不同磷肥用量对油菜产量、肥料利用率及土壤养分的影响
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摘要
为解决油菜生产中磷肥适宜用量及提高油菜生产效益问题,以扬州当地主推品种‘宁杂21号’为试验材料,采用不同磷肥用量方法对油菜籽粒产量、经济效益、磷肥利用率及土壤养分含量进行研究。结果表明,增施磷肥可促进油菜生长发育,对株高、茎粗、分枝数、单株角果数、每角粒数和千粒重均有显著提高,施磷78.75 kg/hm~2时产量最高,增产30%。增施磷肥油菜磷肥表观利用率、磷肥生理利用率和磷肥农学利用率先升后降,磷肥表观利用率变幅9.35%～15.88%、生理利用率变幅40.82～71.21 kg/kg、农学利用率变幅6.61～8.73 kg/kg。偏生产力随磷肥用量的增加而下降。增施磷肥可提高部分土壤养分含量,土壤有效磷含量有明显提高。油菜净收益随施磷量的增加而增加,过量施磷净收益下降。综合上述研究拟推荐本地区油菜生产中磷肥适用量为78.75 kg/hm~2。
The paper aims to find the appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer in rapeseed production andimprove the efficiency. Taking the local variety 'Ningza 21' as the test material, seed yield, economic benefit,utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer and soil nutrient content of rapeseed were studied by using differentphosphate fertilizer dosages. The results showed that the growth and development of rapeseed could bepromoted by adding phosphate fertilizer, and the plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number ofkernels per plan, number of seeds per silique and the weight of 1000 kernels all increased significantly byadding phosphate fertilizer, and when phosphorus application was 78.75 kg/hm~2, the rapeseed yield was thehighest and increased by 30%. The apparent utilization rate, physiological utilization rate and agronomicutilization rate of phosphate fertilizer of rapeseed increased first and then decreased. The apparent utilizationrate of phosphate fertilizer varied from 9.35% to 15.88%, the physiological utilization rate varied from 40.82 to71.21 kg/kg, and the agricultural utilization rate varied from 6.61 to 8.73 kg/kg. The partial productivitydecreased with the increase of phosphate fertilizer dosage. The contents of some soil nutrients were increasedby adding phosphate fertilizer, and the content of available phosphate in soil was obviously increased. The netprofit of rapeseed increased with the increase of phosphorus application, while the net profit of excessive phosphorus application decreased. Based on the study, it is recommended that the applicable amount ofphosphate fertilizer in rapeseed production in this region is 78.75 kg/hm~2.
The paper aims to find the appropriate amount of phosphate fertilizer in rapeseed production andimprove the efficiency. Taking the local variety 'Ningza 21' as the test material, seed yield, economic benefit,utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer and soil nutrient content of rapeseed were studied by using differentphosphate fertilizer dosages. The results showed that the growth and development of rapeseed could bepromoted by adding phosphate fertilizer, and the plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number ofkernels per plan, number of seeds per silique and the weight of 1000 kernels all increased significantly byadding phosphate fertilizer, and when phosphorus application was 78.75 kg/hm~2, the rapeseed yield was thehighest and increased by 30%. The apparent utilization rate, physiological utilization rate and agronomicutilization rate of phosphate fertilizer of rapeseed increased first and then decreased. The apparent utilizationrate of phosphate fertilizer varied from 9.35% to 15.88%, the physiological utilization rate varied from 40.82 to71.21 kg/kg, and the agricultural utilization rate varied from 6.61 to 8.73 kg/kg. The partial productivitydecreased with the increase of phosphate fertilizer dosage. The contents of some soil nutrients were increasedby adding phosphate fertilizer, and the content of available phosphate in soil was obviously increased. The netprofit of rapeseed increased with the increase of phosphorus application, while the net profit of excessive phosphorus application decreased. Based on the study, it is recommended that the applicable amount ofphosphate fertilizer in rapeseed production in this region is 78.75 kg/hm~2.
引文
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[12]胡正元,王亚莉,程跃,等.增施磷素种肥对免耕直播油菜生长发育及产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(2):298-301.
[13]郭庆元,李志玉,涂学文,等.我国南方红黄壤地区优质油菜营养特性与施肥效应研究I.不同油菜品种的氮磷营养特性[J].中国油料作物学报,2000,22(4):43-47.
[14]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.长江流域油菜氮磷钾肥料利用率现状研究[J].作物学报,2011,37(4):729-734.
[15]李文祥.长期不同施肥对埂土肥力及作物产量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2007,2:23-25.
[16]武际,郭熙盛,朱宏斌,等.皖南红黄壤地区连续施用磷钾肥对油菜产量、养分吸收及土壤肥力的影响[J].土壤通报,2006,37(3):482-485.
[17]杨丽辉.肥料配施对马铃薯产质量、养分吸收及土壤养分的影响[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2013.
[18]廖东海,陈朝秀.氮磷钾肥对油菜生长与土壤养分的影响初探[J].耕作与栽培,2006(5):45-46.
