死亡焦虑对生活满意度的影响:链式中介模型及其性别差异
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摘要
目的:考察意义寻求、意义体验在死亡焦虑和生活满意度之间的中介效应及其性别差异。方法:采用死亡焦虑量表、生命意义量表的意义寻求和意义体验分量表以及生活满意度量表对636名大学生进行调查。结果:(1)死亡焦虑显著负向预测生活满意度;(2)意义体验在死亡焦虑和生活满意度之间起中介作用;(3)意义寻求和意义体验在死亡焦虑和生活满意度之间起链式中介作用,其实质是一种遮掩效应;(4)链式中介效应在男生群体中显著,在女生群体中不显著;女生群体的死亡焦虑既直接负向预测又通过降低意义体验间接负向预测生活满意度,男生群体则没有这两种负向效应。结论:死亡焦虑直接负向预测并通过降低意义体验间接负向预测生活满意度,还通过促进意义寻求以增加意义体验来正向预测生活满意度,这些效应具有性别差异。
Objective: To explore the mediating effects of search for meaning and presence of meaning between death anxiety and life satisfaction, and to examine the gender effect on these relationships. Methods: 636 undergraduates were investigated with the death anxiety scale, the search subscale and the presence subscale of the meaning in life questionnaire,and the satisfaction with life scale. Results: ①Death anxiety negatively predicted life satisfaction. ②Presence of meaning played a mediating role between death anxiety and life satisfaction. ③Search for meaning and presence of meaning exerted a chain mediating effect between death anxiety and life satisfaction, and it was actually a masking effect. ④The chain mediating effect was significant in male group, but not in female group. Death anxiety predicted life satisfaction directly and by reducing the presence of meaning indirectly in female group, while the two kinds of negative effects were not found in male group. Conclusion: Death anxiety negatively predicts life satisfaction in a direct way and by reducing the meaning of experience in a indirect way, while it positively predicts life satisfaction by promoting search for meaning to increase presence of meaning, and there is a gender difference in these predictive effects.
Objective: To explore the mediating effects of search for meaning and presence of meaning between death anxiety and life satisfaction, and to examine the gender effect on these relationships. Methods: 636 undergraduates were investigated with the death anxiety scale, the search subscale and the presence subscale of the meaning in life questionnaire,and the satisfaction with life scale. Results: ①Death anxiety negatively predicted life satisfaction. ②Presence of meaning played a mediating role between death anxiety and life satisfaction. ③Search for meaning and presence of meaning exerted a chain mediating effect between death anxiety and life satisfaction, and it was actually a masking effect. ④The chain mediating effect was significant in male group, but not in female group. Death anxiety predicted life satisfaction directly and by reducing the presence of meaning indirectly in female group, while the two kinds of negative effects were not found in male group. Conclusion: Death anxiety negatively predicts life satisfaction in a direct way and by reducing the meaning of experience in a indirect way, while it positively predicts life satisfaction by promoting search for meaning to increase presence of meaning, and there is a gender difference in these predictive effects.
引文
1 Tomer A.Death anxiety in adult life-theoretical perspectives.Death Studies,1992,16(6):475-506
2 Iverach L,Menzies RG,Menzies RE.Death anxiety and its role in psychopathology:Reviewing the status of a transdiagnostic construct.Clinical Psychology Review,2014,34(7):580-593
3 Strachan E,Schimel J,Arndt J,et al.Terror mismanagement:Evidence that mortality salience exacerbates phobic and compulsive Behaviors.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2007,33(8):1137-1151
4 Arndt J,Routledge C,Cox CR,et al.The worm at the core:Aterror management perspective on the roots of psychological dysfunction.Applied and Preventive Psychology,2005,11(3):191-213
5 Becker E.The denial of death.New York:Free Press,1973
6亚隆.直视骄阳:征服死亡恐惧.张亚,译.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2009
7 Vail KE,Juhl J,Arndt J,et al.When death is good for life:Considering the positive trajectories of terror management.Personality and Social Psychology Review,2012,16(4):303-329
8 Given JE,Range LM.Life satisfaction and death anxiety in elderly nursing home and public housing residents.Journal of Applied Gerontology:the Official Journal of the Southern Gerontological Society,1990,9(2):224-229
