超高效合相色谱法检测短链脂肪酸的研究展望
|
摘要
短链脂肪酸(Short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs)的检测多以气相色谱法(gas chromatography,GC)为主,但随着研究的深入,GC在食品、化工和临床应用中所表现出的弊端也越发突出。通过对现有的研究结果进行分析,发现超高效合相色谱法(ultra performance convergence chromatography,UPC~2)适用于对脂质的高效分析。UPC~2是近五年发展起来的新型色谱分离技术,而SCFAs的水平与人体多种代谢性疾病的研究相关联,因此将UPC~2运用于SCFAs的检测将有助于国内外学者对其展开更为深入的研究,也有助于指导多种代谢性疾病的治疗。本文回顾了SCFAs近十年来的相关研究,分析了GC和液相色谱(liquid chromatography,LC)在SCFAs检测中存在的不足之处,介绍了UPC~2的发展历程、基本特性和国内外研究现状,总结了其应用于SCFAs检测分析的可行性和创新性。归纳了UPC~2应用于粪便、血清中SCFAs检测的样品预处理方法,指出了样品预处理过程中应注意的问题,同时对UPC~2检测SCFAs进行方法学的研究展望。着重探讨了提取溶剂、流动相、辅助溶剂对色谱行为的影响以及UPC~2色谱柱的理化性质、类型和选择。简述了碱性改性剂、酸性改性剂、盐类改性剂的选择,以期为SCFAs的研究提供高效、简便、环保、经济的检测技术,为临床大规模样品的快速检测提供更具优势的参考方案。
Gas chromatography( GC) is mainly used to detect the levels of short-chain fatty acids( SCFAs),but with the deepening of research,the drawbacks of GC have become more and more obvious in the fields of food,chemical engineering and clinical application. The analysis on existing research results showed that ultra performance convergence chromatography( UPC~2) was appropriate for the analysis of lipid metabolism. The UPC~2 is a new kind of chromatographic separation technology developed in recent five years and the level of SCFAs is associated with the research on multiple diseases. Therefore,application of UPC~2 in the detection of SCFAs would be helpful for the scholars at home and abroad to carry out deeper researches,and also helpful to guide the treatment for various metabolic disorders. In this paper, the researches on SCFAs in recent ten years were reviewed; the shortcomings of GC and liquid chromatography( LC) in the detection of SCFAs were reviewed; the development process,basic characteristics and research status of UPC~2 at home and abroad were introduced;feasibility and innovation of UPC~2 in the detection of SCFAs were summarized. Pretreatment methods for UPC~2 application to the detection of SCFAs in feces or serum were collected; the problems that should be noticed during the process of sample pretreatment were pointed out; meanwhile,an research outlook on methodology of UPC~2 application in the detection of SCFAs was conducted. The effects of extracting solvent, mobile phase, and auxiliaryt solvent on chromatographic behavior as well as the physicochemical property,type and choice of UPC~2 chromatographic column were mainly discussed in this paper. In addition,the choices of basic modifier,acid modifier,and salinity modifier were briefly outlined,in order to provide efficient,simple,environmental,and economic detection technologies for the research on SCFAs,and provide better reference solutions for the rapid detection of massive clinical samples.
Gas chromatography( GC) is mainly used to detect the levels of short-chain fatty acids( SCFAs),but with the deepening of research,the drawbacks of GC have become more and more obvious in the fields of food,chemical engineering and clinical application. The analysis on existing research results showed that ultra performance convergence chromatography( UPC~2) was appropriate for the analysis of lipid metabolism. The UPC~2 is a new kind of chromatographic separation technology developed in recent five years and the level of SCFAs is associated with the research on multiple diseases. Therefore,application of UPC~2 in the detection of SCFAs would be helpful for the scholars at home and abroad to carry out deeper researches,and also helpful to guide the treatment for various metabolic disorders. In this paper, the researches on SCFAs in recent ten years were reviewed; the shortcomings of GC and liquid chromatography( LC) in the detection of SCFAs were reviewed; the development process,basic characteristics and research status of UPC~2 at home and abroad were introduced;feasibility and innovation of UPC~2 in the detection of SCFAs were summarized. Pretreatment methods for UPC~2 application to the detection of SCFAs in feces or serum were collected; the problems that should be noticed during the process of sample pretreatment were pointed out; meanwhile,an research outlook on methodology of UPC~2 application in the detection of SCFAs was conducted. The effects of extracting solvent, mobile phase, and auxiliaryt solvent on chromatographic behavior as well as the physicochemical property,type and choice of UPC~2 chromatographic column were mainly discussed in this paper. In addition,the choices of basic modifier,acid modifier,and salinity modifier were briefly outlined,in order to provide efficient,simple,environmental,and economic detection technologies for the research on SCFAs,and provide better reference solutions for the rapid detection of massive clinical samples.