[19]张荣,孙小凤,朱春来,等.氮磷钾肥对旱地春油菜生长和土壤养分状况的影响[J].青海科技,2010(5):45-48.
[20]张国荣,李菊梅,徐明岗,等.长期不同施肥对水稻产量及土壤肥力的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(2):543-551.
[21]李慧杰,徐福利,林云,等.施用氮磷钾对黄土丘陵区山地红枣林土壤酶与土壤肥力的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012,30(4):53-58.
[22]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.氮磷钾硼肥施用对长江流域油菜产量及经济效益的影响[J].作物学报,2009,35(1):87-92.
[23]王永壮,陈欣,史奕.农田土壤中磷素有效性及影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(1):260-268.
[24]顾益初,钦绳武.长期施用磷肥条件下潮土中磷素的积累形态转化和有效性[J].土壤,1997,1:13-17.
[25]俄胜哲,杨志奇,曾希柏,等.长期施肥黄绵土有效磷含量演变及其与磷素平衡和作物产量的关系[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(11):3589-3598.
[26]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):916-924.
[27]陆欣春,韩晓增,邹文秀,等.作物高效利用土壤磷素的研究进展[J].土壤与作物,2013,2(4):164-172.
[2]李银水,鲁剑巍,邹娟,等.湖北省油菜钾肥效应及推荐用量研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2008,30(4):469-475.
[3]邹小云,陈伦林,李书宇,等.氮、磷、钾、硼肥施用对甘蓝型杂交油菜产量及经济效益的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(5):917-924.
[4]李银水,鲁剑巍,廖星,等.磷肥用量对油菜产量和磷素利用率的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2011,33(1):52-56.
[5]李月梅.磷肥对甘蓝型春油菜产量、磷肥利用效率及经济效益的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2012(2):45-49.
[6]邹娟,鲁剑巍,李银水,等.氮、磷、钾、硼肥对甘蓝型油菜籽品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(5):961-968.
[7]张勤争,何振立,王校常,等.土壤速效磷含量对油菜土壤施磷反应的影响[J].浙江农业学报,1992,4(4):154-158.
[8]鲁剑巍,陈防,张竹青,等.磷肥用量对油菜产量、养分吸收及经济效益的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2005,27(1):73-76.
[9]李志伟.氮磷过量对植物生长的影响及有机肥的调控作用[D].保定:河北农业大学,2010.
[10]郝小雨,廖文华,刘建玲,等.过量施磷对油菜吸收矿质养分的影响[J].河北农业大学学报,2009,32(3):26-30.
[11]武际,张祥明,胡润,等.安徽省沿江地区直播油菜磷肥效应研[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(3):81-84.
[12]胡正元,王亚莉,程跃,等.增施磷素种肥对免耕直播油菜生长发育及产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(2):298-301.
[13]郭庆元,李志玉,涂学文,等.我国南方红黄壤地区优质油菜营养特性与施肥效应研究I.不同油菜品种的氮磷营养特性[J].中国油料作物学报,2000,22(4):43-47.
[14]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.长江流域油菜氮磷钾肥料利用率现状研究[J].作物学报,2011,37(4):729-734.
[15]李文祥.长期不同施肥对埂土肥力及作物产量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2007,2:23-25.
[16]武际,郭熙盛,朱宏斌,等.皖南红黄壤地区连续施用磷钾肥对油菜产量、养分吸收及土壤肥力的影响[J].土壤通报,2006,37(3):482-485.
[17]杨丽辉.肥料配施对马铃薯产质量、养分吸收及土壤养分的影响[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2013.
[18]廖东海,陈朝秀.氮磷钾肥对油菜生长与土壤养分的影响初探[J].耕作与栽培,2006(5):45-46.
[19]张荣,孙小凤,朱春来,等.氮磷钾肥对旱地春油菜生长和土壤养分状况的影响[J].青海科技,2010(5):45-48.
[20]张国荣,李菊梅,徐明岗,等.长期不同施肥对水稻产量及土壤肥力的影响[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(2):543-551.
[21]李慧杰,徐福利,林云,等.施用氮磷钾对黄土丘陵区山地红枣林土壤酶与土壤肥力的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012,30(4):53-58.
[22]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,等.氮磷钾硼肥施用对长江流域油菜产量及经济效益的影响[J].作物学报,2009,35(1):87-92.
[23]王永壮,陈欣,史奕.农田土壤中磷素有效性及影响因素[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(1):260-268.
[24]顾益初,钦绳武.长期施用磷肥条件下潮土中磷素的积累形态转化和有效性[J].土壤,1997,1:13-17.
[25]俄胜哲,杨志奇,曾希柏,等.长期施肥黄绵土有效磷含量演变及其与磷素平衡和作物产量的关系[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(11):3589-3598.
[26]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):916-924.
[27]陆欣春,韩晓增,邹文秀,等.作物高效利用土壤磷素的研究进展[J].土壤与作物,2013,2(4):164-172.