人工模拟降雨条件下泻溜红土坡积体的侵蚀过程和入渗特征
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摘要
为了探究泻溜红土坡积体的侵蚀过程和入渗特征,采用人工模拟降雨方法,设定16. 1、29. 3、40. 5和51. 3mm/h共4种降雨强度,测定分析4种降雨强度下产流产沙量和入渗速率。4种降雨强度产生的产流总量分别为2 250、5 174、10 036和17 612 cm3;产沙总量从小到大依次为290 g (16. 1 mm/h)<620 g (29. 3 mm/h)<780 g (40. 5mm/h)<810 g (51. 3 mm/h);产沙量达到峰值所需时间分别是26、20、18和16 min,径流所携带的泥沙趋于稳定所需时间分别是34、32、30和26 min;平均入渗速率分别为0. 22、0. 37、0. 44和0. 45 mm/min,稳渗速率分别为0. 19、0. 32、0. 38和0. 39 mm/min。随着降雨强度的增加,产流量、产沙量、入渗速率逐渐增加,但稳渗速率增加的趋势不明显,稳定产流产沙所需时间逐渐缩短。本研究结果可为红土泻溜侵蚀的防治和泻溜红土坡积体的改良利用提供指导。
[Background]Erosion of red soil is one of the serious forms of soil erosion in the gully region of the Loess Plateau. However,the erosion characteristics of the sloping erosion and the infiltration of the slope are not studied in depth. It is of great significance to further explore its erosion process and permeability for preventing the erosion of red soil. [Methods] Test materials from the shady slope and the sunny slope of Tianjiagou watershed in Gansu province were collected, and filled into the experimental trough tank at 10 degree as similar to natural dump status as possible. Four rainfall intensities of 16. 1,29. 3,40. 5,and 51. 3 mm/h were set by simulated artificial rainfall Norton 8100 from USA,3 times of experiment were repeated for each rainfall intensity,thus total 12 experiments were conducted. Runoff period, rainfall duration, runoff yield, average runoff rate, runoff coefficient,sediment yield,average sediment rate,and infiltration rate were recorded and calculated. The data was processed by Excel 2007. [Results]For the erosion process of the red soil slumping slope sediment,the total runoff generated under 4 rainfall intensities( 16. 1,29. 3,40. 5,and 51. 3 mm/h) was 2 250,5 174,10 036,and 17 612 cm3,respectively. The total amount of sediment production increased gradually from 290 g( in 16. 1 mm/h) to 810 g( in 51. 3 mm/h),which expressed as follows 290 g( in16. 1 mm/h) < 620 g( in 29. 3 mm/h) < 780 g( in 40. 5 mm/h) < 810 g( in 51. 3 mm/h). The time required for reaching peak sediment was shortened from 26 min to 16 min,which were 26,20,18 and 16 min,respectively. The time required for sediment reaching stabilization in the runoff showed similar changes with the time required for reaching peak sediment,which were 34,32,30 and 26 min,respectively,and the average infiltration rates were 0. 22,0. 37,0. 44,and 0. 45 mm/min,respectively,and steady infiltration rates gradually increased,and appeared as from 0. 19 to 0. 39 mm/min.[Conclusions] As rainfall intensity increases,the runoff,sediment yield,and infiltration rate under different rainfall intensity of the red soil slumping slope sediment increase gradually,while the trend of increasing the rate of steady infiltration is not obvious,and the time required for stable production and sediment production is gradually shortened. In addition to this,the conclusions of this study may provide guidance for the prevention and control of erosive erosion and improvement of the red soil slumping slope sediment.
[Background]Erosion of red soil is one of the serious forms of soil erosion in the gully region of the Loess Plateau. However,the erosion characteristics of the sloping erosion and the infiltration of the slope are not studied in depth. It is of great significance to further explore its erosion process and permeability for preventing the erosion of red soil. [Methods] Test materials from the shady slope and the sunny slope of Tianjiagou watershed in Gansu province were collected, and filled into the experimental trough tank at 10 degree as similar to natural dump status as possible. Four rainfall intensities of 16. 1,29. 3,40. 5,and 51. 3 mm/h were set by simulated artificial rainfall Norton 8100 from USA,3 times of experiment were repeated for each rainfall intensity,thus total 12 experiments were conducted. Runoff period, rainfall duration, runoff yield, average runoff rate, runoff coefficient,sediment yield,average sediment rate,and infiltration rate were recorded and calculated. The data was processed by Excel 2007. [Results]For the erosion process of the red soil slumping slope sediment,the total runoff generated under 4 rainfall intensities( 16. 1,29. 3,40. 5,and 51. 3 mm/h) was 2 250,5 174,10 036,and 17 612 cm3,respectively. The total amount of sediment production increased gradually from 290 g( in 16. 1 mm/h) to 810 g( in 51. 3 mm/h),which expressed as follows 290 g( in16. 1 mm/h) < 620 g( in 29. 3 mm/h) < 780 g( in 40. 5 mm/h) < 810 g( in 51. 3 mm/h). The time required for reaching peak sediment was shortened from 26 min to 16 min,which were 26,20,18 and 16 min,respectively. The time required for sediment reaching stabilization in the runoff showed similar changes with the time required for reaching peak sediment,which were 34,32,30 and 26 min,respectively,and the average infiltration rates were 0. 22,0. 37,0. 44,and 0. 45 mm/min,respectively,and steady infiltration rates gradually increased,and appeared as from 0. 19 to 0. 39 mm/min.[Conclusions] As rainfall intensity increases,the runoff,sediment yield,and infiltration rate under different rainfall intensity of the red soil slumping slope sediment increase gradually,while the trend of increasing the rate of steady infiltration is not obvious,and the time required for stable production and sediment production is gradually shortened. In addition to this,the conclusions of this study may provide guidance for the prevention and control of erosive erosion and improvement of the red soil slumping slope sediment.