引文
[1] Koh A,De Vadder F,Kovatcheva-Datchary P,et al. From dietary fiber to host physiology:short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites[J]. Cell,2016,165(6):1332-1345.
[2] ZHAO L P,ZHANG F,DING X Y,et al. Gut bacteria selectively promoted by dietary fibers alleviate type 2diabetes[J]. Science,2018,359(6380):1151-1156.
[3] Sawicki C M,Livingston K A,Obin M,et al. Dietary fiber and the human gut microbiota:Application of evidence mapping methodology[J]. Nutrients,2017,9(2):1-21.
[4] Zadeh-Tahmasebi M,Duca F A,Rasmussen B A,et al.Activation of short and long chain fatty acid sensing machinery in the ileum lowers glucose production in vivo[J]. J Biol Chem,2016,291(16):8816-8824.
[5] LIU Z,LIU T. Production of acrylic acid and propionic acid by constructing a portion of the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle from Metallosphaera sedula in Escherichia coli[J]. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol,2016,43(12):1659-1670.
[6] Reigstad C S,Salmonson C E,Rainey J F I,et al. Gut microbes promote colonic serotonin production through an effect of short-chain fatty acids on enterochromaffin cells[J]. Faseb J,2015,29(4):1395-1403.
[7] Bugaut M,Bentejac M. Biological effects of short-chain fatty acids in nonruminant mammals[J]. Annu Rev Nutr,1993,13(1):217-241.
[8] Natarajan N,Hori D,Flavahan S,et al. Microbial short chain fatty acid metabolites lower blood pressure via endothelial G protein-coupled receptor 41[J].Physiological Genomics,2016,48(11):826-834.
[9] Pluznick J L. Microbial Short-chain fatty acids and blood pressure regulation[J]. Curr Hypertens Rep,2017,19(4):25.
[10] Hald S,Schioldan A G,Moore M E,et al. Effects of arabinoxylan and resistant starch on intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in subjects with metabolic syndrome:A randomised crossover study[J]. PLo S One,2016,11(7):1-18.
[11] Marino E,Richards J L,Mcleod K H,et al. Erratum:gut microbial metabolites limit the frequency of autoimmune T cells and protect against type 1 diabetes[J]. Nat Immunol,2017,18(11):1271.
[12] Pruksatrakul T,Phoopraintra P,Wilairat P,et al.Development of a sequential injection-liquid microextraction procedure with GC-FID for analysis of short-chain fatty acids in palm oil mill effluent[J].Talanta,2017,165(67):1-29.
[13] TAO J H,DUAN J A,JIANG S,et al. Simultaneous determination of six short-chain fatty acids in colonic contents of colitis mice after oral administration of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector[J]. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci,2016,1029(458):88-94.
[14] Lotti C,Rubert J,Fava F,et al. Development of a fast and cost-effective gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the quantification of short-chain and mediumchain fatty acids in human biofluids[J]. Anal Bioanal Chem,2017,409(23):5555-5567.
[15] TAO Y,Paula R,Stolker A,et al. Simultaneous determination of seven gestagens in kidney fats by ultra performance convergence chromatography tandem mass spectrometry[J]. J Chromatogr B,2015,988(2015):143-148.
[16] LIN C,FAN N L,RUI P X,et al. Rapid detection of five common fatty acids in industrial oleic acid based on ultra performance convergence chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Chin J Anal Chem,2015,43(1):75-80.
[17] Snyder L R,Kirkland J J. Introduction to modern liquid chromatography[J]. Anal Bioanal Chem,2009,181(3-4):1-2.
[18] Kim H S,Moon B C,Choi G,et al. Ultra-performance convergence chromatography for the quantitative determination of bioactive compounds in Aralia continentalis Kitagawa as quality control markers[J]. J Sep Sci,2017,40(9):2071-2079.
[19] ZHOU Q,GAO B,ZHANG X,et al. Chemical profiling of triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols in cow milk fat by ultra-performance convergence chromatography combined with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry[J].Food Chem,2014,143(2014):199-204.
[20]鲁红军.气相色谱衍生化技术在食品分析中的应用[J].分析仪表与分析监测,1994(3):26-29.
[21] HAN J,LIN K,Sequeira C,et al. An isotope-labeled chemical derivatization method for the quantitation of short-chain fatty acids in human feces by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Anal Chimica Acta,2015,854:86-94.
[22] WANG M,WANG Y H,Avula B,et al. Decarboxylation study of acidic cannabinoids:A novel approach using ultra-high-performancesupercriticalfluid chromatography/photodiode array-mass spectrometry[J]. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res,2016,1(1):262-271.
