卢卡奇文艺思想在中国:一个接受史的回顾与启示
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摘要
卢卡奇文艺思想自从20世纪30年代被引介到中国,至今已经走过了80多年历程。他的现实主义小说理论、典型性、总体性和物化理论已为国内文艺界耳熟能详。卢卡奇文艺思想在中国的接受并非一帆风顺,而是在政治与意识形态的主导下发轫、发展,至今形成了多元化的学理性探究局面。本文从历时角度,梳理卢卡奇文艺理论在中国的接受史,总结其接受史呈现出的特征,阐释卢卡奇文艺思想对中国马克思文艺理论的建构作用。
Since Lukács' literary theory was introduced into China in 1930s,its reception has been more than eighty years. Lukács' theories,such as Realism,typicality,totality and reification are well-known to the literary field in China. The reception of Lukács' literary theory in China is not featured with smoothness,but is shaped by politics and ideology,and is now studied in academic diversity. From the diachronic perspective,the research intends to analyze the reception history of Lukács' literary theory,reveal the periodic characteristics of its reception,and expound the Lukács' participation into constructing Chinese Marxist literary theory.
Since Lukács' literary theory was introduced into China in 1930s,its reception has been more than eighty years. Lukács' theories,such as Realism,typicality,totality and reification are well-known to the literary field in China. The reception of Lukács' literary theory in China is not featured with smoothness,but is shaped by politics and ideology,and is now studied in academic diversity. From the diachronic perspective,the research intends to analyze the reception history of Lukács' literary theory,reveal the periodic characteristics of its reception,and expound the Lukács' participation into constructing Chinese Marxist literary theory.
引文
艾晓明:《中国左翼文学思潮探源》。北京:北京大学出版社,2007年。[Ai,Xiaoming. A Survey on the Leftist Thought in Chinese Literature(zhong guo zuo yi wen xue si chao tan yuan). Beijing:Peking University Press,2007.]
杜章智:“谈谈所谓‘西方马克思主义'的问题——兼与徐崇温同志商榷”,《现代哲学》1(1988a):58-64。[Du,Zhangzhi.“A Study of Western Marxism:A Talk with Xu Chongwen”(tan tan suo wei xi fang ma ke si zhu yi de wen ti:jian yu xu chong wen tong zhi shang que). Modern Philosophy 1(1988a):58-64.]
——:“‘西方马克思主义'是一个含糊的、可疑的概念”,《马克思主义研究》1(1988b):266-283。[---.“Western Marxism is an Obscure and Questionable Concept”(xi fang ma ke si zhu yi shi yi ge han hu de,ke yi de gai nian). Studies of Marxism 1(1988b):266-283.]
傅其林:“卢卡奇话语在马克思主义文论本土化中的意义与问题”,《探索与争鸣》12(2016):43-47。[Fu,Qilin.“On the Significance and Questions of Lukcs'Discourse's Localization into Chinese Marxist Literary Theory”(lu ka qi hua yu zai ma ke si zhu yi wen lun ben tu hua zhong de yi yi yu wen ti). Exploration and Free Views 12(2016):43-47.]
胡风“叙述与描写”《七月》61-2合期194030-50。[Hu,Feng.“Narration and Description”(xu shu yu miao xie). July 6,1-2(1940):30-50.]
——:“《胡风评论集》后记”,《胡风全集》第3卷。武汉:湖北人民出版社,1999年。579-630。[---.“Postscript to the Collection of Critical Essays of Hu Feng”(hu feng ping lun ji hou ji). The Complete Works of Hu Feng. Vol. 3. Wuhan:Hubei People's Press,1999. 579-630.]
黄力之:“艺术本质论发展马克思主义文艺学的不同尝试”,《文艺理论与批评》4(1991):134-140。[Huang,Lizhi.“Different Alternatives on Artistic Essentialism in Developing Marxist Literary Theory”(yi shu ben zhi lun fa zhan make si zhu yi wen yi xue de bu tong chang shi). Theory and Criticism of Literature and Art 4(1991):134-140.]
Lukács,Georg. Record of a Life:An Autobiographical Sketch. Trans. Rodney Livingstone. London:Verso,1983.
马驰:《卢卡奇美学思想论纲》。长春:东北师范大学出版社,1997年。[Ma,Chi. A Survey on Lukács'Aesthetics(lu ka qi mei xue si xiang lun gang). Changchun:Northeast Normal University Press,1997.]
