陕北黄土高原典型人类活动影响下景观生态风险评价
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摘要
植被恢复促进了景观格局和生态过程的改变,景观生态风险评价有助于揭示人类干预下生态系统结构、功能等在景观尺度产生的潜在不利生态效应。以生态脆弱、人与生态环境的相互作用敏感的陕北黄土高原为典型研究对象,根据2000、2005、2010和2015年夜间遥感地图、植被净初级生产力和土地利用数据,建立景观生态风险指数,对陕北黄土高原的综合风险状况及其变化进行定量评价,并对植被变化、城镇化分别与景观生态风险变化间的相关关系展开分析。结果表明,景观格局变化对生态稳定性有潜在影响,景观生态风险以增长趋势为主,2005—2010年景观生态风险增长的范围最大,涨幅为186.0%,其中,中风险和极高风险等级面积增长超2.7倍;2010—2015年景观生态风险增加有所缓解,增加12.9%;2000—2005年景观生态风险降低26.0%。景观生态风险低等级面积逐渐缩小,其他等级面积逐渐变大。其中,2005年后景观生态风险等级呈片状扩展,主要位于陕北西北部风沙区。植被变化、城镇化分别与景观生态风险值变化之间在西北风沙滩区均呈显著正相关。在景观生态风险增加区植被呈退化趋势;在景观生态风险低值区即退耕还林逐年拓展的区域,植被恢复促进景观生态风险的降低。植被恢复对景观生态风险的影响大于城镇化进程。研究成果对于区域发展和生态恢复的综合调控具有一定参考价值。
Vegetation recovery promotes changes to landscape patterns and ecological processes. Ecological risk assessments of landscape can help reveal the landscape-scale, potentially harmful ecological effects produced by ecosystem structure and function under human intervention. Due to the weak ecosystem and sensitive interaction between humans and the ecological environment, the Loess Plateau in Northern Shaanxi, China, is targeted as the study object. According to night remote sensing photomaps, vegetation net primary productivity(NPP), and land use data for 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015, risk indexes of landscape ecology are established to quantitatively assess the status and variations of comprehensive risk to the Loess Plateau in Northern Shaanxi and to analyze the correlations of landscape ecological risk with vegetation change and urbanization. As a result, the change of the landscape pattern produces potential effects on ecological stability. The fastest landscape ecological risk area expansion was increased by 186.0% during 2005-2010. The areas of middle and extremely high risk levels had been increased over 2.7 times. The percentage of expansion was slowed down to 12.9% during 2010-2015. The eco-risk levels during 2000-2005 was shrunken by 26.0%. The area with low risk is reduced, whereas the areas with other levels of risks were increased. After 2005, the levels of landscape ecological risks extended in the shape of a flake and were mainly located in the sandy area of northwest of Northern Shaanxi. Vegetation change and urbanization are positively correlated with landscape ecological risk variation in the sandy area in the northwest. In the area with increased risk, the vegetation displayed a trend of degradation. In the area with low risk, that is, in the extended area of the Grain-to-Green Project(GTGP), vegetation recovery promotes the reduction of ecological risk. Compared with urbanization, vegetation recovery has larger effects on landscape ecological risk. The results have certain reference value for the comprehensive regulation of regional development and ecological recovery.
Vegetation recovery promotes changes to landscape patterns and ecological processes. Ecological risk assessments of landscape can help reveal the landscape-scale, potentially harmful ecological effects produced by ecosystem structure and function under human intervention. Due to the weak ecosystem and sensitive interaction between humans and the ecological environment, the Loess Plateau in Northern Shaanxi, China, is targeted as the study object. According to night remote sensing photomaps, vegetation net primary productivity(NPP), and land use data for 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015, risk indexes of landscape ecology are established to quantitatively assess the status and variations of comprehensive risk to the Loess Plateau in Northern Shaanxi and to analyze the correlations of landscape ecological risk with vegetation change and urbanization. As a result, the change of the landscape pattern produces potential effects on ecological stability. The fastest landscape ecological risk area expansion was increased by 186.0% during 2005-2010. The areas of middle and extremely high risk levels had been increased over 2.7 times. The percentage of expansion was slowed down to 12.9% during 2010-2015. The eco-risk levels during 2000-2005 was shrunken by 26.0%. The area with low risk is reduced, whereas the areas with other levels of risks were increased. After 2005, the levels of landscape ecological risks extended in the shape of a flake and were mainly located in the sandy area of northwest of Northern Shaanxi. Vegetation change and urbanization are positively correlated with landscape ecological risk variation in the sandy area in the northwest. In the area with increased risk, the vegetation displayed a trend of degradation. In the area with low risk, that is, in the extended area of the Grain-to-Green Project(GTGP), vegetation recovery promotes the reduction of ecological risk. Compared with urbanization, vegetation recovery has larger effects on landscape ecological risk. The results have certain reference value for the comprehensive regulation of regional development and ecological recovery.
