东北和西北春玉米氮磷钾养分吸收、积累特点比较
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摘要
通过东北(吉林公主岭,JL-GZL)和西北(新疆伊犁71团,XJ-71)两个生态条件差异明显的大田试验,比较不同生态区春玉米植株养分吸收、积累差异。研究表明,西北试点的春玉米子粒产量、干物质积累量、氮磷钾等养分积累量均高于东北试点,其中,子粒产量、干物质积累量达极显著水平,叶片、茎秆、子粒氮、磷、钾养分积累量均达显著水平。东北春玉米叶片、茎秆氮含量较西北春玉米高,叶片、茎秆磷含量无显著差异,叶片、茎秆钾含量在整个生育期低于西北春玉米。西北春玉米每吸收1 kg氮所产生的子粒、干物质分别较东北春玉米高7.75%、7.11%,每吸收1 kg钾所产生的子粒、干物质分别较东北春玉米低9.12%、9.71%,每吸收1 kg磷所产生的子粒、干物质两个生态区无显著差异。氮磷钾收获指数与养分利用效率的变化趋势相同,西北试点氮收获指数高于东北试点,钾收获指数低于东北试点,磷收获指数无显著差异。
There were some differences in the uptake of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) of maize at different ecological regions. We conducted experiment at two ecological fields: the Northeast(Gongzhuling in JilinProvince, JL-GZL) and the Northwest(Yili 71 regiment in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, XJ-71), and com-pared the uptake and accumulation amounts of N, P and K in spring maize. In the Northwest, the contents of grainyield, dry matter, and N, P, K in the maize plants were all higher than those in the Northeast, with the differences ofthe grain yield and dry matter accumulation contents reached a significant level(0.01). Between the two regions, theaccumulation contents of N, P, and K in leaf, stem, and grain reached a significant level(0.05), however their con-tents were different from each other. During the whole growing period, N content in the Northwest were lower thanthat in the Northeast, P content in the Northwest was almost the same as that in the Northeast, and K content in theNorthwest was higher than that in the Northeast. In addition, in the Northwest, the accumulated grain and dry matterby assimilating 1 kg N were 7.11 and 7.75% higher than those in the Northeast respectively, while those producedby assimilating 1 kg K were 9.12 and 9.71% lower than those in the Northeast respectively, and there was no differ-ence in P assimilating index. The harvest indexes of N, P, and K had the same trends: the N harvest index in the Northwest was higher than that in the Northeast, while, the K harvest index was lower than that in the Northeast, and there was no significant difference in P harvest index.
There were some differences in the uptake of nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) of maize at different ecological regions. We conducted experiment at two ecological fields: the Northeast(Gongzhuling in JilinProvince, JL-GZL) and the Northwest(Yili 71 regiment in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, XJ-71), and com-pared the uptake and accumulation amounts of N, P and K in spring maize. In the Northwest, the contents of grainyield, dry matter, and N, P, K in the maize plants were all higher than those in the Northeast, with the differences ofthe grain yield and dry matter accumulation contents reached a significant level(0.01). Between the two regions, theaccumulation contents of N, P, and K in leaf, stem, and grain reached a significant level(0.05), however their con-tents were different from each other. During the whole growing period, N content in the Northwest were lower thanthat in the Northeast, P content in the Northwest was almost the same as that in the Northeast, and K content in theNorthwest was higher than that in the Northeast. In addition, in the Northwest, the accumulated grain and dry matterby assimilating 1 kg N were 7.11 and 7.75% higher than those in the Northeast respectively, while those producedby assimilating 1 kg K were 9.12 and 9.71% lower than those in the Northeast respectively, and there was no differ-ence in P assimilating index. The harvest indexes of N, P, and K had the same trends: the N harvest index in the Northwest was higher than that in the Northeast, while, the K harvest index was lower than that in the Northeast, and there was no significant difference in P harvest index.
