生态沟-湿地系统对农田排水氮磷的去除效应
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摘要
为探讨生态拦截系统对农田尾水氮、磷的去除效应及其应用前景,在太湖水源地陆域保护区原位构建生态沟-湿地系统对涵盖施肥期的农田尾水进行了拦截净化。结果表明,生态沟-湿地系统可对TN、NH_4+-N、TP平均浓度分别为23.45、19.87 mg·L-1和0.341 mg·L-1的高浓度农田尾水有效净化,出流最低TN、NH_4+-N分别可达地表Ⅴ类水和Ⅳ类水标准,出流TP稳定达到地表Ⅲ类水标准。生态沟对农田排水TN、NH_4+-N、TP平均去除率分别为49.95%、48.55%和53.22%,尾水进入人工湿地后得到再次净化,去除率分别为18.4%、9.43%和23.35%,系统总体去除率分别为59.6%、51.69%和60.92%。研究表明,生态沟末端配置人工湿地能有效提高氮、磷去除效率,系统具有一定的环境经济效益和可移植性,为太湖东部同类型农田排水的生态拦截提供案例参考。
In order to better understand the effect of ecological interception systems on removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from farmland drainage, an ecological ditch-wetland system was constructed to treat the farmland drainage during the fertilization period. The resultsshowed that the ditch-wetland system effectively purified drainage water with an average TN, NH+4-N, and TP concentration of 23.45 mg·L-1,19.87 mg·L-1, and 0.341 mg·L-1, respectively. The lowest concentration in the outflow met the class V requirement for TN and the classⅣ requirement for NH+4-N defined in the surface water environmental quality standards(SWQS). The average concentration of TP in the out?flow met the class Ⅲ requirement. The removal rates of TN, NH+4-N, and TP were 49.95%,48.55%, and 53.22% respectively with the eco?logical ditch, and 18.4%, 9.43%, and 23.35% respectively with the constructed wetland, resulting in total removal rates of 59.6%, 51.69%,and 60.92% respectively. Our results indicated that constructing the wetland at the end of ecological ditch effectively increased the removalefficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus. The system is simple to use and presents environmental and economic benefits. Thus, the results of this case study can be applied to the ecological interception of similar type of farmland drainage generated east of Taihu Lake.
In order to better understand the effect of ecological interception systems on removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from farmland drainage, an ecological ditch-wetland system was constructed to treat the farmland drainage during the fertilization period. The resultsshowed that the ditch-wetland system effectively purified drainage water with an average TN, NH+4-N, and TP concentration of 23.45 mg·L-1,19.87 mg·L-1, and 0.341 mg·L-1, respectively. The lowest concentration in the outflow met the class V requirement for TN and the classⅣ requirement for NH+4-N defined in the surface water environmental quality standards(SWQS). The average concentration of TP in the out?flow met the class Ⅲ requirement. The removal rates of TN, NH+4-N, and TP were 49.95%,48.55%, and 53.22% respectively with the eco?logical ditch, and 18.4%, 9.43%, and 23.35% respectively with the constructed wetland, resulting in total removal rates of 59.6%, 51.69%,and 60.92% respectively. Our results indicated that constructing the wetland at the end of ecological ditch effectively increased the removalefficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus. The system is simple to use and presents environmental and economic benefits. Thus, the results of this case study can be applied to the ecological interception of similar type of farmland drainage generated east of Taihu Lake.
引文
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[8]施卫明,薛利红,王建国,等.农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践:生态拦截技术[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(9):1697-1704.SHI Wei-ming,XUE Li-hong,WANG Jian-guo,et al.A Reduce-Retain-Reuse-Restore technology for controlling rural non-point pollution in China:Eco-retain technology[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(9):1697-1704.
[9]王孜颜,罗梅,陈国梁,等.长广溪清水廊道新型生态沟技术中试试验研究[J].环境科学与技术,2017,40(3):91-95.WANG Zi-yan,LUO Mei,CHEN Guo-liang,et al.Pilot experimental study of a novel ecological ditch technique for clear water gallery construction on Changguangxi River[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,40(3):91-95.
[10]Liu F,Xiao R L,Wang Y,et al.Effect of a novel constructed drainage ditch on the phosphorus sorption capacity of ditch soils in an agricultural headwater catchment in subtropical central China[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,58:69-76.
[11]Coban O,Kuschk P,Kappelmeyer U,et al.Nitrogen transforming community in a horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland[J].Water Research,2015,7:203-212.