[23] ZHANG H,MA Z F,YANG H,et al. Determination of chlormequat and mepiquat residues and their dissipation rates in tomato cultivation matrices by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci,2017,1064:75-84.
[24] LI P,YUE G G,Kwok H F,et al. Using ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry-based chemometrics for the identification of anti-angiogenic biflavonoids from edible garcinia species[J]. J Agric Food Chem,2017,65(38):8348-8355.
[25] HUANG Y,TANG G,ZHANG T,et al. Supercritical fluid chromatography in traditional Chinese medicine analysis[J]. J Pharm Biomed Anal,2018,147:65-80.
[26] Bamba T,Lee J W,Matsubara A,et al. Metabolic profiling of lipids by supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry[J]. J Chromatogr A,2012,1250:212-219.
[27] QI N L,GONG X,FENG C P,et al. Simultaneous analysis of eight vitamin E isomers in Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves by ultra performance convergence chromatography[J]. Food Chem,2016,207:157-161.
[28] GAO B,LUO Y,LU W,et al. Triacylglycerol compositions of sunflower,corn and soybean oils examined with supercritical CO2ultra-performance convergence chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry[J]. Food Chem,2017,218:569-574.
[29] HAN X,Gross R W. Global analyses of cellular lipidomes directly from crude extracts of biological samples by ESI mass spectrometry:a bridge to lipidomics[J]. J Lipid Res,2003,44(6):1071-1079.
[30] Shevchenko A,Simons K. Lipidomics coming to grips with lipid diversity[J]. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol,2010,8(11):593-598.
[31] Merrill A H,Dennis E A,Mcdonald J G,et al.Lipidomics technologies at the end of the first decade and the beginning of the next[J]. Adva Nutr,2013,4(5):565-567.
[32] Fahy E,Subramaniam S,Brown H A,et al. A comprehensive classification system for lipids[J]. J Lipid Res,2005,46(5):839-861.
[33] Stein J,Zores M,Der O S. Short-chain fatty acid(SCFA)uptake into Caco-2 cells by a p H-dependent and carrier mediated transport mechanism[J]. Eur J Nutr,2000,39(3):121-125.
[34] Primec M,Micetic-Turk D,Langerholc T. Analysis of short-chain fatty acids in human feces:a scoping review[J]. Anal Biochem,2017,526(6):9-21.
[35] Cummings J H,Pomare E W,Branch W J,et al. Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine,portal,hepatic and venous blood[J]. Gut,1987,28(10):1221-1227.
[36] Hj B. Role of colonic short-chain fatty acid transport in diarrhea[J]. Annu Rev Physiol,2010,72(2010):297-313.
[37] GAO Z,YIN J,ZHANG J,et al. Butyrate improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice[J]. Diabetes,2009,58(7):1509-1517.
[38] Fushimi T,Suruga K,Oshima Y,et al. Dietary acetic acid reduces serum cholesterol and triacylglycerols in rats feda cholesterol-rich diet[J]. Br J Nutr,2006,95(5):916-924.
[39] DemignéC,Morand C,Levrat M A,et al. Effect of propionate on fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis and on acetate metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes[J]. Br J Nutr,1995,74(2):209-219.
[40] Brown A J,Goldsworthy S M,Barnes A A,et al. The orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids[J]. J Biol Chem,2003,278(13):11312-11319.
[41] XIONG Y,Miyamoto N,Shibata K,et al. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate leptin production in adipocytes through the G protein-coupled receptor GPR41[J].PNAS,2004,101(4):1045-1050.
[42] Tolhurst G,Heffron H,Lam Y S,et al. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2[J]. Diabetes,2012,61(2):364-371.
[43] Arpaia N,Campbell C,FAN X,et al. Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation[J]. Nature,2013,504(7480):451-455.
[44] SUN M M,WU W,LIU Z J,et al. Microbiota metabolite short chain fatty acids,GPCR,and inflammatory bowel diseases[J]. J Gastroenterol,2017,52(1):1-8.
[45] Erny D,de Angelis Al H,Prinz M. Communicating systems in the body:how microbiota and microglia cooperate[J]. Immunology,2017,150(1):7-15.
[46] AWF J,Kersten S. Potential mediators linking gut bacteria to metabolic health:a critical view[J]. J Physiol,2017,595(2):477-487.
[47] Wen L,Wong F S. Dietary short-chain fatty acids protect against type 1 diabetes[J]. Nat Immunol,2017,18(5):484-486.
[48] Basson M D,Turowski G A,Rashid Z,et al. Regulation of human colonic cell line proliferation and phenotype by sodium butyrate[J]. Dig Dis Sci,1996,41(10):1989-1993.
