浅析我国地表水与海水环境质量标准存在的问题
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摘要
我国《水污染防治行动计划》和《近岸海域污染防治方案》中改善水质的工作目标和考核指标都是基于《地表水环境质量标准》和《海水水质标准》提出的,两项标准是我国水环境保护管理的重要抓手,在水污染防治中具有举足轻重的地位。文章对我国现行两项水环境质量标准存在的共性问题和两项标准之间衔接存在的问题进行分析,研究表明:两项标准间存在水质分类不衔接、水质指标设置不衔接、部分指标分析方法不同和部分指标标准限值衔接不科学等问题。基于此,文章建议应加强水质基准研究,尽快启动水质标准修订;针对水体富营养化问题,科学设置氮、磷指标;关注健康、安全,强化有毒有害污染物控制;科学划定河口区范围,制定河口区专属水质标准,旨在为我国水环境质量标准的修订提供参考,使水环境质量标准更好地服务于我国的水环境保护和陆海统筹的水污染防治工作。
The objectives and evaluation indexes of improving water quality in Water Pollution Control Action Plan and National Plan for Water Pollution Prevention and Control in Coastal Areas of China are based on environmental quality standards for surface water(GB 3838—2002)and sea water quality standard(GB 3097—1997).The two standards are important links in China's water environment protection management,and they play an important role in the prevention and control of water pollution.In this paper,the existing problems of current water environmental quality standards in China were systematically analyzed,and results indicated that some problems between the two standards cannot be ignored,such as the syntaxis of water quality classification and water quality index setting between the two standards,the difference of analytical methodsand standard limits of some water quality index between the two standards.Based on these results,it was suggested that the study of water quality standards should be strengthened,and the revision of water quality standards should be started as soon as possible.In order to solve the eutrophication problem,nitrogen and phosphorus indexes needed to be set up scientifically.The control of toxic and harmful pollutants should be strengthened.The scope of estuarine area and formulate exclusive water quality standards for estuaries should be scientifically defined.The purpose of this work was to provide references for the revision of water quality standard system in China,and make it better serve for China's water environment protection and water pollution prevention and control from land to sea.
The objectives and evaluation indexes of improving water quality in Water Pollution Control Action Plan and National Plan for Water Pollution Prevention and Control in Coastal Areas of China are based on environmental quality standards for surface water(GB 3838—2002)and sea water quality standard(GB 3097—1997).The two standards are important links in China's water environment protection management,and they play an important role in the prevention and control of water pollution.In this paper,the existing problems of current water environmental quality standards in China were systematically analyzed,and results indicated that some problems between the two standards cannot be ignored,such as the syntaxis of water quality classification and water quality index setting between the two standards,the difference of analytical methodsand standard limits of some water quality index between the two standards.Based on these results,it was suggested that the study of water quality standards should be strengthened,and the revision of water quality standards should be started as soon as possible.In order to solve the eutrophication problem,nitrogen and phosphorus indexes needed to be set up scientifically.The control of toxic and harmful pollutants should be strengthened.The scope of estuarine area and formulate exclusive water quality standards for estuaries should be scientifically defined.The purpose of this work was to provide references for the revision of water quality standard system in China,and make it better serve for China's water environment protection and water pollution prevention and control from land to sea.
引文
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[8]吴丰昌,冯承莲,张瑞卿,等.我国典型污染物水质基准研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2012,42(5):665-672.
[9]US EPA.National recommended water quality criteria[R].Washington DC:US Environmental Protection Agency,2009.
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[11]王菊英,韩庚辰,张志锋,等.国际海洋环境监测与评价最新进展[M].北京:海洋出版社,2010.
[12]叶璐,张珞平.河口区海洋环境监测与评价一体化研究:以珠江口为例[M].北京:海洋出版社,2015.
[13]欧阳玉蓉,王金坑,傅世锋.河口区水质标准问题的探讨[J].环境保护科学,2011,37(5):53-55.
[2]郑丙辉,刘静,刘录三.探析入海河口水质评价标准的合理性[J].环境保护,2016(Z1):43-47.
[3]国家环境保护总局,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB 3838—2002地表水环境质量标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[4]国家环境保护局.GB 3097—1997海水水质标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2004.
[5]王菊英,穆景利,王莹.《海水水质标准(GB 3097-1997)》定值的合理性浅析:以铅和甲基对硫磷为例[J].生态毒理学报,2015,10(1):151-159.
[6]夏青,陈艳卿,刘宪兵.水质基准与水质标准[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2004.
[7]王菊英,穆景利,马德毅.浅析我国现行海水水质标准存在的问题[J].海洋开发与管理,2013,30(7):28-33.
[8]吴丰昌,冯承莲,张瑞卿,等.我国典型污染物水质基准研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2012,42(5):665-672.
[9]US EPA.National recommended water quality criteria[R].Washington DC:US Environmental Protection Agency,2009.
[10]刘静,刘录三,郑丙辉.入海河口区水环境管理问题与对策[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(5):645-653.
[11]王菊英,韩庚辰,张志锋,等.国际海洋环境监测与评价最新进展[M].北京:海洋出版社,2010.
[12]叶璐,张珞平.河口区海洋环境监测与评价一体化研究:以珠江口为例[M].北京:海洋出版社,2015.
[13]欧阳玉蓉,王金坑,傅世锋.河口区水质标准问题的探讨[J].环境保护科学,2011,37(5):53-55.