秦泽:“卢卡奇及其《历史与阶级意识》”,《红旗》18(1984):41-47。[Qin,Ze.“Lukács and His History and Class Consciousness”(lu ka qi ji qi li shi yu jie ji yi shi). Red Flag 18(1984):41-47.]
约翰娜·罗森堡:“乔治·卢卡奇生平年表”,《卢卡契文学论文集》(二)。北京:中国社会科学出版社,1981。597。[Rosenborg,Johanna.“Chronology of Georg Lukács”(qiao zhi lu ka qi sheng ping nian biao).Glossary of Lukács'Literary Theories Ⅱ. Beijng:China Social Sciences Press,1981. 597.]
文艺理论教研组:“学习毛泽东文艺思想的几个核心问题”,《山东大学学报》1(1960):3-4。[The Teaching Group of Literary Theory(wen yi li lun jiao yan zu).“The Essential Questions in Learning Mao Zedong's Literary Theory”(xue xi mao ze dong wen yi si xiang de ji ge he xin wen ti). The Journal of Shandong University 1(1960):3-4.]
王玖兴:“前言”,卢卡奇:《青年黑格尔》(选译),王玖兴译。北京:商务印书馆,1963年。1-14。[Wang,Jiuxing.“Preface”(qian yan). Lukcs. The Young Hegel. Trans. Wang Jiuxing.Beijing:The Commercial Press,1963. 1-14.]
徐崇温:“西方马克思主义述评”,《社会科学辑刊》5(1979):85-92。[Xu,Chongwen.“A Review on Western Marxism”(xi fang ma ke si zhu yi shu ping). Social Sciences Collection 5(1979):85-92.]
——:《西方马克思主义》。天津:天津人民出版社,1982。[---. Western Marxism(xi fang ma ke si zhu yi). Tianjin:Tianjin People's Publishing House,1982.]
章辉:“在政治与学术之间——卢卡契文艺美学在中国的曲折历程”,《河北师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)3(2007):64-71。[Zhang,Hui.“Between Politics and Academics:The Reception History of Lukács'Aesthetics in China”(zai zheng zhi yu xue shu zhi jian:lu ka qi wen yi mei xue zai zhong guo de qu zhe li cheng). The Journal of Hebei Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)3(2007):64-71.]
周扬:《周扬文集》(一)。北京:人民文学出版社,1984年。[Zhou,Yang. Works of Zhou Yang(zhou yang wen ji). Vol. 1. Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House,1984.]
(1)物化是“人自己的活动,人自己的劳动,作为某种客观的东西,某种不依赖于人的东西,某种通过异于人的自律性来控制人的东西,与人对立”。参见卢卡奇:《历史与阶级意识》,杜章智译,北京:商务印书馆,1992年。147。
(2)文学艺术的反物化性是指伟大的艺术通过对现有人性状况的描写,表现出更高的人性发展趋向。现有的人性状况是一种由物化而扭曲的异化状态,而更高的人性状况则是一种摆脱物化,恢复人类本真的存在。参见卢卡契:《卢卡契文学论文选》第1卷,北京:人民文学出版社,1986年。86-87。
杜章智:“谈谈所谓‘西方马克思主义'的问题——兼与徐崇温同志商榷”,《现代哲学》1(1988a):58-64。[Du,Zhangzhi.“A Study of Western Marxism:A Talk with Xu Chongwen”(tan tan suo wei xi fang ma ke si zhu yi de wen ti:jian yu xu chong wen tong zhi shang que). Modern Philosophy 1(1988a):58-64.]
——:“‘西方马克思主义'是一个含糊的、可疑的概念”,《马克思主义研究》1(1988b):266-283。[---.“Western Marxism is an Obscure and Questionable Concept”(xi fang ma ke si zhu yi shi yi ge han hu de,ke yi de gai nian). Studies of Marxism 1(1988b):266-283.]
傅其林:“卢卡奇话语在马克思主义文论本土化中的意义与问题”,《探索与争鸣》12(2016):43-47。[Fu,Qilin.“On the Significance and Questions of Lukcs'Discourse's Localization into Chinese Marxist Literary Theory”(lu ka qi hua yu zai ma ke si zhu yi wen lun ben tu hua zhong de yi yi yu wen ti). Exploration and Free Views 12(2016):43-47.]
