大尺度冬小麦-夏玉米微喷灌精准自动施肥增产效应
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摘要
为了明确微喷灌精准自动施肥对冬小麦-夏玉米产量、产值、生产成本效益等的影响,该文以传统施肥技术为对照,设置6.67 hm~2大尺度微喷灌精准自动施肥在冬小麦-夏玉米上的应用效果试验,定量分析微喷灌精准自动施肥对冬小麦和夏玉米产量、产值、生产成本、效益、氮磷用量和灌溉量等方面的影响。结果表明:大尺度冬小麦-夏玉米微喷灌精准自动施肥具有增产、增收、节约成本、节肥、节水的良好应用效果。与传统施肥相比,微喷灌精准自动施肥在冬小麦季显著提高小麦产量,增产10.6%,增加效益43.77%,降低生产成本26.17%,减少氮磷化肥24.20%,节约灌溉用水57.45%。微喷灌精准自动施肥在夏玉米季显著增加玉米产量,增产13.73%,增加效益13.73%,降低生产成本17.09%,减少氮、磷养分用量20.34%,节省灌溉用水36.94%。微喷灌精准自动施肥在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作季增产12.26%,增收效益37.39%,降低生产成本21.85%,减少氮磷化肥22.26%,节省灌溉用水46.51%,具有良好的经济效益和生态效益。研究结果可为该技术的推广提供参考依据,促进农业生产力和农业可持续发展。
To illustrate the agronomic and economic effects of precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation technology on the winter wheat and summer maize, 3 field experiments were conducted in Beimeng village(38°14′24.87′′N, 114°46′56.41′′E), Fengshang village(38°13′ 21.6′′N, 114°46′48′′E) and Wangxia village(38°2′44.17′′N, 115°25′32.98′′E) in Xinji City Gaocheng District from October 2016 to June 2018. Each experiments including 2 treatments of CK and precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation treatment, the plot area is 6.67 hm~2 for each treatment with 3 replication at random arrangement. The study areas belongs to the typical winter wheat and summer maize rotation in the northern North China Plain, and belongs to the semi-humid climate in warm temperate zone. The average annual temperature is 12.4-12.6 ℃, the accumulated temperature is 4 181-4 863 ℃, the annual precipitation is 488.2-498 mm, and the frost-free period is 190-209 days. The winter wheat sown in mid-October, and harvested in next mid-June, the maize sown in mid-June and harvested from the end of September to the beginning of October. Totally 2 winter wheat-summer maize rotation seasons were included in this experiments. For CK treatment, the fertilization rates and allocation budgets were based on farmers' survey in the experiments areas. The winter wheat fertilization rates was N 216, 231 and 268.5 kg/hm~2, P_2O_5 112.5, 120 and 105 kg/hm~2, and K_2O 112.5, 37.5 and 75 kg/hm~2 respectively for each teat sites. All the P and K fertilizer applied before sowing, 52%-61% N as basal fertilizer applied before sowing and 39%-48% applied at shooting stage as topdressing. The summer maize fertilization rates were N 306, 318 and 294 kg/hm~2, P_2O_5 36, 48 and 60 kg/hm~2, K_2O 36, 24 and 48 kg/hm~2 respectively for each teat sites, all the P and K fertilizers applied as basal fertilizer, 53%-57% N as basal fertilizer applied before sowing and 43%-47% applied at 10 leaf stage as topdressing. The irrigation strategy for CK treatment was flooding irrigation. For precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation, fertilization rates and allocation budgets were based on agriculture experts knowledge. The winter wheat fertilization rates were N 157,180 and 180 kg/hm~2, P_2O_5 90, 90 and 101.5 kg/hm~2, K_2O 52.5, 75 and 75 kg/hm~2 for each teat site. The allocation proportion for N as basal fertilizer, jointing stage topdressing and booting stage topdressing was 42.5%, 42.5% and 15%, respectively. P_2O_5 was 65%, 5%, 30%, respectively. K_2O was 60%, 20%, 20%, respectively. The summer maize fertilization rates were N 210, 240 and 270 kg/hm~2, P_2O_5 37.5, 43.5 and 45 kg/hm~2, K_2O 52.5, 60 and 67.5 kg/hm~2 for each teat sites. The allocation proportion for N as basal fertilizer, 10 leaf stage topdressing and flowering stage topdressing was 50%, 45% and 5% respectively, P_2O_5 was 60%, 20% and 20% respectively, K_2O was 50%, 30% and 20% respectively. For this treatment, the precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation was used in the whole growth seasons, fertilizers were accompanied with the irrigation water through the automatic irrigation channel system. The results showed that large scale the precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation technology used on winter wheat and summer maize could increase the crop yield, decrease the N, P fertilizer application and irrigation water amount, improve the net benefit. Compared with CK, the precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation technology significantly increased winter wheat yield by 10.6%, increased net income by 43.77%, significantly reduced the production cost by 26.17%, reduced the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus by 24.20%, decreased the irrigation water by 57.45%. Correspondingly, precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation technology significantly increased summer maize yield by 13.73%, maize net benefits increased by 13.73%, reduced the production cost by17.09%, reduced the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus by 20.34%, decreased the irrigation water by 36.94% than the CK treatment. For the whole winter wheat and summer maize rotation season, the precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation technology significantly increased the crop yield by 12.26%, increased the net benefits by 37.39%, reduced the production cost by 21.85%, reduced the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus by 22.26%, reduced the irrigation water by 46.51%. This study confirmed the effect of precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation technology on winter wheat and summer maize, which can provides reference basis for the promotion of this new technology, thus promoting productivity and agricultural sustainable development.
To illustrate the agronomic and economic effects of precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation technology on the winter wheat and summer maize, 3 field experiments were conducted in Beimeng village(38°14′24.87′′N, 114°46′56.41′′E), Fengshang village(38°13′ 21.6′′N, 114°46′48′′E) and Wangxia village(38°2′44.17′′N, 115°25′32.98′′E) in Xinji City Gaocheng District from October 2016 to June 2018. Each experiments including 2 treatments of CK and precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation treatment, the plot area is 6.67 hm~2 for each treatment with 3 replication at random arrangement. The study areas belongs to the typical winter wheat and summer maize rotation in the northern North China Plain, and belongs to the semi-humid climate in warm temperate zone. The average annual temperature is 12.4-12.6 ℃, the accumulated temperature is 4 181-4 863 ℃, the annual precipitation is 488.2-498 mm, and the frost-free period is 190-209 days. The winter wheat sown in mid-October, and harvested in next mid-June, the maize sown in mid-June and harvested from the end of September to the beginning of October. Totally 2 winter wheat-summer maize rotation seasons were included in this experiments. For CK treatment, the fertilization rates and allocation budgets were based on farmers' survey in the experiments areas. The winter wheat fertilization rates was N 216, 231 and 268.5 kg/hm~2, P_2O_5 112.5, 120 and 105 kg/hm~2, and K_2O 112.5, 37.5 and 75 kg/hm~2 respectively for each teat sites. All the P and K fertilizer applied before sowing, 52%-61% N as basal fertilizer applied before sowing and 39%-48% applied at shooting stage as topdressing. The summer maize fertilization rates were N 306, 318 and 294 kg/hm~2, P_2O_5 36, 48 and 60 kg/hm~2, K_2O 36, 24 and 48 kg/hm~2 respectively for each teat sites, all the P and K fertilizers applied as basal fertilizer, 53%-57% N as basal fertilizer applied before sowing and 43%-47% applied at 10 leaf stage as topdressing. The irrigation strategy for CK treatment was flooding irrigation. For precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation, fertilization rates and allocation budgets were based on agriculture experts knowledge. The winter wheat fertilization rates were N 157,180 and 180 kg/hm~2, P_2O_5 90, 90 and 101.5 kg/hm~2, K_2O 52.5, 75 and 75 kg/hm~2 for each teat site. The allocation proportion for N as basal fertilizer, jointing stage topdressing and booting stage topdressing was 42.5%, 42.5% and 15%, respectively. P_2O_5 was 65%, 5%, 30%, respectively. K_2O was 60%, 20%, 20%, respectively. The summer maize fertilization rates were N 210, 240 and 270 kg/hm~2, P_2O_5 37.5, 43.5 and 45 kg/hm~2, K_2O 52.5, 60 and 67.5 kg/hm~2 for each teat sites. The allocation