引文
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[6] 张月,张飞,周梅,等.干旱区内陆艾比湖区域景观生态风险评价及时空分异[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(1):233-242.[ZHANG Yue,ZHANG Fei,ZHOU Mei,et al.Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment and Its Spatio-Temporal Variations in Ebinur Lake Region of Inland Arid Area[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(1):233-242.]
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[8] 张甜,刘焱序,彭建,等.深圳市景观生态风险多尺度关联分析[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(9):2478-2486.[ZHANG Tian,LIU Yan-xu,PENG Jian,et al.Correlation of the Landscape Ecological Risk on Multi-Scales in Shenzhen City[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(9):2478-2486.]
[9] 吴莉,侯西勇,邸向红.山东省沿海区域景观生态风险评价[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(1):214-220.[WU Li,HOU Xi-yong,DI Xiang-hong.Assessment of Regional Ecological Risk in Coastal Zone of Shandong Province[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(1):214-220.]
[10] MALEKMOHAMMADI B,BLOUCHI L R.Ecological Risk Assessment of Wetland Ecosystems Using Multi Criteria Decision Making and Geographic Information System[J].Ecological Indicators,2014,41:133-144.
[11] 吴健生,乔娜,彭建,等.露天矿区景观生态风险空间分异[J].生态学报,2013,33(12):3816-3824.[WU Jian-sheng,QIAO Na,PENG Jian,et al.Spatial Variation of Landscape Eco-Risk in Open Mine Area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(12):3816-3824.]
[12] 巩杰,赵彩霞,谢余初,等.基于景观格局的甘肃白龙江流域生态风险评价与管理[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(7):2041-2048.[GONG Jie,ZHAO Cai-xia,XIE Yu-chu,et al.Ecological Risk Assessment and Its Management of Bailongjiang Watershed,Southern Gansu Based on Landscape Pattern[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(7):2041-2048.]
[13] BOYER S,KIM Y N,BOWIE M H,et al.Response of Endemic and Exotic Earthworm Communities to Ecological Restoration[J].Restoration Ecology,2016,24(6):717-721.
[14] BORCHARD F,H?RDTLE W,STREITBERGER M,et al.From Deforestation to Blossom:Large-Scale Restoration of Montane Heathland Vegetation[J].Ecological Engineering,2017,101:211-219.
[15] WEN Z F,WUA S J,CHENA J L,et al.NDVI Indicated Long-Term Interannual Changes in Vegetation Activities and Their Responses to Climatic and Anthropogenic Factors in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,574:947-959.
[16] ARADOTTIR A L,HAGEN D.Chapter Three:Ecological Restoration:Approaches and Impacts on Vegetation,Soils and Society[J].Advances in Agronomy,2013,120:173-222.
[17] KOU M,JIAO J Y,YIN Q L,et al.Successional Trajectory Over 10 Years of Vegetation Restoration of Abandoned Slope Croplands in the Hill-Gully Region of the Loess Plateau[J].Land Degradation & Development,2016,27(4):919-932.
[18] CHEN L D,HUANG Z L,GONG J,et al.The Effect of Land Cover/Vegetation on Soil Water Dynamic in the Hilly Area of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2007,70(2):200-208.
[19] FU B J,LIU Y,Lü Y H,et al.Assessing the Soil Erosion Control Service of Ecosystems Change in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Ecological Complexity,2011,8:284-293.