引文
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[8]胡建忠.沙棘:一种防治红土泻溜侵蚀的优良树种[J].林业科技开发,1993(1):5.HU Jianzhong. Hippophae rhamnoides:A superior treespecies to control the erosion of red earth[J]. ForestryScience and Technology Development,1993(1):5.
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[10]栾莉莉,张光辉,刘如心,等.人工模拟降雨水质对土壤入渗性能的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(2):122.LUAN Lili, ZHANG Guanghui, LIU Ruxin, et al.Effects of water quality on soil in filtration in rainfallsimulation[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(2):122.
[11]甘凤玲,何丙辉,王涛.人工模拟降雨下汶川震区滑坡堆积体产沙规律[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(12):158.GAN Fengling, HE Binghui, WANG Tao. Sedimentcharacteristic of landslide accumulation body in earth-quake zone of Wenchuan under artificial rainfall simula-tion condition[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(12):158.
[12]王玉宽,王占礼,周佩华.黄土高原坡面降雨产流过程的试验分析[J].水土保持学报,1991,5(2):25.WANG Yukuan,WANG Zhanli,ZHOU Peihua. Exper-iment on rainfall-runoff process on slope of the LoessPlateau[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1991,5(2):25.
[13]孟广涛,方向京,李贵祥,等.人工模拟降雨条件下3种多年生牧草水土保持能力分析[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(2):49.MENG Guangtao,FANG Xiangjing,LI Guixiang,et al.Study on soil and water conservation capacity of threeperennial forage grasses under artificial simulated rainfall[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(2):49.
[14]孙达,张妙仙,吴希媛,等.野外人工模拟降雨条件下荒草坡产流产污试验研究[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(3):121.SUN Da,ZHANG Miaoxian,WU Xiyuan,et al. Runoffyield and pollutant of barren grassland slope under simu-lated rainfall condition[J]. Bulletin of Soil and WaterConservation,2008,28(3):121.
[15]张媛静,张平仓,李亚松,等.人工模拟降雨条件下不同土壤抗侵蚀特征的分析[J].安徽农业科学,2013,41(13):5765.ZHANG Yuanjing,ZHANG Pingcang,LI Yasong,et al.Analysis of soil anti-erosion characteristics under artifi-cial rainfall condition[J]. Journal of Anhui AgriculturalSciences,2013,41(13):5765.
[16]范文波.坡耕地土壤结皮的成因及其作用研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2001.FAN Wenbo. Study on the causes and effects of soilcrust on slope farmland[D]. Yangling,Shaaxi:NorthwestA&F University,2001.
[17]吴光艳,祝振华,成婧,等.人工模拟降雨特性对坡面产流产沙量的影响研究[J].节水灌溉,2011(6):44.WU Guangyan,ZHU Zhenhua,CHENG Jing,et al. Runoffand sediment characteristics of slope under simulated rain-fall[J]. Saving Water and Irrigation,2011(6):44.
[18]冯秀,查轩,黄少燕.人工模拟降雨条件下花岗岩红壤坡面侵蚀过程与特征分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2014,12(1):19.FENG Xiu,ZHA Xuan,HUANG Shaoyan. Processesand characteristics of erosion on hill slopes of granite redsoil under simulated rainfall[J]. Science of Soil and Wa-ter Conservation,2014,12(1):19.
[2]涂安千.“红土”陡坡的泻溜侵蚀及其防治[J].水土保持通报,1981(4):29.TU Anqian. The erotic erosion of “red clay”steep slopeand its prevention[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Con-servation,1981(4):29.
[3]王斌科.海东黄土区的泻溜侵蚀[J].中国水土保持,1990(5):25.WANG Binke. The erotic erosion of loess area of Haidongcity[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China,1990(5):25.