[12]卢少勇,金相灿,余刚.人工湿地的氮去除机理[J].生态学报,2006,26(8):2670-2677.LU Shao-yong,JIN Xiang-can,YU Gang.Nitrogen removal mechanism of constructed wetland[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(8):2670-2677.
[13]Zhu J G,Hu W P,Hu L M,et al.Variation in the efficiency of nutrient removal in a pilot-scale natural wetland[J].Wetlands,2012,32:311-319.
[14]Wu Y H,Kerr P G,Hu Z Y,et al.Eco-restoration:Simultaneous nutrient removal from soil and water in a complex residential-cropland area[J].Environmental Pollution,2010(158):2472-2477.
[15]余红兵,肖润林,杨知建,等.灌溉和降雨条件下生态沟渠氮、磷输出特征研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(5):686-692.YU Hong-bing,XIAO Run-lin,YANG Zhi-jian,et al.Study on the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus transportation through ecological ditch during irrigation and rainfall[J].Resources and Environmental in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(5):686-692.
[16]张树楠,肖润林,刘锋,等.生态沟渠对氮、磷污染物的拦截效应[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4516-4522.ZHANG Shu-nan,XIAO Run-lin,LIU Feng,et al.Interception effect of vegetated drainage ditch on nitrogen and phosphorus from drainage ditches[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4516-4522
[17]王迪,李红芳,刘锋,等.亚热带农区生态沟渠对农业径流中氮素迁移拦截效应研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(5):1717-1723.WANG Di,LI Hong-fang,LIU Feng,et al.Interception effect of ecological ditch on nitrogen transport in agricultural runoff in subtropical China[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(5):1717-1723.
[18]Stottmeister U,Wiener A,Kuschk P,et al.Effects of plants and microorganisms in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment[J].Biotechnology Advances,2003,22(1/2):93-117.
[19]Hu L M,Hu W P,Deng J C,et al.Nutrient removal in wetlands with different macrophyte structures in eastern Lake Taihu,China[J].Ecological Engineering,2010,36:1725-1732.
[20]余红兵,杨知建,肖润林,等.水生植物的氮磷吸收能力及收割管理研究[J].草业学报,2013,22(1):294-299.YU Hong-bing,YANG Zhi-jian,XIAO Run-lin,et al.Absorption capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus of aquatic plants and harvest management research[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2013,22(1):294-299.
[21]熊飞,李文朝,潘继征,等.人工湿地脱氮除磷的效果与机理研究进展[J].湿地科学,2005,3(3):228-234.XIONG Fei,LI Wen-chao,PAN Ji-zheng,et al.Efficiency and functioning of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands:A review[J].Wetland Science,2005,3(3):228-234.
[22]马永飞,杨小珍,赵小虎,等.污水氮浓度对粉绿狐尾藻去氮能力的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):1093-1101.MA Yong-fei,YANG Xiao-zhen,ZHAO Xiao-hu,et al.Effect of wastewater nitrogen concentrations on nitrogen removal ability of Myriophyllum aquaticum[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(3):1093-1101.
[23]谭喨,刘春学,徐杉,等.滇池湖滨湿地植物对环境影响及经济效益分析[J].安徽农业科学,2015,43(9):240-242,273.TAN Liang,LIU Chun-xue,XU Shan,et al.Influence analysis of the aquatic plant to the environment and economic benefit in Dianchi Lake wetland[J].Journal of Anhui Agri Sci,2015,43(9):240-242,273.
[24]高敏,种法岭,孔令苹,等.不同水生经济植物对南四湖富营养化水体的净化效果[J].农业工程,2016,6(4):33-40.GAO Min,ZHONG Fa-ling,KONG Ling-ping,et al.Effects of different aquatic economic plants on water purification in Lake Nansi eutrophication[J].Agricultural Engineering,2016,6(4):33-40.
[25]马立珊,汪祖强,张水铭,等.苏南太湖水系农业面源污染及其控制对策研究[J].环境科学学报,1997,17(1):39-47.MA Li-shan,WANG Zu-qiang,ZHANG Shui-ming,et al.Pollution from agricultural non-point sources and its control in river system of Taihu Lake,Jiangsu[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,1997,17(1):39-47.
[26]段亮,段增强,常江,等.地表管理与施肥方式对太湖流域旱地氮素流失的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(3):813-818.DUAN Liang,DUAN Zeng-qiang,CHANG Jiang,et al.Effect of surface management and fertilization mode on nitrogen runoff from upland in Taihu Lake region[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2007,26(3):813-818.