[49] JIN U H,CHENG Y,Park H,et al. Short chain fatty acids enhance aryl hydrocarbon(Ah)responsiveness in mouse colonocytes and Caco-2 human colon cancer cells[J]. Sci Rep,2017,7(1):10163.
[50] Tsukahara T,Iwasaki Y,Nakayama K,et al. Stimulation of butyrate production in the large intestine of weaning piglets by dietary fructooligosaccharides and its influence on the histological variables of the large intestinal mucosa.[J]. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol(Tokyo),2004,49(6):414-421.
[51] Menzel T,Luhrs H,Zirlik S,et al. Butyrate inhibits leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells via modulation of VCAM-1[J]. Inflamm Bowel Dis,2004,10(2):122-128.
[52] Zapolska-Downar D,Siennicka A,Kaczmarczyk M,et al.Butyrate inhibits cytokine-induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1expression in cultured endothelial cells:the role of NFkappa B and PPAR alpha[J]. J Nutr Biochem,2004,15(4):220-228.
[53] Ichikawa H,Shineha R,Satomi S,et al. Gastric or rectal instillation of short-chain fatty acids stimulates epithelial cell proliferation of small and large intestine in rats[J].Dig Dis Sci,2002,47(5):1141-1146.
[54] WANG X,OUYANG Y,LIU J,et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes,cardiovascular disease,and cancer-systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies[J]. Br Med J,2014,349(2014):g4490.
[55] Miura K,Greenland P,Stamler J,et al. Relation of vegetable,fruit,and meat intake to 7-year blood pressure change in middle-aged men-the Chicago Western electric study[J]. Am J Epidemiol,2004,159(6):572-580.
[56] Conterno L,Fava F,Viola R,et al. Obesity and the gut microbiota:does up-regulating colonic fermentation protect against obesity and metabolic disease[J]. Genes Nutr,2011,6(3):241-260.
[57] Verbeke K A,Boobis A R,Chiodini A,et al. Towards microbial fermentation metabolites as markers for health benefits of prebiotics[J]. Nutr Res Rev,2015,28(1):42-66.
[58] Aviram A,Rephaeli A,Shaklai M,et al. Effect of the cytostatic butyric acid pro-drug, pivaloyloxymethyl butyrate,on the tumorigenicity of cancer cells[J]. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,1997,123(5):267-271.
[59] Elce A,Amato F,Zarrilli F,et al. Butyrate modulating effects on pro-inflammatory pathways in human intestinal epithelial cells[J]. Benef Microbes,2017,8(5):841-847.
[60] ZHENG L,Kelly C J,Battista K D,et al. Microbialderived butyrate promotes epithelial barrier function through IL-10 receptor-dependent repression of Claudin-2[J]. J Immunol,2017,199(8):2976-2984.
[61] LIU H,WANG J,HE T,et al. Butyrate:a double-edged sword for health[J]. Adv Nutr,2018,9(1):21-29.
[62] YING Y. Acquity ultra performance convergence chromatography analysis method development process[R]. Nanjing:Waters,2012.
[63]张梦洁,袁甜,史雪敏,等.气相色谱法检测粪便中短链脂肪酸的前处理方法[J].包头医学院学报,2017,33(11):121-123.
[64] Murugesan S,Ulloa-Martinez M,Martinez-Rojano H,et al. Study of the diversity and short-chain fatty acids production by the bacterial community in overweight and obese Mexican children[J]. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis,2015,34(7):1337-1346.
[65] ZENG M,CAO H. Fast quantification of short chain fatty acids and ketone bodies by liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry after facile derivatization coupled with liquid-liquid extraction[J]. J Chromatogr,2018,1083(2018):137-145.
[66] Moreau N M,Goupry S M,Antignac J P,et al.Simultaneous measurement of plasma concentrations and13C-enrichment of short-chain fatty acids,lactic acid and ketone bodies by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry[J]. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci,2002,784(2):395-403.
[67] Meesters R J W,van Eijk H M H,Ten Have G A M,et al. Application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to measure the concentrations and study the synthesis of short chain fatty acids following stable isotope infusions[J]. J Chromatogr B,2007,854(1/2):57-62.
[68] Pouteau E,Meirim I,Métairon S,et al. Acetate,propionate and butyrate in plasma:determination of the concentration and isotopic enrichment by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with positive chemical ionization[J]. J Mass Spectrom,2001,36(7):798-805.
[69] Van Eijk H M,Bloemen J G,Dejong C H. Application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to measure short chain fatty acids in blood[J]. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci,2009,877(8/9):719-724.