引文
[1]吕硕,杨晓光.气候变化和品种更替对东北地区春玉米产量潜力的影响[J].农业工程学报2013,29(18):1002-6819.LüS, Yang X G. Effects of climate change and variety alternative onpotential yield of spring maize in Northeast China[J]. Transactionsof the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2013, 29(18):1002-6819.(in Chinese)
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[6]李飒,彭云峰,李春俭,等.不同年代玉米品种干物质积累与钾素吸收及其分配[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(2):325-332.Li S, Peng Y F, Li C J, et al. Accumulation and distribution of drymatter and potassium in maize varieties released in different years[J]. Plant Nutr. Fert. Sci., 2011, 17(2):325-332.(in Chinese)
[7]易镇邪,王璞,申丽霞,等.不同类型氮肥对夏玉米氮素累积、转运与氮肥利用的影响[J].作物学报,2006,32(5):772-778.Yi Z X, Wang P, Shen L X, et al. Effects of different types of nitro-gen fertilizer on nitrogen accumulation,translocation and nitrogenfertilizer utilization in summer maize[J]. Acta Agron. Sin., 2006, 32(5):772-778.(in Chinese)
[8]杨恒山,高聚林,张玉芹,等.超高产春玉米氮磷钾养分吸收与利用的研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(2):15-20,39.Yang H S, Gao J L, Zhang Y Q, et al. Studies on absorption anduseof N, P and K by spring maize under super-yield cultivation[J]. Ag-ric. Res. Arid Areas, 2011, 29(2):15-20, 39.(in Chinese)
[9]曹国军,刘宁,李刚,等.超高产春玉米氮磷钾的吸收与分配[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(2):198-201.Cao G J, Liu N, Li G, et al. Study on absorption and distribution ofnitrogen phosphorus and potassium in super-high yield spring maize[J]. J. Soil Water Conserv, 2008, 22(2):198-201.(in Chinese)
[10]张颖.北方春玉米不同生育期干物质积累与氮、磷、钾含量的变化[J].玉米科学,1996,4(1):63-65.Zhang Y. Study on the characteristics of nutrients absorption andits distribution patterns of different types of spring maize[J]. Jour-nal of Maize Sciences, 1996, 4(1):63-65.(in Chinese)
[11]何萍,金继运,林葆,等.不同氮、磷、钾用量下春玉米生物产量及其组分动态与养吸收模式研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(2):123-130.He P, Jin J Y, Lin B, et al. Dynamics of biomass and itscomponentsand models of nutrients absorption by spring maize under differentnitrogen, phosphorous and potassium application rates[J]. Plant Nu-tr. Fert. Sci., 1998, 4(2):123-130.(in Chinese)
[12]王宜伦,李潮海,谭金芳,等.超高产夏玉米植株氮素积累特征及一次性施肥效果研究[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(15):3151-3158.Wang Y L, Li C J, Tan J F, et al. Studies on plant nitrogen accumu-lation characteristics and the effect of single application of base fer-tilizer on super-high yield summer maize[J]. Sci. Agric. Sin., 2010,43(15):3151-3158.(in Chinese)
[13]戴明宏,赵久然.不同生态区和不同品种玉米的源库关系及碳氮代谢[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(8):1585-1595.Dai M H, Zhao J R. source-sink relationship and carbon-nitrogenmetabolism of maize in different ecological regions and varieties[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(8):1585-1595.(in Chinese)
[14]李梁,王璞.密度对吉林省不同生态区玉米产量及其构成因素的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2011,16(6):37-42.Li L, Wang P. Effects of density on maize yield and yield components in different ecological zones of Jilin[J]. Journal of China Agri-cultural University, 2011, 16(6):37-42.(in Chinese)
[15]何萍,金继运,林葆,等.不同氮磷钾用量下春玉米生物产量及其组分动态与养分吸收模式研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(2):123-130.He P, Jin J Y, Lin B, et al. Dynamics of biomass and its compo-nents and models of nutrients absorption by spring maize under dif-ferent ni-trogen, phosphorous and potassium application rates[J].Plant Nutr. Fert. Sci., 1998, 4(2):123-130.(in Chinese)
[16]宋海星,李生秀.玉米生长量、养分吸收量及氮肥利用率的动态变化[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(1):71-76.Song H X, Li S X. Dynamics of nutrient accumulation in maizeplants under different water and N supply conditions[J]. Sci. Agric.Sin., 2003, 36(1):71-76.(in Chinese)