[27]杨林章,王德建,夏立忠.太湖地区农业面源污染特征及控制途径[J].中国水利,2004,20:29-31.YANG Lin-zhang,WANG De-jian,XIA Li-zhong.Features and ways of control of non-point agricultural pollution in Taihu area[J].China Water Resources,2004,20:29-31.
[28]张导,张琰,宋学宏.苏州市环太湖农业面源污染调查及控制对策[J].农业环境与发展,2009,6:71-75.ZHANG Dao,ZHANG Yan,SONG Xue-hong.Investigation of agricultural non-point source pollution and its countermeasures in Taihu Lake,Suzhou City[J].Agro-Environment&Development,2009,6:71-75.
[2]李强坤,李怀恩,胡亚伟,等.黄河干流潼关断面非点源污染负荷估算[J].水科学进展,2008,19(4):460-466.LI Qiang-kun,LI Huai-en,HU Ya-wei,et al.Estimation of non-point source pollution loading on Tongguan section of the Yellow River[J].Advances in Water Science,2008,19(4):460-466.
[3]欧阳威,蔡冠清,黄浩波,等.小流域农业面源氮污染时空特征及与土壤呼吸硝化关系分析[J].环境科学,2014,35(6):2411-2418.OUYANG Wei,CAI Guan-qing,HUANG Hao-bo,et al.Temporalspatial distribution of agricultural diffuse nitrogen pollution and relationship with soil[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(6):2411-2418.
[4]宋立芳,王毅,吴金水,等.水稻种植对中亚热带红壤丘陵区小流域氮磷养分输出的影响[J].环境科学,2014,35(1):150-156.SONG Li-fang,WANG Yi,WU Jin-shui,et al.Impact of rice agriculture on nitrogen and phosphorus exports in streams in hilly red soil earth region of central subtropics[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(1):150-156.
[5]郭鸿鹏,朱静雅,杨印生.农业非点源污染防治技术的研究现状及进展[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(4):290-295.GUO Hong-peng,ZHU Jing-ya,YANG Yin-sheng.Research status and development of technologies for controlling the agricultural nonpoint source pollution[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2008,24(4):290-295.
[6]崔键,马友华,赵艳萍,等.农业面源污染的特性及防治对策[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(1):335-340.CUI Jian,MA You-hua,ZHAO Yan-ping,et al.Characteristic and countermeasures for control and prevention of multiple area-pollution in agriculture[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2006,22(1):335-340.
[7]杨林章,施卫明,薛利红,等.农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践:总体思路与“4R”治理技术[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(1):1-8.YANG Lin-zhang,SHI Wei-ming,XUE Li-hong,et al.ReduceRetain-Reuse-Restore technology for the controlling the agricultural non-point source pollution in countryside in China:General countermeasures and technologies[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(1):1-8.
[8]施卫明,薛利红,王建国,等.农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践:生态拦截技术[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(9):1697-1704.SHI Wei-ming,XUE Li-hong,WANG Jian-guo,et al.A Reduce-Retain-Reuse-Restore technology for controlling rural non-point pollution in China:Eco-retain technology[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(9):1697-1704.
[9]王孜颜,罗梅,陈国梁,等.长广溪清水廊道新型生态沟技术中试试验研究[J].环境科学与技术,2017,40(3):91-95.WANG Zi-yan,LUO Mei,CHEN Guo-liang,et al.Pilot experimental study of a novel ecological ditch technique for clear water gallery construction on Changguangxi River[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,40(3):91-95.
[10]Liu F,Xiao R L,Wang Y,et al.Effect of a novel constructed drainage ditch on the phosphorus sorption capacity of ditch soils in an agricultural headwater catchment in subtropical central China[J].Ecological Engineering,2013,58:69-76.
[11]Coban O,Kuschk P,Kappelmeyer U,et al.Nitrogen transforming community in a horizontal subsurface-flow constructed wetland[J].Water Research,2015,7:203-212.
[12]卢少勇,金相灿,余刚.人工湿地的氮去除机理[J].生态学报,2006,26(8):2670-2677.LU Shao-yong,JIN Xiang-can,YU Gang.Nitrogen removal mechanism of constructed wetland[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(8):2670-2677.
[13]Zhu J G,Hu W P,Hu L M,et al.Variation in the efficiency of nutrient removal in a pilot-scale natural wetland[J].Wetlands,2012,32:311-319.
[14]Wu Y H,Kerr P G,Hu Z Y,et al.Eco-restoration:Simultaneous nutrient removal from soil and water in a complex residential-cropland area[J].Environmental Pollution,2010(158):2472-2477.