proportion for N as basal fertilizer, 10 leaf stage topdressing and flowering stage topdressing was 50%, 45% and 5% respectively, P_2O_5 was 60%, 20% and 20% respectively, K_2O was 50%, 30% and 20% respectively. For this treatment, the precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation was used in the whole growth seasons, fertilizers were accompanied with the irrigation water through the automatic irrigation channel system. The results showed that large scale the precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation technology used on winter wheat and summer maize could increase the crop yield, decrease the N, P fertilizer application and irrigation water amount, improve the net benefit. Compared with CK, the precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation technology significantly increased winter wheat yield by 10.6%, increased net income by 43.77%, significantly reduced the production cost by 26.17%, reduced the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus by 24.20%, decreased the irrigation water by 57.45%. Correspondingly, precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation technology significantly increased summer maize yield by 13.73%, maize net benefits increased by 13.73%, reduced the production cost by17.09%, reduced the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus by 20.34%, decreased the irrigation water by 36.94% than the CK treatment. For the whole winter wheat and summer maize rotation season, the precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation technology significantly increased the crop yield by 12.26%, increased the net benefits by 37.39%, reduced the production cost by 21.85%, reduced the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus by 22.26%, reduced the irrigation water by 46.51%. This study confirmed the effect of precision automatic fertilization and micro-spray irrigation technology on winter wheat and summer maize, which can provides reference basis for the promotion of this new technology, thus promoting productivity and agricultural sustainable development.
引文
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[2]赵吉红.水肥一体化技术应用中存在的问题及解决对策[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.Zhao Jihong.The Problems and Solutions in the Aadapation of Fertigation Technology[D].Yang Ling:Northwest A&FUniversity,2015.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]路华忠.水肥一体化技术及其应用[J].农业灾害研究,2014(8):50-52.Lu Huazhong.Fertigation technology and its application[J].Journal of Agricultural Catastrophology,2014(8):50-52.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]张承林,邓兰生.水肥一体化技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社:2012.
[5]陈小彬.水肥一体化技在设施农业中的应用调查[D].福州:福建农业大学,2014.Chen Xiaobin.Investigation on the Application of Fertigation Technology in Facility Agriculture[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]袁洪波,李莉,王俊衡,等.温室水肥一体化营养液调控装备设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(8):27-32.Yuan Hongbo,Li Li,Wang Junheng,et al.Design and test of regulation and control equipment for nutrient solution of water and fertilizer integration in greenhouse[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(8):27-32.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]袁洪波,程曼,庞树杰,等.日光温室水肥一体灌溉循环系统构建及性能试验[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(12):72-78.Yuan Hongbo,Cheng Man,Pang Shujie,et al.Construction and performance experiment of integrated water and fertilization irrigation recycling system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(12):72-78.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999.
[9]中华人民共和国水利部.水利工程水利计算规范SL104-2015[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2015.
[10]中华人民共和国水利部.水利建设项目经济评价规范SL72-2013[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2013.
[11]白由路.国内外施肥机械的发展概况及需求分析[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016(3):1-4.Bai Youlu.Analysis of the development and the demands of fertilization machinery[J].Soils and Fertilizers Sciences in China.2016(3):1-4.(in Chinese with English abstract).
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