[17]景立权,赵福成,陆卫平,等.不同施氮水平对超高产夏玉米氮磷钾积累与分配的影响[J].作物学报,2013,39(8):1478-1490.Jing L Q, Zhao F C, Lu W P, et al, Effects of nitrogen applicationon accumulation and distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus, and po-tassium of summer maize under super-high yield conditions[J]. Ac-ta Agron. Sin., 2013, 39(8):1478-1490.(in Chinese)
[18]何萍,金继运,等.不同氮磷钾用量下春玉米生物产量及其组分动态与养分吸收模式研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(2):123-130.He P, Jin Ji Y, et al. Dynamics of biomass it’s component and mod-els of nutriement absorption by spring maize under different N, P,K application rates[J]. Plant Nutr. Fert. Sci., 1998, 4(2):123-130.(in Chinese)
[19]李文娟,何萍,金继运.钾素营养对玉米生育后期干物质和养分积累与转运的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(4):799-807.Li W J, He P, Jin J Y. Potassium nutrition on dry matter and nutri-ents accumulation and translocation at reproductive stage of maize[J]. Plant Nutr. Fert. Sci., 2009, 15(4):799-807.(in Chinese)
[20]谢佳贵,侯云鹏.施钾和秸秆还田对春玉米产量、养分吸收及土壤钾素平衡的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(5):1110-1118.Xie J G, Hou Y P. Effect of potassium application and straw return-ing on spring maize yield,nutrient absorption and soil potassiumbalance[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2014, 20(5):1110-1118.(in Chinese)
[21]谭德水,金继运,黄绍文,等.长期施钾与秸秆还田对西北地区不同种植制度下作物产量及土壤钾素的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(5):886-893.Tan D S, Jin J Y, Huang S W, et al. Effect of long-term K fertilizerapplication and returning wheat straw to soil on crop yield and soilK under different planting systems in northwestern China[J]. PlantNutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2008, 14(5):886-893.(in Chinese)
[2]王静,王恩利.黑龙江省春玉米产量潜力及产量差的时空分布特征[J].中国农业科学2012,45(10):1914-1925.Wang J, Wang E L. Spatial-temporal characteristics of potentialyields and yield gaps of spring maize in Heilongjiang province[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2012, 45(10):1914-1925.(in Chinese)
[3]陆卫平,陈国平,郭景伦,等.不同生态条件下玉米产量源库关系的研究[J].作物学报,1997,23(6):727-733.Lu W P, Chen G P, Guo J L, et al. Study on the source and sink inrelation to grain yield under different ecological areas in maize[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 1997, 23(6):727-733.(in Chinese)
[4]李杰,张洪程.不同生态区栽培方式对水稻产量、生育期及温光利用的影响[J].中国农业科学2011,44(13):2661-2672.Li J, Zhang H C. Effects of cultivation methods on yield, growthstage and utilization of temperature and illumination of rice in differ-ent ecological regions[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(13):2661-2672.(in Chinese)
[5]马赟花,薛吉全,张仁和,等.不同高产玉米品种干物质积累转运与产量形成的研究[J].广东农业科学,2010,37(3):36-40.Ma Y H, Xue J Q, Zhang R H, et al. Relationship between dry mat-ter accumulation and distribution to yield of different maize cultivars[J]. Guangdong Agric. Sci., 2010, 37(3):36-40.(in Chinese)
[6]李飒,彭云峰,李春俭,等.不同年代玉米品种干物质积累与钾素吸收及其分配[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(2):325-332.Li S, Peng Y F, Li C J, et al. Accumulation and distribution of drymatter and potassium in maize varieties released in different years[J]. Plant Nutr. Fert. Sci., 2011, 17(2):325-332.(in Chinese)
[7]易镇邪,王璞,申丽霞,等.不同类型氮肥对夏玉米氮素累积、转运与氮肥利用的影响[J].作物学报,2006,32(5):772-778.Yi Z X, Wang P, Shen L X, et al. Effects of different types of nitro-gen fertilizer on nitrogen accumulation,translocation and nitrogenfertilizer utilization in summer maize[J]. Acta Agron. Sin., 2006, 32(5):772-778.(in Chinese)
[8]杨恒山,高聚林,张玉芹,等.超高产春玉米氮磷钾养分吸收与利用的研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(2):15-20,39.Yang H S, Gao J L, Zhang Y Q, et al. Studies on absorption anduseof N, P and K by spring maize under super-yield cultivation[J]. Ag-ric. Res. Arid Areas, 2011, 29(2):15-20, 39.(in Chinese)
[9]曹国军,刘宁,李刚,等.超高产春玉米氮磷钾的吸收与分配[J].水土保持学报,2008,22(2):198-201.Cao G J, Liu N, Li G, et al. Study on absorption and distribution ofnitrogen phosphorus and potassium in super-high yield spring maize[J]. J. Soil Water Conserv, 2008, 22(2):198-201.(in Chinese)
