我国流域水生态完整性评价方法构建
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摘要
流域水生态完整性评价是指通过对水生态系统中不同水生态指标(生物和非生物)的监测以及由数学方法综合形成的综合评价指数,来反映水生态系统完整性状况。近年来,世界各国水环境管理政策发生了变化,开始强调生态保护,重视水体的生态质量。中国现行的常规理化监测指标(如COD、氨氮、BOD5)很难满足水环境管理的需求,难以全面准确地反映水环境质量变化的趋势。因此,在借鉴欧美发达国家流域水生态完整性评价方法的基础上,结合中国目前监测现状以及流域水环境管理需求,构建了包括物理生境指标、理化指标、水生生物指标在内的流域水生态完整性监测与评价方法,以期为中国流域水质目标管理技术体系的业务化运行提供可资借鉴的技术支撑,实现从单一的化学指标监测转向综合的水生态系统监测,实现流域水生态完整性的监测与评价。
Monitoring of status and trends of surface waters quality is an important method to assure sustainability of desired characteristics of aquatic environments.The monitoring and assessment of ecological integrity surveys have demonstrated the value of probability-based sampling designs,quantitative assessments of multiple biological assemblages,a suite of qualitative habitat indicators and the use of historical information.Recently,several sets of legislation worldwide have been developed,that consider water bodies as ecological systems,in order to address ecological quality or integrity of watersheds.Current monitoring and assessment of water quality in China,which is still based on amounts of chemical pollutants,such as COD,ammonia and BOD5,has been deemed to be insufficient to adequately asses the quality of aquatic environments.Responding to this challenge,a new monitoring and assessment system is required based on ecological methodologies,which accurately represents status and trends in quality of aquatic environments.The components used in this monitoring and assessment system include hydrology,river morphology,physico-chemical parameters,ecotoxicological aspects,types and numbers of biota.Based on the results of the pilot scheme an ecological integrity index for surface waters will be established.A national coordination and management system,including methods for comprehensive monitoring of ecological integrity of surface waters in China will be initiated.The system should accurately reflect the effectiveness of governance and protection of major watersheds.
Monitoring of status and trends of surface waters quality is an important method to assure sustainability of desired characteristics of aquatic environments.The monitoring and assessment of ecological integrity surveys have demonstrated the value of probability-based sampling designs,quantitative assessments of multiple biological assemblages,a suite of qualitative habitat indicators and the use of historical information.Recently,several sets of legislation worldwide have been developed,that consider water bodies as ecological systems,in order to address ecological quality or integrity of watersheds.Current monitoring and assessment of water quality in China,which is still based on amounts of chemical pollutants,such as COD,ammonia and BOD5,has been deemed to be insufficient to adequately asses the quality of aquatic environments.Responding to this challenge,a new monitoring and assessment system is required based on ecological methodologies,which accurately represents status and trends in quality of aquatic environments.The components used in this monitoring and assessment system include hydrology,river morphology,physico-chemical parameters,ecotoxicological aspects,types and numbers of biota.Based on the results of the pilot scheme an ecological integrity index for surface waters will be established.A national coordination and management system,including methods for comprehensive monitoring of ecological integrity of surface waters in China will be initiated.The system should accurately reflect the effectiveness of governance and protection of major watersheds.
引文
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[2]DAVID P L,DONALD L S.Environmental monitoring and assessment program,EMAP-surface waters:a northeast lakes pilot[J].Lake and ReservoirManagement,1991,7(1):1-11.
[3]BARBOUR M T,FAULKNER C,USEPA B.Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and wadeable rivers:EPA 841-B-99-002[S].Washington:USEPA,1999.
[4]HUGHES R M,PAULSEN S G,STODDARD J L.EMAP-Surface Waters:a multiassemblage,probability survey of ecological integrity in the USA[J].Hydrobiologia,2000,422:429-443.