[15]余红兵,肖润林,杨知建,等.灌溉和降雨条件下生态沟渠氮、磷输出特征研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(5):686-692.YU Hong-bing,XIAO Run-lin,YANG Zhi-jian,et al.Study on the characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus transportation through ecological ditch during irrigation and rainfall[J].Resources and Environmental in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(5):686-692.
[16]张树楠,肖润林,刘锋,等.生态沟渠对氮、磷污染物的拦截效应[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4516-4522.ZHANG Shu-nan,XIAO Run-lin,LIU Feng,et al.Interception effect of vegetated drainage ditch on nitrogen and phosphorus from drainage ditches[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4516-4522
[17]王迪,李红芳,刘锋,等.亚热带农区生态沟渠对农业径流中氮素迁移拦截效应研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(5):1717-1723.WANG Di,LI Hong-fang,LIU Feng,et al.Interception effect of ecological ditch on nitrogen transport in agricultural runoff in subtropical China[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(5):1717-1723.
[18]Stottmeister U,Wiener A,Kuschk P,et al.Effects of plants and microorganisms in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment[J].Biotechnology Advances,2003,22(1/2):93-117.
[19]Hu L M,Hu W P,Deng J C,et al.Nutrient removal in wetlands with different macrophyte structures in eastern Lake Taihu,China[J].Ecological Engineering,2010,36:1725-1732.
[20]余红兵,杨知建,肖润林,等.水生植物的氮磷吸收能力及收割管理研究[J].草业学报,2013,22(1):294-299.YU Hong-bing,YANG Zhi-jian,XIAO Run-lin,et al.Absorption capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus of aquatic plants and harvest management research[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2013,22(1):294-299.
[21]熊飞,李文朝,潘继征,等.人工湿地脱氮除磷的效果与机理研究进展[J].湿地科学,2005,3(3):228-234.XIONG Fei,LI Wen-chao,PAN Ji-zheng,et al.Efficiency and functioning of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands:A review[J].Wetland Science,2005,3(3):228-234.
[22]马永飞,杨小珍,赵小虎,等.污水氮浓度对粉绿狐尾藻去氮能力的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):1093-1101.MA Yong-fei,YANG Xiao-zhen,ZHAO Xiao-hu,et al.Effect of wastewater nitrogen concentrations on nitrogen removal ability of Myriophyllum aquaticum[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(3):1093-1101.
[23]谭喨,刘春学,徐杉,等.滇池湖滨湿地植物对环境影响及经济效益分析[J].安徽农业科学,2015,43(9):240-242,273.TAN Liang,LIU Chun-xue,XU Shan,et al.Influence analysis of the aquatic plant to the environment and economic benefit in Dianchi Lake wetland[J].Journal of Anhui Agri Sci,2015,43(9):240-242,273.
[24]高敏,种法岭,孔令苹,等.不同水生经济植物对南四湖富营养化水体的净化效果[J].农业工程,2016,6(4):33-40.GAO Min,ZHONG Fa-ling,KONG Ling-ping,et al.Effects of different aquatic economic plants on water purification in Lake Nansi eutrophication[J].Agricultural Engineering,2016,6(4):33-40.
[25]马立珊,汪祖强,张水铭,等.苏南太湖水系农业面源污染及其控制对策研究[J].环境科学学报,1997,17(1):39-47.MA Li-shan,WANG Zu-qiang,ZHANG Shui-ming,et al.Pollution from agricultural non-point sources and its control in river system of Taihu Lake,Jiangsu[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,1997,17(1):39-47.
[26]段亮,段增强,常江,等.地表管理与施肥方式对太湖流域旱地氮素流失的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(3):813-818.DUAN Liang,DUAN Zeng-qiang,CHANG Jiang,et al.Effect of surface management and fertilization mode on nitrogen runoff from upland in Taihu Lake region[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2007,26(3):813-818.
[27]杨林章,王德建,夏立忠.太湖地区农业面源污染特征及控制途径[J].中国水利,2004,20:29-31.YANG Lin-zhang,WANG De-jian,XIA Li-zhong.Features and ways of control of non-point agricultural pollution in Taihu area[J].China Water Resources,2004,20:29-31.
[28]张导,张琰,宋学宏.苏州市环太湖农业面源污染调查及控制对策[J].农业环境与发展,2009,6:71-75.ZHANG Dao,ZHANG Yan,SONG Xue-hong.Investigation of agricultural non-point source pollution and its countermeasures in Taihu Lake,Suzhou City[J].Agro-Environment&Development,2009,6:71-75.