[20] QIU Y,FU B J,WANG J,et al.Soil Moisture Variation in Relation to Topography and Land Use in a Hillslope Catchment of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2001,240(3):243-263.
[21] 张琨,吕一河,傅伯杰.黄土高原典型区植被恢复及其对生态系统服务的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(1):23-31.[ZHANG Kun,Lü Yi-he,FU Bo-jie.Vegetation Restoration and Its Influences on Ecosystem Services in Areas Typical of the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017,33(1):23-31.]
[22] GONG J,YANG J X,TANG W W.Spatially Explicit Landscape-Level Ecological Risks Induced by Land Use and Land Cover Change in a National Ecologically Representative Region in China[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2015,12(11):14192-14215.
[23] SHI H,YANG Z P,HAN F,et al.Assessing Landscape Ecological Risk for a World Natural Heritage Site:A Case Study of Bayanbulak in China[J].Polish Journal of Environmental Studies,2015,24(1):269-283.
[24] XIE Y C,GONG J,SUN P,et al.Impacts of Major Vehicular Roads on Urban Landscape and Urban Growth in an Arid Region:A Case Study of Jiuquan City in Gansu Province,China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2016,127:235-244.
[25] ZHANG X B,SHI P J,LUO J.Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment of the Shiyang River Basin[J].Geo-Informatics in Resource Management and Sustainable Ecosystem,2013,399:98-106.
[26] LIU H M.Comprehensive Carrying Capacity of the Urban Agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Habitat International,2012,36(4):462-470.
[27] MO W B,WANG Y,ZHANG Y X,et al.Impacts of Road Network Expansion on Landscape Ecological Risk in a Megacity,China:A Case Study of Beijing[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,574:1000-1011.
[28] SCHINDLER S,VON WEHRDEN H,POIRAZIDIS K,et al.Multiscale Performance of Landscape Metrics as Indicators of Species Richness of Plants,Insects and Vertebrates[J].Ecological Indicators,2013,31:41-48.
[29] DI X H,WANG Y D,HOU X Y.Ecological Risk Caused by Land Use Change in the Coastal Zone:A Case Study in the Yellow River Delta High-Efficiency Ecological Economic Zone[J].IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science,2014,17(1):012068.DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/17/1/012068.
[30] O′NEILL R V,HUNSAKER S P,TIMMINS B L,et al.Scale Problems in Reporting Landscape Pattern at the Regional Scale[J].Landscape Ecology,1996,11(3):169-180.
[31] LIU S L,LI W P,WANG Q Q.Zoning Method for Environmental Engineering Geological Patterns in Underground Coal Mining Areas[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,634:1064-1076.
[32] 畅俊斌,王俊杰,田国林.陕北风沙滩地区煤矿排水对地下水污染特征分析[J].环境科技,2018,31(3):11-15.[CHANG Jun-bin,WANG Jun-jie,TIAN Guo-lin.Analysis of Characteristics of Groundwater Pollution Caused by Coal Mine Drainage in Aeolian-Sand Area of Northern Shaanxi Province[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2018,31(3):11-15.]
[33] CHEN W,SHEN Y,WANG Y N.Evaluation of Economic Transformation and Upgrading of Resource-Based Cities in Shaanxi Province Based on an Improved TOPSIS Method[J].Sustainable Cities and Society,2018,37:232-240.
[34] WANG S,FU B J,CHEN H B,et al.Regional Development Boundary of China′s Loess Plateau:Water Limit and Land Shortage[J].Land Use Policy,2018,74:130-136.
[35] FENG X M,LI J X,CHENG W,et al.Evaluation of AMSR-E Retrieval by Detecting Soil Moisture Decrease Following Massive Dryland Re-Vegetation in the Loess Plateau,China[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2017,196:253-264.
[2] 彭建,党威雄,刘焱序,等.景观生态风险评价研究进展与展望[J].地理学报,2015,70(4):664-677.[PENG Jian,DANG Wei-xiong,LIU Yan-xu,et al.Review on Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(4):664-677.]
[3] 刘焱序,王仰麟,彭建,等.基于生态适应性循环三维框架的城市景观生态风险评价[J].地理学报,2015,70(7):1052-1067.[LIU Yan-xu,WANG Yang-lin,PENG Jian,et al.Urban Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment Based on the 3D Framework of Adaptive Cycle[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(7):1052-1067.]