[5]ROUX D J.Strategies used to guide the design and implementation of a national river monitoring programme in South Africa[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2001,69:131-158.
[6]SEHOFIELD N J,DAVIES P E.Measuring the health of our rivers[J].Water-Melbourne then Artarmon,1996,23:39-43.
[7]FRSTNER U.EU Water Framework Directive[J].Journal of Soils&Sediments,2002,2:54.
[8]KALLIS G,BUTLER D.The EU water framework directive:measures and implications[J].Water Policy,2001,3:125-142.
[9]杨文慧.河流健康的理论构架与诊断体系的研究[D].南京:河海大学,2007.
[10]WANG Y Y,TENG E J,LIU T L,et al.A national pilot scheme for monitoring and assessment of ecological integrity of surface waters in China[J].Environmental Development,2014,10:104-107.
[11]阴琨,吕怡兵,滕恩江.美国水环境生物监测体系及对我国生物监测的建议[J].环境监测管理与技术,2012,24(6):8-12.YIN Kun,LV Yibing,TENG Enjiang.American water environment bio-monitoring system and its suggestion for bio-monitoring in China[J].The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring,2012,24(6):8-12.
[12]HU Y,CHENG H.Water pollution during China's industrialtransition[J].Environmental Development,2013,8:57-73.
[13]MEP.The National Eleventh Five-year Plan for Environmental Protection(2006—2010)[M].Beijing:Ministry of Environmental Protection(MEP)of the People's Republic of China,2007.
[14]MEP.Report on Environmental Quality of China[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2011.
[15]夏青,张旭辉.水质标准手册[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990.
[16]DONG Z,WU Q,WANG J,et al.Environmental indicator development in China:Debates and challenges ahead[J].Environmental Development,2013,7:125-127.
[17]HSU A,de SHERBININ A,SHI H.Seeking truth from facts:The challenge of environmental indicator development in China[J].Environmental Development,2012,3:39-51.
[18]王业耀,阴琨,杨琦,等.河流水生态环境质量评价方法研究与应用进展[J].中国环境监测,2014,30(5):1-8.WANG Yeyao,YIN Kun,YANG Qi,et al.Research and application progress of assessment for river water ecosystem quality[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2014,30(5):1-8.
[19]阴琨,王业耀,许人骥,等.中国流域水环境生物监测体系构成和发展[J].中国环境监测,2014,30(5):114-120.YIN Kun,WANG Yeyao,XU Renji,et al.Constitution and development of national river basin water environmental biomonitoring system[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2014,30(5):114-120.
[20]张华,骆永明.美国流域生态健康评价体系的发展和实践[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(7):2 063-2 072.ZHANG Hua,LUO Yongming.Assessment system for watershed ecological health in the United States:Development and application[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(7):2 063-2 072.
[21]ROGERS K,BIGGS H.Integrating indicators,endpoints and value systems in strategic management of the rivers of the Kruger National Park[J].American Journal of Infection Control,1999,41:439-451.
[22]孔红梅,赵景柱,姬兰柱,等.生态系统健康评价方法初探[J].应用生态学报,2002,13:486-490.KONG Hongmei,ZHAO Jingzhu,JI Lanzhu,et al.Assessment method of ecosystem health[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13:486-490.
[23]蔡琨.太湖大型底栖无脊椎动物群落特征和生态健康评价[D].南京:南京农业大学,2013.
[24]QIN C Y,ZHOU J,CAO Y,et al.Quantitative tolerance values for common stream benthic macroinvertebrates in the Yangtze River Delta,Eastern China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2014,186(9):5 883-5 895.
[25]吴东浩,王备新,张咏,等.底栖动物生物指数水质评价进展及在中国的应用前景[J].南京农业大学学报,2011,34(2):129-134.WU Donghao,WANG Beixin,ZHANG Yong,et al.Advances in the use of biotic index for water quality bioassessment with benthic macroinvertebrate and its perspective in China[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2011,34(2):129-134.