胡风“叙述与描写”《七月》61-2合期194030-50。[Hu,Feng.“Narration and Description”(xu shu yu miao xie). July 6,1-2(1940):30-50.]
——:“《胡风评论集》后记”,《胡风全集》第3卷。武汉:湖北人民出版社,1999年。579-630。[---.“Postscript to the Collection of Critical Essays of Hu Feng”(hu feng ping lun ji hou ji). The Complete Works of Hu Feng. Vol. 3. Wuhan:Hubei People's Press,1999. 579-630.]
黄力之:“艺术本质论发展马克思主义文艺学的不同尝试”,《文艺理论与批评》4(1991):134-140。[Huang,Lizhi.“Different Alternatives on Artistic Essentialism in Developing Marxist Literary Theory”(yi shu ben zhi lun fa zhan make si zhu yi wen yi xue de bu tong chang shi). Theory and Criticism of Literature and Art 4(1991):134-140.]
Lukács,Georg. Record of a Life:An Autobiographical Sketch. Trans. Rodney Livingstone. London:Verso,1983.
马驰:《卢卡奇美学思想论纲》。长春:东北师范大学出版社,1997年。[Ma,Chi. A Survey on Lukács'Aesthetics(lu ka qi mei xue si xiang lun gang). Changchun:Northeast Normal University Press,1997.]
秦泽:“卢卡奇及其《历史与阶级意识》”,《红旗》18(1984):41-47。[Qin,Ze.“Lukács and His History and Class Consciousness”(lu ka qi ji qi li shi yu jie ji yi shi). Red Flag 18(1984):41-47.]
约翰娜·罗森堡:“乔治·卢卡奇生平年表”,《卢卡契文学论文集》(二)。北京:中国社会科学出版社,1981。597。[Rosenborg,Johanna.“Chronology of Georg Lukács”(qiao zhi lu ka qi sheng ping nian biao).Glossary of Lukács'Literary Theories Ⅱ. Beijng:China Social Sciences Press,1981. 597.]
文艺理论教研组:“学习毛泽东文艺思想的几个核心问题”,《山东大学学报》1(1960):3-4。[The Teaching Group of Literary Theory(wen yi li lun jiao yan zu).“The Essential Questions in Learning Mao Zedong's Literary Theory”(xue xi mao ze dong wen yi si xiang de ji ge he xin wen ti). The Journal of Shandong University 1(1960):3-4.]
王玖兴:“前言”,卢卡奇:《青年黑格尔》(选译),王玖兴译。北京:商务印书馆,1963年。1-14。[Wang,Jiuxing.“Preface”(qian yan). Lukcs. The Young Hegel. Trans. Wang Jiuxing.Beijing:The Commercial Press,1963. 1-14.]
徐崇温:“西方马克思主义述评”,《社会科学辑刊》5(1979):85-92。[Xu,Chongwen.“A Review on Western Marxism”(xi fang ma ke si zhu yi shu ping). Social Sciences Collection 5(1979):85-92.]
——:《西方马克思主义》。天津:天津人民出版社,1982。[---. Western Marxism(xi fang ma ke si zhu yi). Tianjin:Tianjin People's Publishing House,1982.]
章辉:“在政治与学术之间——卢卡契文艺美学在中国的曲折历程”,《河北师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)3(2007):64-71。[Zhang,Hui.“Between Politics and Academics:The Reception History of Lukács'Aesthetics in China”(zai zheng zhi yu xue shu zhi jian:lu ka qi wen yi mei xue zai zhong guo de qu zhe li cheng). The Journal of Hebei Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)3(2007):64-71.]
周扬:《周扬文集》(一)。北京:人民文学出版社,1984年。[Zhou,Yang. Works of Zhou Yang(zhou yang wen ji). Vol. 1. Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House,1984.]
(1)物化是“人自己的活动,人自己的劳动,作为某种客观的东西,某种不依赖于人的东西,某种通过异于人的自律性来控制人的东西,与人对立”。参见卢卡奇:《历史与阶级意识》,杜章智译,北京:商务印书馆,1992年。147。
(2)文学艺术的反物化性是指伟大的艺术通过对现有人性状况的描写,表现出更高的人性发展趋向。现有的人性状况是一种由物化而扭曲的异化状态,而更高的人性状况则是一种摆脱物化,恢复人类本真的存在。参见卢卡契:《卢卡契文学论文选》第1卷,北京:人民文学出版社,1986年。86-87。