[4] 崔王平,李阳兵,李睿康,等.基于梯度分析的重庆市主城区城市扩展的景观生态效应[J].生态学杂志,2017,36(1):205-215.[CUI Wang-ping,LI Yang-bing,LI Rui-kang,et al.Landscape Ecological Effect of Urban Expansion in the Central Area of Chongqing City Based on Gradient Analysis[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(1):205-215.]
[5] 高永年,高俊峰,许妍.太湖流域水生态功能区土地利用变化的景观生态风险效应[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(7):1088-1096.[GAO Yong-nian,GAO Jun-feng,XU Yan.Response of Landscape Ecological Risk to Land Use Change in Level I Aquatic Eco-Functional Regions in Taihu Lake Watershed[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(7):1088-1096.]
[6] 张月,张飞,周梅,等.干旱区内陆艾比湖区域景观生态风险评价及时空分异[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(1):233-242.[ZHANG Yue,ZHANG Fei,ZHOU Mei,et al.Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment and Its Spatio-Temporal Variations in Ebinur Lake Region of Inland Arid Area[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(1):233-242.]
[7] 刘世梁,刘琦,张兆苓,等.云南省红河流域景观生态风险及驱动力分析[J].生态学报,2014,34(13):3728-3734.[LIU Shi-liang,LIU Qi,ZHANG Zhao-ling,et al.Landscape Ecological Risk and Driving Force Analysis in Red River Basin[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(13):3728-3734.]
[8] 张甜,刘焱序,彭建,等.深圳市景观生态风险多尺度关联分析[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(9):2478-2486.[ZHANG Tian,LIU Yan-xu,PENG Jian,et al.Correlation of the Landscape Ecological Risk on Multi-Scales in Shenzhen City[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(9):2478-2486.]
[9] 吴莉,侯西勇,邸向红.山东省沿海区域景观生态风险评价[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(1):214-220.[WU Li,HOU Xi-yong,DI Xiang-hong.Assessment of Regional Ecological Risk in Coastal Zone of Shandong Province[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(1):214-220.]
[10] MALEKMOHAMMADI B,BLOUCHI L R.Ecological Risk Assessment of Wetland Ecosystems Using Multi Criteria Decision Making and Geographic Information System[J].Ecological Indicators,2014,41:133-144.
[11] 吴健生,乔娜,彭建,等.露天矿区景观生态风险空间分异[J].生态学报,2013,33(12):3816-3824.[WU Jian-sheng,QIAO Na,PENG Jian,et al.Spatial Variation of Landscape Eco-Risk in Open Mine Area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(12):3816-3824.]
[12] 巩杰,赵彩霞,谢余初,等.基于景观格局的甘肃白龙江流域生态风险评价与管理[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(7):2041-2048.[GONG Jie,ZHAO Cai-xia,XIE Yu-chu,et al.Ecological Risk Assessment and Its Management of Bailongjiang Watershed,Southern Gansu Based on Landscape Pattern[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(7):2041-2048.]
[13] BOYER S,KIM Y N,BOWIE M H,et al.Response of Endemic and Exotic Earthworm Communities to Ecological Restoration[J].Restoration Ecology,2016,24(6):717-721.
[14] BORCHARD F,H?RDTLE W,STREITBERGER M,et al.From Deforestation to Blossom:Large-Scale Restoration of Montane Heathland Vegetation[J].Ecological Engineering,2017,101:211-219.
[15] WEN Z F,WUA S J,CHENA J L,et al.NDVI Indicated Long-Term Interannual Changes in Vegetation Activities and Their Responses to Climatic and Anthropogenic Factors in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,574:947-959.
[16] ARADOTTIR A L,HAGEN D.Chapter Three:Ecological Restoration:Approaches and Impacts on Vegetation,Soils and Society[J].Advances in Agronomy,2013,120:173-222.
[17] KOU M,JIAO J Y,YIN Q L,et al.Successional Trajectory Over 10 Years of Vegetation Restoration of Abandoned Slope Croplands in the Hill-Gully Region of the Loess Plateau[J].Land Degradation & Development,2016,27(4):919-932.