[4]柴亚凡,周波,吕忠明,等.黄土高原残塬沟壑区红土泻溜面防治模式研究[J].中国水土保持,2014(2):49.CHAI Yafan,ZHOU Bo,LZhongming,et al. Controlmodes of red soil slipping surface in broken gully region ofthe Loess Plateau[J]. Soil and Water Conservation inChina,1990(5):25.
[5]李裕后.黄土高原泻溜侵蚀的分布特征[J].中国水土保持,1989(9):33.LI Yuhou. Distribution characteristics of erotic erosion onLoess Plateau[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China,1989(9):33.
[6]曾伯庆,马文中,张治国,等.三趾马红土泻溜侵蚀规律研究[J].中国水土保持,1991(7):21.ZENG Baiqing,MA Wenzhong,ZHANG Zhiguo,et al.Study on erotic erosion regularity of red soils in Three-toed Horses[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China,1991(7):21.
[7]胡建忠.砒砂岩沟谷种植沙棘林防止土壤重力侵蚀的实践[J].中国水土保持,2011(5):36.HU Jianzhong. Practice on planting Hippophae rham-noides in soft sand stone gullies for preventing gravity ero-sion[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China,2011(5):36.
[8]胡建忠.沙棘:一种防治红土泻溜侵蚀的优良树种[J].林业科技开发,1993(1):5.HU Jianzhong. Hippophae rhamnoides:A superior treespecies to control the erosion of red earth[J]. ForestryScience and Technology Development,1993(1):5.
[9]王玉惠,田存信.红土严重裸露的里仁沟小流域治理及效益[J].中国水土保持,1994(12):47.WANG Yuhui,TIAN Cunxin. Harnessment of Lirengousmall watershed with severely exposed red soil and itsbenefits[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China,1994(12):47.
[10]栾莉莉,张光辉,刘如心,等.人工模拟降雨水质对土壤入渗性能的影响[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(2):122.LUAN Lili, ZHANG Guanghui, LIU Ruxin, et al.Effects of water quality on soil in filtration in rainfallsimulation[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(2):122.
[11]甘凤玲,何丙辉,王涛.人工模拟降雨下汶川震区滑坡堆积体产沙规律[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(12):158.GAN Fengling, HE Binghui, WANG Tao. Sedimentcharacteristic of landslide accumulation body in earth-quake zone of Wenchuan under artificial rainfall simula-tion condition[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(12):158.
[12]王玉宽,王占礼,周佩华.黄土高原坡面降雨产流过程的试验分析[J].水土保持学报,1991,5(2):25.WANG Yukuan,WANG Zhanli,ZHOU Peihua. Exper-iment on rainfall-runoff process on slope of the LoessPlateau[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1991,5(2):25.
[13]孟广涛,方向京,李贵祥,等.人工模拟降雨条件下3种多年生牧草水土保持能力分析[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(2):49.MENG Guangtao,FANG Xiangjing,LI Guixiang,et al.Study on soil and water conservation capacity of threeperennial forage grasses under artificial simulated rainfall[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(2):49.
[14]孙达,张妙仙,吴希媛,等.野外人工模拟降雨条件下荒草坡产流产污试验研究[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(3):121.SUN Da,ZHANG Miaoxian,WU Xiyuan,et al. Runoffyield and pollutant of barren grassland slope under simu-lated rainfall condition[J]. Bulletin of Soil and WaterConservation,2008,28(3):121.
[15]张媛静,张平仓,李亚松,等.人工模拟降雨条件下不同土壤抗侵蚀特征的分析[J].安徽农业科学,2013,41(13):5765.ZHANG Yuanjing,ZHANG Pingcang,LI Yasong,et al.Analysis of soil anti-erosion characteristics under artifi-cial rainfall condition[J]. Journal of Anhui AgriculturalSciences,2013,41(13):5765.
[16]范文波.坡耕地土壤结皮的成因及其作用研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2001.FAN Wenbo. Study on the causes and effects of soilcrust on slope farmland[D]. Yangling,Shaaxi:NorthwestA&F University,2001.
[17]吴光艳,祝振华,成婧,等.人工模拟降雨特性对坡面产流产沙量的影响研究[J].节水灌溉,2011(6):44.WU Guangyan,ZHU Zhenhua,CHENG Jing,et al. Runoffand sediment characteristics of slope under simulated rain-fall[J]. Saving Water and Irrigation,2011(6):44.
[18]冯秀,查轩,黄少燕.人工模拟降雨条件下花岗岩红壤坡面侵蚀过程与特征分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2014,12(1):19.FENG Xiu,ZHA Xuan,HUANG Shaoyan. Processesand characteristics of erosion on hill slopes of granite redsoil under simulated rainfall[J]. Science of Soil and Wa-ter Conservation,2014,12(1):19.