo Z. PM2.5in China:Measurements,sources,visibility and health effects,and mitigation[J]. Particuology,2014,13(2):1-26.
[5] Mouratidou T,Samara C. PM2.5and associated ionic component concentrations inside the archaeological museum of Thessaloniki,N. Greece[J]. Atmos Environ,2004,38:4593-4598.
[6] Bergen S,Sheppard L,Sampson P D,et al. A national prediction model for PM2.5component exposures and measurement errorcorrected health effect inference[J]. Environ Health Perspect,2013,121(9):1017-1025.
[7] Song Y,Xie S,Zhang Y,et al. Source apportionment of PM2.5in Beijing using principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores and UNMIX[J]. Sci Total Environ,2006,372(1):278-286.
[8]郑玫,张延君,闫才青,等.中国PM2.5来源解析方法综述[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2014,50(6):1141-1154.
[9] PopeⅢC A,Dockery D W. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution:Lines that connect[J]. J Air Waste Manage Assoc,2006,56(6):709-742.
[10] Nwanaji-Enwerem J C,Dai L,Colicino E,et al. Associations between long-term exposure to PM2.5component species and blood DNA methylation age in the elderly:The VA normative aging study[J]. Environ Int,2017,102:57-65.
[11] Song C,He J,Wu L,et al. Health burden attributable to ambient PM2.5in China[J]. Environ Pollut,2017,223:575-586.
[12] Straif K,Cohen A,Samet J. Air pollution and cancer[M]. IARC Scientific Publication No.161,2013.
[13] He M,Ichinose T,Kobayashi M,et al. Differences in allergic inflammatory responses between urban PM2.5and fine particle derived from desert-dust in murine lungs[J]. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol,2016,297:41-55.
[14]环境保护部. 2017年中国环境状况公报[R]. 2018.
[15]奚旦立,孙裕生.环境监测[M]. 4版.北京:高等教育出版社,2010.
[16]王琨,贾琳琳,黄丽坤,等.严重雾霾期大气PM2.5和PM10中水溶性离子污染特征[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2014,46(12):53-58.
[17]邓利群,伦小秀,张逸,等.气溶胶中水溶性有机物的分析方法进展[J].安全与环境学报,2009,9(2):112-115.
[18]马社霞,唐小玲,毕新慧,等.广州市大气气溶胶中水溶性有机物的季节变化[J].环境科学研究,2007,20(3):21-26.
[19]包贞,冯银厂,焦荔,等.杭州市大气PM2.5和PM10污染特征及来源解析[J].中国环境监测,2010,26(2):44-48.
[20] Huang R J,Zhang Y,Bozzetti C,et al. High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China[J]. Nature,2014,514:218-222.
[21] Han X K,Guo Q J,Liu C Q,et al. Effect of the pollution control measures on PM2.5during the 2015 China Victory Day Parade:Implication from water-soluble ions and sulfur isotope[J]. Environ Pollut,2016,218:230-241.
[22] Wang Y,Zhuang G,Tang A. The ion chemistry and the source of PM2.5aerosol in Beijing[J]. Atmos Environ,2005,39(21):3771-3784.
[23] Kang C M,Lee H S,Kang B W,et al. Chemical characteristics of acidic gas pollutants and PM2.5species during hazy episodes in Seoul,South Korea[J]. Atmos Environ,2004,38(28):4749-4760.
[24]马艳华,宁平,黄小凤,等. PM2.5重金属元素组成特征研究进展[J].矿物学报,2013,33(3):375-381.
[25]李丽娟,温彦平,彭林,等.太原市采暖期PM2.5中元素特征及重金属健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(12):4431-4438.
[26]姚青,韩素芹,蔡子颖.天津采暖期大气PM2.5中重金属元素污染及其生态风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(9):1596-1600.
[27]王秦,陈曦,何公理,等.北京市城区冬季雾霾天气PM2.5中元素特征研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2013,33(6):1441-1445.
[28] Mikuska P,Krumal K,Vecera Z. Characterization of organic compounds in the PM2.5aerosols in winter in an industrial urban area[J]. Atmos Environ,2015,105:97-108.
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[35]杨懂艳,刘保献,张大伟,等. 2014年APEC前后北京城区PM2.5中水溶性离子特征分析[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4325-4330.
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