[18] CHEN L D,HUANG Z L,GONG J,et al.The Effect of Land Cover/Vegetation on Soil Water Dynamic in the Hilly Area of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2007,70(2):200-208.
[19] FU B J,LIU Y,Lü Y H,et al.Assessing the Soil Erosion Control Service of Ecosystems Change in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Ecological Complexity,2011,8:284-293.
[20] QIU Y,FU B J,WANG J,et al.Soil Moisture Variation in Relation to Topography and Land Use in a Hillslope Catchment of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2001,240(3):243-263.
[21] 张琨,吕一河,傅伯杰.黄土高原典型区植被恢复及其对生态系统服务的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(1):23-31.[ZHANG Kun,Lü Yi-he,FU Bo-jie.Vegetation Restoration and Its Influences on Ecosystem Services in Areas Typical of the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017,33(1):23-31.]
[22] GONG J,YANG J X,TANG W W.Spatially Explicit Landscape-Level Ecological Risks Induced by Land Use and Land Cover Change in a National Ecologically Representative Region in China[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2015,12(11):14192-14215.
[23] SHI H,YANG Z P,HAN F,et al.Assessing Landscape Ecological Risk for a World Natural Heritage Site:A Case Study of Bayanbulak in China[J].Polish Journal of Environmental Studies,2015,24(1):269-283.
[24] XIE Y C,GONG J,SUN P,et al.Impacts of Major Vehicular Roads on Urban Landscape and Urban Growth in an Arid Region:A Case Study of Jiuquan City in Gansu Province,China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2016,127:235-244.
[25] ZHANG X B,SHI P J,LUO J.Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment of the Shiyang River Basin[J].Geo-Informatics in Resource Management and Sustainable Ecosystem,2013,399:98-106.
[26] LIU H M.Comprehensive Carrying Capacity of the Urban Agglomeration in the Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Habitat International,2012,36(4):462-470.
[27] MO W B,WANG Y,ZHANG Y X,et al.Impacts of Road Network Expansion on Landscape Ecological Risk in a Megacity,China:A Case Study of Beijing[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,574:1000-1011.
[28] SCHINDLER S,VON WEHRDEN H,POIRAZIDIS K,et al.Multiscale Performance of Landscape Metrics as Indicators of Species Richness of Plants,Insects and Vertebrates[J].Ecological Indicators,2013,31:41-48.
[29] DI X H,WANG Y D,HOU X Y.Ecological Risk Caused by Land Use Change in the Coastal Zone:A Case Study in the Yellow River Delta High-Efficiency Ecological Economic Zone[J].IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science,2014,17(1):012068.DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/17/1/012068.
[30] O′NEILL R V,HUNSAKER S P,TIMMINS B L,et al.Scale Problems in Reporting Landscape Pattern at the Regional Scale[J].Landscape Ecology,1996,11(3):169-180.
[31] LIU S L,LI W P,WANG Q Q.Zoning Method for Environmental Engineering Geological Patterns in Underground Coal Mining Areas[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,634:1064-1076.
[32] 畅俊斌,王俊杰,田国林.陕北风沙滩地区煤矿排水对地下水污染特征分析[J].环境科技,2018,31(3):11-15.[CHANG Jun-bin,WANG Jun-jie,TIAN Guo-lin.Analysis of Characteristics of Groundwater Pollution Caused by Coal Mine Drainage in Aeolian-Sand Area of Northern Shaanxi Province[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2018,31(3):11-15.]
[33] CHEN W,SHEN Y,WANG Y N.Evaluation of Economic Transformation and Upgrading of Resource-Based Cities in Shaanxi Province Based on an Improved TOPSIS Method[J].Sustainable Cities and Society,2018,37:232-240.
[34] WANG S,FU B J,CHEN H B,et al.Regional Development Boundary of China′s Loess Plateau:Water Limit and Land Shortage[J].Land Use Policy,2018,74:130-136.
[35] FENG X M,LI J X,CHENG W,et al.Evaluation of AMSR-E Retrieval by Detecting Soil Moisture Decrease Following Massive Dryland Re-Vegetation in the Loess Plateau,China[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2017,196:253-264.