[70] ZHAO X,JIANG Z,YANG F,et al. Sensitive and simplified detection of antibiotic influence on the dynamic and versatile changes of fecal short-chain fatty acids[J]. PLo S One,2016,11(12):1-17.
[71] WAN J,HU S,NI K,et al. Characterisation of fecal soap fatty acids,calcium contents,bacterial community and short-chain fatty acids in sprague dawley rats fed with different sn-2 palmitic triacylglycerols diets[J]. PLo S One,2016,11(10):e0164894.
[72] Mulat D G,Feilberg A. GC/MS method for determining carbon isotope enrichment and concentration of underivatized short-chain fatty acids by direct aqueous solution injection of biogas digester samples[J].Talanta,2015,143(2015):56-63.
[73] ZHAO R,CHU L,WANG Y,et al. Application of packed-fiber solid-phase extraction coupled with GC-MS for the determination of short-chain fatty acids in children's urine[J]. Clin Chim Acta,2017,468(2017):120-125.
[74] Kim H S,Chun J M,Kwon B I,et al. Development and validation of an ultra-performance convergence chromatography method for the quality control of Angelica gigas Nakai[J]. J Sep Sci,2016,39(20):4035-4041.
[75] LIN C,XIE X,FAN N,et al. Fast analysis of common fatty acids in edible vegetable oils by ultra-performance convergence chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Chin J Chromatogra,2015,33(4):397-402.
[76] Garcia-Villalba R,Gimenez-Bastida J,Garcia-Conesa M,et al. Alternative method for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of short-chain fatty acids in faecal samples[J]. J Sep Sci,2012,35(15):1906-1913.
[77] Rathi D N,CHEN Y L,Fairulnizal M N M,et al. Fatsoluble vitamin and carotenoid analysis in cooking oils by ultra-performance convergence chromatography[J].Food Anal Method,2017,10(4):1087-1096.
[78] TANG J,DING Y,CAO X,et al. Rapid detection of eight fluorescent whitening agents in textile by ultra performance convergence chromatography[J]. Chin J Chromatogra,2014,32(11):1230-1235.
[79] DAI X,WEI B,WANG X,et al. Determination of 18polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in plastic products by ultra performance convergence chromatography[J]. Chin J Chromatogra,2015,33(10):1059-1064.
[80] Quanson J L,Stander M A,Pretorius E,et al. Highthroughput analysis of 19 endogenous androgenic steroids by ultra-performance convergence chromatography tandem mass spectrometry[J]. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci,2016,1031:131-138.
[2] ZHAO L P,ZHANG F,DING X Y,et al. Gut bacteria selectively promoted by dietary fibers alleviate type 2diabetes[J]. Science,2018,359(6380):1151-1156.
[3] Sawicki C M,Livingston K A,Obin M,et al. Dietary fiber and the human gut microbiota:Application of evidence mapping methodology[J]. Nutrients,2017,9(2):1-21.
[4] Zadeh-Tahmasebi M,Duca F A,Rasmussen B A,et al.Activation of short and long chain fatty acid sensing machinery in the ileum lowers glucose production in vivo[J]. J Biol Chem,2016,291(16):8816-8824.
[5] LIU Z,LIU T. Production of acrylic acid and propionic acid by constructing a portion of the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle from Metallosphaera sedula in Escherichia coli[J]. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol,2016,43(12):1659-1670.
[6] Reigstad C S,Salmonson C E,Rainey J F I,et al. Gut microbes promote colonic serotonin production through an effect of short-chain fatty acids on enterochromaffin cells[J]. Faseb J,2015,29(4):1395-1403.
[7] Bugaut M,Bentejac M. Biological effects of short-chain fatty acids in nonruminant mammals[J]. Annu Rev Nutr,1993,13(1):217-241.
[8] Natarajan N,Hori D,Flavahan S,et al. Microbial short chain fatty acid metabolites lower blood pressure via endothelial G protein-coupled receptor 41[J].Physiological Genomics,2016,48(11):826-834.
[9] Pluznick J L. Microbial Short-chain fatty acids and blood pressure regulation[J]. Curr Hypertens Rep,2017,19(4):25.
[10] Hald S,Schioldan A G,Moore M E,et al. Effects of arabinoxylan and resistant starch on intestinal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in subjects with metabolic syndrome:A randomised crossover study[J]. PLo S One,2016,11(7):1-18.
[11] Marino E,Richards J L,Mcleod K H,et al. Erratum:gut microbial metabolites limit the frequency of autoimmune T cells and protect against type 1 diabetes[J]. Nat Immunol,2017,18(11):1271.
