怒江上游三种裂腹鱼类摄食及消化器官比较研究
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摘要
于2017年5和6月以及9和10月在怒江西藏段收集了怒江裂腹鱼(Schizothorax nukiangensis)194尾、裸腹叶须鱼(Ptychobarbus kaznakovi)152尾,热裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis thermalis)117尾。综合运用3种多元分析方法分析3种鱼类摄食及消化器官形态的种间差异,结果显示,主要种间差异部位为头部及肠道;种间形态指标均为显著性差异(P <0.05);3种裂腹鱼的头部形态已有了一定程度的分化。鱼类食物组成及食物竞争情况研究表明,怒江裂腹鱼和裸腹叶须鱼属杂食性偏动物食性鱼类,两者食物重叠指数较高(0.91);热裸裂尻鱼属杂食性偏植物食性鱼类。食物多样性指数的种间差异明显。3种裂腹鱼营养及空间生态位均有分化,摄食与水温、流速和海拔等环境因素密切相关。
We have sampled 194 Schizothorax nukiangensis,152 Ptychobarbus kaznakovi and 117 Schizopygopsis thermalis in Tibet section of the Nujiang River between May and October 2017(Fig.1,2;Table 2) in order to compare the morphological characteristics of digestive organs including feeding and digestive organs among the three Schizothoracinae fish species.Three methods of multivariate analysis were applied to analyze the morphological difference of feeding and digestive organs.The results showed that major parts of interspecific variation were the cephalic and enteral characteristics(Fig.3,4;Table 5,6),and the morphological indexes of different species were significantly different among the three species(P < 0.05)(Table 3).The cephalic morphology of the three species was with differences.Analysis on the enteral inclusion under microscopes was applied to understand their food competition.The results indicated that Schizothorax nukiangensis and Ptychobarbus kaznakovi belonged to the omnivore and partial carnivore fish(Fig.6),and the Schoener overlap index between two species was high(0.91).Schizopygopsis thermalis belonged to the omnivore and partial herbivore fish.The indexes of diversity of dietary composition among three species of fishes were apparently different(Table 8).Feeding habits of the three fishes were closely related to environmental factors,such as water temperature,flow rate and altitude(Table 1).
We have sampled 194 Schizothorax nukiangensis,152 Ptychobarbus kaznakovi and 117 Schizopygopsis thermalis in Tibet section of the Nujiang River between May and October 2017(Fig.1,2;Table 2) in order to compare the morphological characteristics of digestive organs including feeding and digestive organs among the three Schizothoracinae fish species.Three methods of multivariate analysis were applied to analyze the morphological difference of feeding and digestive organs.The results showed that major parts of interspecific variation were the cephalic and enteral characteristics(Fig.3,4;Table 5,6),and the morphological indexes of different species were significantly different among the three species(P < 0.05)(Table 3).The cephalic morphology of the three species was with differences.Analysis on the enteral inclusion under microscopes was applied to understand their food competition.The results indicated that Schizothorax nukiangensis and Ptychobarbus kaznakovi belonged to the omnivore and partial carnivore fish(Fig.6),and the Schoener overlap index between two species was high(0.91).Schizopygopsis thermalis belonged to the omnivore and partial herbivore fish.The indexes of diversity of dietary composition among three species of fishes were apparently different(Table 8).Feeding habits of the three fishes were closely related to environmental factors,such as water temperature,flow rate and altitude(Table 1).
引文
Chen W T,Du K,He S P.2015.Genetic structure and historical demography of Schizothorax nukiangensis(Cyprinidae)in continuous habitat.Ecology and Evolution,5(4):984-995.
He D K,Chen Y F.2006.Biogeography and molecular phylogeny of the genus Schizothorax(Teleostei:Cyprinidae)in China inferred from cytochrome b sequences.Journal of Biogeography,33(8):1448-1460.
He D K,Chen Y F.2007.Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the highly specialized grade Schizothoracine fishes(Teleostei:Cyprinidae)inferred from cytochrome b sequences.Chinese Science Bulletin,52(6):777-788.
Hora S L.1937.Comparison of the fish-faunas of the northern and the southern faces of the great Himalayan range.Rec.Ind.Mus.,39(3):241-250.
Li W W,Liu Y,Xu Q H.2016.Complete mitochondrial genome of Schizothorax nukiangensis Tsao(Cyprinidae:Schizothorax).Mitochondrial DNA Part A:DNA Mapping Sequencing&Analysis,27(5):3549-3550.