[10]张颖.北方春玉米不同生育期干物质积累与氮、磷、钾含量的变化[J].玉米科学,1996,4(1):63-65.Zhang Y. Study on the characteristics of nutrients absorption andits distribution patterns of different types of spring maize[J]. Jour-nal of Maize Sciences, 1996, 4(1):63-65.(in Chinese)
[11]何萍,金继运,林葆,等.不同氮、磷、钾用量下春玉米生物产量及其组分动态与养吸收模式研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(2):123-130.He P, Jin J Y, Lin B, et al. Dynamics of biomass and itscomponentsand models of nutrients absorption by spring maize under differentnitrogen, phosphorous and potassium application rates[J]. Plant Nu-tr. Fert. Sci., 1998, 4(2):123-130.(in Chinese)
[12]王宜伦,李潮海,谭金芳,等.超高产夏玉米植株氮素积累特征及一次性施肥效果研究[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(15):3151-3158.Wang Y L, Li C J, Tan J F, et al. Studies on plant nitrogen accumu-lation characteristics and the effect of single application of base fer-tilizer on super-high yield summer maize[J]. Sci. Agric. Sin., 2010,43(15):3151-3158.(in Chinese)
[13]戴明宏,赵久然.不同生态区和不同品种玉米的源库关系及碳氮代谢[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(8):1585-1595.Dai M H, Zhao J R. source-sink relationship and carbon-nitrogenmetabolism of maize in different ecological regions and varieties[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(8):1585-1595.(in Chinese)
[14]李梁,王璞.密度对吉林省不同生态区玉米产量及其构成因素的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2011,16(6):37-42.Li L, Wang P. Effects of density on maize yield and yield components in different ecological zones of Jilin[J]. Journal of China Agri-cultural University, 2011, 16(6):37-42.(in Chinese)
[15]何萍,金继运,林葆,等.不同氮磷钾用量下春玉米生物产量及其组分动态与养分吸收模式研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(2):123-130.He P, Jin J Y, Lin B, et al. Dynamics of biomass and its compo-nents and models of nutrients absorption by spring maize under dif-ferent ni-trogen, phosphorous and potassium application rates[J].Plant Nutr. Fert. Sci., 1998, 4(2):123-130.(in Chinese)
[16]宋海星,李生秀.玉米生长量、养分吸收量及氮肥利用率的动态变化[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(1):71-76.Song H X, Li S X. Dynamics of nutrient accumulation in maizeplants under different water and N supply conditions[J]. Sci. Agric.Sin., 2003, 36(1):71-76.(in Chinese)
[17]景立权,赵福成,陆卫平,等.不同施氮水平对超高产夏玉米氮磷钾积累与分配的影响[J].作物学报,2013,39(8):1478-1490.Jing L Q, Zhao F C, Lu W P, et al, Effects of nitrogen applicationon accumulation and distribution of nitrogen, phosphorus, and po-tassium of summer maize under super-high yield conditions[J]. Ac-ta Agron. Sin., 2013, 39(8):1478-1490.(in Chinese)
[18]何萍,金继运,等.不同氮磷钾用量下春玉米生物产量及其组分动态与养分吸收模式研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998,4(2):123-130.He P, Jin Ji Y, et al. Dynamics of biomass it’s component and mod-els of nutriement absorption by spring maize under different N, P,K application rates[J]. Plant Nutr. Fert. Sci., 1998, 4(2):123-130.(in Chinese)
[19]李文娟,何萍,金继运.钾素营养对玉米生育后期干物质和养分积累与转运的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(4):799-807.Li W J, He P, Jin J Y. Potassium nutrition on dry matter and nutri-ents accumulation and translocation at reproductive stage of maize[J]. Plant Nutr. Fert. Sci., 2009, 15(4):799-807.(in Chinese)
[20]谢佳贵,侯云鹏.施钾和秸秆还田对春玉米产量、养分吸收及土壤钾素平衡的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(5):1110-1118.Xie J G, Hou Y P. Effect of potassium application and straw return-ing on spring maize yield,nutrient absorption and soil potassiumbalance[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2014, 20(5):1110-1118.(in Chinese)
[21]谭德水,金继运,黄绍文,等.长期施钾与秸秆还田对西北地区不同种植制度下作物产量及土壤钾素的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(5):886-893.Tan D S, Jin J Y, Huang S W, et al. Effect of long-term K fertilizerapplication and returning wheat straw to soil on crop yield and soilK under different planting systems in northwestern China[J]. PlantNutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2008, 14(5):886-893.(in Chinese)