[12] Pruksatrakul T,Phoopraintra P,Wilairat P,et al.Development of a sequential injection-liquid microextraction procedure with GC-FID for analysis of short-chain fatty acids in palm oil mill effluent[J].Talanta,2017,165(67):1-29.
[13] TAO J H,DUAN J A,JIANG S,et al. Simultaneous determination of six short-chain fatty acids in colonic contents of colitis mice after oral administration of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector[J]. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci,2016,1029(458):88-94.
[14] Lotti C,Rubert J,Fava F,et al. Development of a fast and cost-effective gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the quantification of short-chain and mediumchain fatty acids in human biofluids[J]. Anal Bioanal Chem,2017,409(23):5555-5567.
[15] TAO Y,Paula R,Stolker A,et al. Simultaneous determination of seven gestagens in kidney fats by ultra performance convergence chromatography tandem mass spectrometry[J]. J Chromatogr B,2015,988(2015):143-148.
[16] LIN C,FAN N L,RUI P X,et al. Rapid detection of five common fatty acids in industrial oleic acid based on ultra performance convergence chromatography-mass spectrometry[J]. Chin J Anal Chem,2015,43(1):75-80.
[17] Snyder L R,Kirkland J J. Introduction to modern liquid chromatography[J]. Anal Bioanal Chem,2009,181(3-4):1-2.
[18] Kim H S,Moon B C,Choi G,et al. Ultra-performance convergence chromatography for the quantitative determination of bioactive compounds in Aralia continentalis Kitagawa as quality control markers[J]. J Sep Sci,2017,40(9):2071-2079.
[19] ZHOU Q,GAO B,ZHANG X,et al. Chemical profiling of triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols in cow milk fat by ultra-performance convergence chromatography combined with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry[J].Food Chem,2014,143(2014):199-204.
[20]鲁红军.气相色谱衍生化技术在食品分析中的应用[J].分析仪表与分析监测,1994(3):26-29.
[21] HAN J,LIN K,Sequeira C,et al. An isotope-labeled chemical derivatization method for the quantitation of short-chain fatty acids in human feces by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. Anal Chimica Acta,2015,854:86-94.
[22] WANG M,WANG Y H,Avula B,et al. Decarboxylation study of acidic cannabinoids:A novel approach using ultra-high-performancesupercriticalfluid chromatography/photodiode array-mass spectrometry[J]. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res,2016,1(1):262-271.
[23] ZHANG H,MA Z F,YANG H,et al. Determination of chlormequat and mepiquat residues and their dissipation rates in tomato cultivation matrices by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J]. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci,2017,1064:75-84.
[24] LI P,YUE G G,Kwok H F,et al. Using ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry-based chemometrics for the identification of anti-angiogenic biflavonoids from edible garcinia species[J]. J Agric Food Chem,2017,65(38):8348-8355.
[25] HUANG Y,TANG G,ZHANG T,et al. Supercritical fluid chromatography in traditional Chinese medicine analysis[J]. J Pharm Biomed Anal,2018,147:65-80.
[26] Bamba T,Lee J W,Matsubara A,et al. Metabolic profiling of lipids by supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry[J]. J Chromatogr A,2012,1250:212-219.
[27] QI N L,GONG X,FENG C P,et al. Simultaneous analysis of eight vitamin E isomers in Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves by ultra performance convergence chromatography[J]. Food Chem,2016,207:157-161.
[28] GAO B,LUO Y,LU W,et al. Triacylglycerol compositions of sunflower,corn and soybean oils examined with supercritical CO2ultra-performance convergence chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry[J]. Food Chem,2017,218:569-574.
[29] HAN X,Gross R W. Global analyses of cellular lipidomes directly from crude extracts of biological samples by ESI mass spectrometry:a bridge to lipidomics[J]. J Lipid Res,2003,44(6):1071-1079.
[30] Shevchenko A,Simons K. Lipidomics coming to grips with lipid diversity[J]. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol,2010,8(11):593-598.
[31] Merrill A H,Dennis E A,Mcdonald J G,et al.Lipidomics technologies at the end of the first decade and the beginning of the next[J]. Adva Nutr,2013,4(5):565-567.
[32] Fahy E,Subramaniam S,Brown H A,et al. A comprehensive classification system for lipids[J]. J Lipid Res,2005,46(5):839-861.
[33] Stein J,Zores M,Der O S. Short-chain fatty acid(SCFA)uptake into Caco-2 cells by a p H-dependent and carrier mediated transport mechanism[J]. Eur J Nutr,2000,39(3):121-125.
[34] Primec M,Micetic-Turk D,Langerholc T. Analysis of short-chain fatty acids in human feces:a scoping review[J]. Anal Biochem,2017,526(6):9-21.