Mayr E,Linsley E G,Usinger R L.1953.Methods and principles of systematic zoology.Geological Magazine,90(5):374-374.
Motta P J,Clifton K B,Hernandez P,et al.1995.Ecomorphological correlates in ten species of subtropical seagrass fishes:diets and microhabitat utilization.Environmental Biology of Fishes,44(1):37-60.
Pielou E C.1966.The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections.Journal of Theoretical Biology,13(1):131-144.
Piet G J.1998.Ecomorphology of a size-structured tropical freshwater fish community.Environmental Biology of Fishes,51(1):67-86.
Pyke G H.1984.Optimal foraging theory:a critical review.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,15(1):523-575.
Ross S T.1986.Resource partitioning in fish assemblages:a review of field studies.Copeia,1986(2):352-388.
Schoener T W.1970.Non-synchronous spatial overlap of lizards in patchy habitats.Ecology,51(3):408-418.
Shannon C E.1948.A mathematical theory of communication.Bell System Technical Journal,27(4):623-656.
Svanb?ck R,Bolnick D I.2007.Intraspecific competition drives increased resource use diversity within a natural population.Proceedings Biological Sciences,274(1611):839-844.
Wallace R K.1981.An assessment of diet-overlap indexes.Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,110(1):72-76.
Yang J,Yang J X,Chen X Y.2012.Are-examination of the molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Schizothorax(Teleostei:Cyprinidae)through enhanced sampling,with emphasis on the species in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,China.Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research,50(3):184-191.
曹文宣,陈宜瑜,武云飞,等.1981.裂腹鱼类的起源和演化及其与青藏高原隆起的关系∥青藏高原综合科学考察队.青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式问题.北京:科学出版社,118-130.
陈小勇.2013.云南鱼类名录.动物学研究,34(4):281-343.
陈毅峰.2000.裂腹鱼类的系统进化及资源生物学.武汉:中国科学院水生生物研究所博士学位论文,1-102.
代田昭彦.1985.水产饵料生物学.北京:农业出版社,450.
范丽卿,刘海平,林进,等.2016.拉萨河流域外来鱼类的分布、群落结构及其与环境的关系.水生生物学报,40(5):958-967.
何明华.2005.浅谈怒江水系鱼类资源保护.林业调查规划,30(增刊1):73-75.
何舜平,乐佩琦,陈宜瑜.1997.鲤形目鱼类咽齿形态及发育的比较研究.动物学报,43(3):255-262.
胡睿.2012.金沙江上游鱼类资源现状与保护.武汉:中国科学院研究生院硕士学位论文.
季强.2008.六种裂腹鱼类摄食消化器官形态学与食性的研究.武汉:华中农业大学硕士学位论文.
郏国生,张国华,刘彦.1987.浙江鳊鲌亚科鱼类咽骨咽齿的比较研究.浙江水产学院学报,6(1):l-12.
刘绍平,刘明典,张耀光,等.2016.怒江水生生物物种资源调查与保护.北京:科学出版社,154-181.
马宝珊.2011.异齿裂腹鱼个体生物学和种群动态研究.武汉:华中农业大学博士学位论文.
潘黔生,郭广全,方子平,等.1996.6种有胃真骨鱼消化系统比较解剖的研究.华中农业大学学报,15(5):463-466.
钱瑾,徐刚.1998.乌江上游两种裂腹鱼食性的初步分析.毕节师专学报,(1):79.
武云飞,谭齐佳.1991.青藏高原鱼类区系特征及其形成的地史原因分析.动物学报,37(2):135-152.
武云飞,吴翠珍.1992.青藏高原鱼类.成都:四川科技出版社,297-515.
杨汉运,黄道明,谢山,等.2010.雅鲁藏布江中游渔业资源现状研究.水生态学杂志,3(6):120-126.
殷名称.1995.鱼类生态学.北京:中国农业出版社,105-120.
He D K,Chen Y F.2006.Biogeography and molecular phylogeny of the genus Schizothorax(Teleostei:Cyprinidae)in China inferred from cytochrome b sequences.Journal of Biogeography,33(8):1448-1460.
He D K,Chen Y F.2007.Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the highly specialized grade Schizothoracine fishes(Teleostei:Cyprinidae)inferred from cytochrome b sequences.Chinese Science Bulletin,52(6):777-788.