[35] Cummings J H,Pomare E W,Branch W J,et al. Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine,portal,hepatic and venous blood[J]. Gut,1987,28(10):1221-1227.
[36] Hj B. Role of colonic short-chain fatty acid transport in diarrhea[J]. Annu Rev Physiol,2010,72(2010):297-313.
[37] GAO Z,YIN J,ZHANG J,et al. Butyrate improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice[J]. Diabetes,2009,58(7):1509-1517.
[38] Fushimi T,Suruga K,Oshima Y,et al. Dietary acetic acid reduces serum cholesterol and triacylglycerols in rats feda cholesterol-rich diet[J]. Br J Nutr,2006,95(5):916-924.
[39] DemignéC,Morand C,Levrat M A,et al. Effect of propionate on fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis and on acetate metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes[J]. Br J Nutr,1995,74(2):209-219.
[40] Brown A J,Goldsworthy S M,Barnes A A,et al. The orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids[J]. J Biol Chem,2003,278(13):11312-11319.
[41] XIONG Y,Miyamoto N,Shibata K,et al. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate leptin production in adipocytes through the G protein-coupled receptor GPR41[J].PNAS,2004,101(4):1045-1050.
[42] Tolhurst G,Heffron H,Lam Y S,et al. Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2[J]. Diabetes,2012,61(2):364-371.
[43] Arpaia N,Campbell C,FAN X,et al. Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation[J]. Nature,2013,504(7480):451-455.
[44] SUN M M,WU W,LIU Z J,et al. Microbiota metabolite short chain fatty acids,GPCR,and inflammatory bowel diseases[J]. J Gastroenterol,2017,52(1):1-8.
[45] Erny D,de Angelis Al H,Prinz M. Communicating systems in the body:how microbiota and microglia cooperate[J]. Immunology,2017,150(1):7-15.
[46] AWF J,Kersten S. Potential mediators linking gut bacteria to metabolic health:a critical view[J]. J Physiol,2017,595(2):477-487.
[47] Wen L,Wong F S. Dietary short-chain fatty acids protect against type 1 diabetes[J]. Nat Immunol,2017,18(5):484-486.
[48] Basson M D,Turowski G A,Rashid Z,et al. Regulation of human colonic cell line proliferation and phenotype by sodium butyrate[J]. Dig Dis Sci,1996,41(10):1989-1993.
[49] JIN U H,CHENG Y,Park H,et al. Short chain fatty acids enhance aryl hydrocarbon(Ah)responsiveness in mouse colonocytes and Caco-2 human colon cancer cells[J]. Sci Rep,2017,7(1):10163.
[50] Tsukahara T,Iwasaki Y,Nakayama K,et al. Stimulation of butyrate production in the large intestine of weaning piglets by dietary fructooligosaccharides and its influence on the histological variables of the large intestinal mucosa.[J]. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol(Tokyo),2004,49(6):414-421.
[51] Menzel T,Luhrs H,Zirlik S,et al. Butyrate inhibits leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells via modulation of VCAM-1[J]. Inflamm Bowel Dis,2004,10(2):122-128.
[52] Zapolska-Downar D,Siennicka A,Kaczmarczyk M,et al.Butyrate inhibits cytokine-induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1expression in cultured endothelial cells:the role of NFkappa B and PPAR alpha[J]. J Nutr Biochem,2004,15(4):220-228.
[53] Ichikawa H,Shineha R,Satomi S,et al. Gastric or rectal instillation of short-chain fatty acids stimulates epithelial cell proliferation of small and large intestine in rats[J].Dig Dis Sci,2002,47(5):1141-1146.
[54] WANG X,OUYANG Y,LIU J,et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes,cardiovascular disease,and cancer-systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies[J]. Br Med J,2014,349(2014):g4490.
[55] Miura K,Greenland P,Stamler J,et al. Relation of vegetable,fruit,and meat intake to 7-year blood pressure change in middle-aged men-the Chicago Western electric study[J]. Am J Epidemiol,2004,159(6):572-580.
[56] Conterno L,Fava F,Viola R,et al. Obesity and the gut microbiota:does up-regulating colonic fermentation protect against obesity and metabolic disease[J]. Genes Nutr,2011,6(3):241-260.
[57] Verbeke K A,Boobis A R,Chiodini A,et al. Towards microbial fermentation metabolites as markers for health benefits of prebiotics[J]. Nutr Res Rev,2015,28(1):42-66.
[58] Aviram A,Rephaeli A,Shaklai M,et al. Effect of the cytostatic butyric acid pro-drug, pivaloyloxymethyl butyrate,on the tumorigenicity of cancer cells[J]. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,1997,123(5):267-271.