Hora S L.1937.Comparison of the fish-faunas of the northern and the southern faces of the great Himalayan range.Rec.Ind.Mus.,39(3):241-250.
Li W W,Liu Y,Xu Q H.2016.Complete mitochondrial genome of Schizothorax nukiangensis Tsao(Cyprinidae:Schizothorax).Mitochondrial DNA Part A:DNA Mapping Sequencing&Analysis,27(5):3549-3550.
Mayr E,Linsley E G,Usinger R L.1953.Methods and principles of systematic zoology.Geological Magazine,90(5):374-374.
Motta P J,Clifton K B,Hernandez P,et al.1995.Ecomorphological correlates in ten species of subtropical seagrass fishes:diets and microhabitat utilization.Environmental Biology of Fishes,44(1):37-60.
Pielou E C.1966.The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections.Journal of Theoretical Biology,13(1):131-144.
Piet G J.1998.Ecomorphology of a size-structured tropical freshwater fish community.Environmental Biology of Fishes,51(1):67-86.
Pyke G H.1984.Optimal foraging theory:a critical review.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,15(1):523-575.
Ross S T.1986.Resource partitioning in fish assemblages:a review of field studies.Copeia,1986(2):352-388.
Schoener T W.1970.Non-synchronous spatial overlap of lizards in patchy habitats.Ecology,51(3):408-418.
Shannon C E.1948.A mathematical theory of communication.Bell System Technical Journal,27(4):623-656.
Svanb?ck R,Bolnick D I.2007.Intraspecific competition drives increased resource use diversity within a natural population.Proceedings Biological Sciences,274(1611):839-844.
Wallace R K.1981.An assessment of diet-overlap indexes.Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,110(1):72-76.
Yang J,Yang J X,Chen X Y.2012.Are-examination of the molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Schizothorax(Teleostei:Cyprinidae)through enhanced sampling,with emphasis on the species in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,China.Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research,50(3):184-191.
曹文宣,陈宜瑜,武云飞,等.1981.裂腹鱼类的起源和演化及其与青藏高原隆起的关系∥青藏高原综合科学考察队.青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式问题.北京:科学出版社,118-130.
陈小勇.2013.云南鱼类名录.动物学研究,34(4):281-343.
陈毅峰.2000.裂腹鱼类的系统进化及资源生物学.武汉:中国科学院水生生物研究所博士学位论文,1-102.
代田昭彦.1985.水产饵料生物学.北京:农业出版社,450.
范丽卿,刘海平,林进,等.2016.拉萨河流域外来鱼类的分布、群落结构及其与环境的关系.水生生物学报,40(5):958-967.
何明华.2005.浅谈怒江水系鱼类资源保护.林业调查规划,30(增刊1):73-75.
何舜平,乐佩琦,陈宜瑜.1997.鲤形目鱼类咽齿形态及发育的比较研究.动物学报,43(3):255-262.
胡睿.2012.金沙江上游鱼类资源现状与保护.武汉:中国科学院研究生院硕士学位论文.
季强.2008.六种裂腹鱼类摄食消化器官形态学与食性的研究.武汉:华中农业大学硕士学位论文.
郏国生,张国华,刘彦.1987.浙江鳊鲌亚科鱼类咽骨咽齿的比较研究.浙江水产学院学报,6(1):l-12.
刘绍平,刘明典,张耀光,等.2016.怒江水生生物物种资源调查与保护.北京:科学出版社,154-181.
马宝珊.2011.异齿裂腹鱼个体生物学和种群动态研究.武汉:华中农业大学博士学位论文.
潘黔生,郭广全,方子平,等.1996.6种有胃真骨鱼消化系统比较解剖的研究.华中农业大学学报,15(5):463-466.
钱瑾,徐刚.1998.乌江上游两种裂腹鱼食性的初步分析.毕节师专学报,(1):79.
武云飞,谭齐佳.1991.青藏高原鱼类区系特征及其形成的地史原因分析.动物学报,37(2):135-152.
武云飞,吴翠珍.1992.青藏高原鱼类.成都:四川科技出版社,297-515.
杨汉运,黄道明,谢山,等.2010.雅鲁藏布江中游渔业资源现状研究.水生态学杂志,3(6):120-126.
殷名称.1995.鱼类生态学.北京:中国农业出版社,105-120.