[59] Elce A,Amato F,Zarrilli F,et al. Butyrate modulating effects on pro-inflammatory pathways in human intestinal epithelial cells[J]. Benef Microbes,2017,8(5):841-847.
[60] ZHENG L,Kelly C J,Battista K D,et al. Microbialderived butyrate promotes epithelial barrier function through IL-10 receptor-dependent repression of Claudin-2[J]. J Immunol,2017,199(8):2976-2984.
[61] LIU H,WANG J,HE T,et al. Butyrate:a double-edged sword for health[J]. Adv Nutr,2018,9(1):21-29.
[62] YING Y. Acquity ultra performance convergence chromatography analysis method development process[R]. Nanjing:Waters,2012.
[63]张梦洁,袁甜,史雪敏,等.气相色谱法检测粪便中短链脂肪酸的前处理方法[J].包头医学院学报,2017,33(11):121-123.
[64] Murugesan S,Ulloa-Martinez M,Martinez-Rojano H,et al. Study of the diversity and short-chain fatty acids production by the bacterial community in overweight and obese Mexican children[J]. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis,2015,34(7):1337-1346.
[65] ZENG M,CAO H. Fast quantification of short chain fatty acids and ketone bodies by liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry after facile derivatization coupled with liquid-liquid extraction[J]. J Chromatogr,2018,1083(2018):137-145.
[66] Moreau N M,Goupry S M,Antignac J P,et al.Simultaneous measurement of plasma concentrations and13C-enrichment of short-chain fatty acids,lactic acid and ketone bodies by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry[J]. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci,2002,784(2):395-403.
[67] Meesters R J W,van Eijk H M H,Ten Have G A M,et al. Application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to measure the concentrations and study the synthesis of short chain fatty acids following stable isotope infusions[J]. J Chromatogr B,2007,854(1/2):57-62.
[68] Pouteau E,Meirim I,Métairon S,et al. Acetate,propionate and butyrate in plasma:determination of the concentration and isotopic enrichment by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with positive chemical ionization[J]. J Mass Spectrom,2001,36(7):798-805.
[69] Van Eijk H M,Bloemen J G,Dejong C H. Application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to measure short chain fatty acids in blood[J]. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci,2009,877(8/9):719-724.
[70] ZHAO X,JIANG Z,YANG F,et al. Sensitive and simplified detection of antibiotic influence on the dynamic and versatile changes of fecal short-chain fatty acids[J]. PLo S One,2016,11(12):1-17.
[71] WAN J,HU S,NI K,et al. Characterisation of fecal soap fatty acids,calcium contents,bacterial community and short-chain fatty acids in sprague dawley rats fed with different sn-2 palmitic triacylglycerols diets[J]. PLo S One,2016,11(10):e0164894.
[72] Mulat D G,Feilberg A. GC/MS method for determining carbon isotope enrichment and concentration of underivatized short-chain fatty acids by direct aqueous solution injection of biogas digester samples[J].Talanta,2015,143(2015):56-63.
[73] ZHAO R,CHU L,WANG Y,et al. Application of packed-fiber solid-phase extraction coupled with GC-MS for the determination of short-chain fatty acids in children's urine[J]. Clin Chim Acta,2017,468(2017):120-125.
[74] Kim H S,Chun J M,Kwon B I,et al. Development and validation of an ultra-performance convergence chromatography method for the quality control of Angelica gigas Nakai[J]. J Sep Sci,2016,39(20):4035-4041.
[75] LIN C,XIE X,FAN N,et al. Fast analysis of common fatty acids in edible vegetable oils by ultra-performance convergence chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Chin J Chromatogra,2015,33(4):397-402.
[76] Garcia-Villalba R,Gimenez-Bastida J,Garcia-Conesa M,et al. Alternative method for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of short-chain fatty acids in faecal samples[J]. J Sep Sci,2012,35(15):1906-1913.
[77] Rathi D N,CHEN Y L,Fairulnizal M N M,et al. Fatsoluble vitamin and carotenoid analysis in cooking oils by ultra-performance convergence chromatography[J].Food Anal Method,2017,10(4):1087-1096.
[78] TANG J,DING Y,CAO X,et al. Rapid detection of eight fluorescent whitening agents in textile by ultra performance convergence chromatography[J]. Chin J Chromatogra,2014,32(11):1230-1235.
[79] DAI X,WEI B,WANG X,et al. Determination of 18polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in plastic products by ultra performance convergence chromatography[J]. Chin J Chromatogra,2015,33(10):1059-1064.
[80] Quanson J L,Stander M A,Pretorius E,et al. Highthroughput analysis of 19 endogenous androgenic steroids by ultra-performance convergence chromatography tandem mass spectrometry[J]. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci,2016,1031:131-138.