9 Chibnall JT,Videen SD,Duckro PN,et al.Psychosocialspiritual correlates of death distress in patients with lifethreatening medical conditions.Palliative Medicine,2002,16(4):331-338
10 Cicirelli VG.Personal meanings of death in older adults and young adults in relation to their fears of death.Death Studies,2001,25(8):663-683
11 Cohen AB,Pierce JD,Chambers J,et al.Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity,belief in the afterlife,death anxiety,and life satisfaction in young Catholics and Protestants.Journal of Research in Personality,2005,39(3):307-324
12 Steger MF,Frazier P,Oishi S,et al.The meaning in life questionnaire:Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life.Journal of Counseling Psychology,2006,53(1):80-93
13 Greenberg J,Martens A,Jonas E,et al.Psychological defense in anticipation of anxiety:Eliminating the potential for anxiety eliminates the effect of mortality salience on worldview defense.Psychological Science,2003,14(5):516-519
14 Morita T,Kawa M,Honke Y,et al.Existential concerns of terminally ill cancer patients receiving specialized palliative care in Japan.Supportive Care in Cancer,2004,12(2):137-140
15常保瑞,白宝玉,钟年.可协商命运观对主观幸福感的影响:生命意义感的中介作用.中国临床心理学杂志,2017,25(4):724-726
16 Steger MF.Experiencing meaning in life:Optimal functioning at the nexus of well-being,psychopathology,and spirituality.Wong PTP.The human quest for meaning:Theories,research,and applications.New York:Routledge,2012.165-184
17 Reker GT,Peacock EJ,Wong PTP.Meaning and purpose in life and well-being:a life-span perspective.Journals of Gerontology,1987,42(1):44-49
18沙家强.死亡:生之绵延-由“存在主义”哲学观探寻“死亡”的生命内含.兰州学刊,2008,2:199-201
19 Landau MJ,Greenberg J,Solomon S,et al.Windows into nothingness:terror management,meaninglessness,and negative reactions to modern art.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2006,90(6):879-892
20 Lyke J.Associations among aspects of meaning in life and death anxiety in young adults.Death studies,2013,37(5):471-482
21 Steger MF,Kashdan TB,Sullivan BA,et al.Understanding the search for meaning in life:Personality,cognitive style,and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning.Journal of Personality,2008,76(2):199-228
22 Steger MF,Kawabata Y,Shimai S,et al.The meaningful life in Japan and the United States:Levels and correlates of meaning in life.Journal of Research in Personality,2008,42(3):660-678
23王鑫强,游雅媛,张大均.生命意义感量表中文修订版在大学生中的信效度及与心理素质的关系.西南大学学报(自然科学版),2016,38(10):161-167
24赵树雕,陈燕.国外死亡焦虑研究概况.医学与哲学(人文社会医学版),2008,29(7):48-49
25谭亚菲.大学生生命意义与自尊、内外控制倾向的关系.中国临床心理学杂志,2013,21(5):823-825
26陈丽娜,张建新.大学生一般生活满意度及其与自尊的关系.中国心理卫生杂志,2004,18(4):222-224
27杨红,李艳琳,姚秋丽,等.中文版死亡焦虑量表的应用及对死亡教育的启示.护理学杂志,2013,28(21):64-67
28刘思斯,甘怡群.生命意义感量表中文版在大学生群体中的信效度.中国心理卫生杂志,2010,24(6):478-482
29熊承清,许远理.生活满意度量表中文版在民众中使用的信度和效度.中国健康心理学杂志,2009,17(8):948-949
30吴艳,温忠麟.结构方程建模中的题目打包策略.心理科学进展,2011,19(12):1859-1867
31温忠麟,叶宝娟.中介效应分析:方法和模型发展.心理科学进展,2014,22(5):731-745
32 Juhl J,Routledge C.Putting the terror in terror management theory:Evidence that the awareness of death does cause anxiety and undermine psychological well-being.Current Directions in Psychological Science,2016,25(2):99-103
33 Lykins ELB,Segerstrom SC,Averill AJ,et al.Goal shifts following reminders of mortality:Reconciling posttraumatic growth and terror management theory.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2007,33(8):1088-1099
34孙春晨.生死论.北京:中国青年出版社,2001.5-6
35袁加锦,汪宇,鞠恩霞,等.情绪加工的性别差异及神经机制.心理科学进展,2010,18(12):1899-1908
36 Mcrae K,Ochsner KN,Mauss IB,et al.Gender differences in emotion regulation:An fMRI study of cognitive reappraisal.Group Processes&Intergroup Relations,2008,11(2):143-162
37 Matud MP.Gender differences in stress and coping styles.Personality and Individual Differences,2004,37(7):1401-1415
38 Ptacek JT,Smith RE,Zanas J.Gender,appraisal,and coping:A longitudinal analysis.Journal of Personality,1992,60(4):747-770
39蔡映辉.我国不同性别大学生未来目标差异的实证研究.高教探索,2011,4:124-128
40胡献忠.“90后”大学生焦虑与期待状况调查.当代青年研究,2014,6:65-70
41李力,贺香泓,刘艳妹.大学生择业价值取向与职业决策自我效能感的性别差异性研究.教育学术月刊,2011,1:56-58
42 Vroom VH.Work and Motivation.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1964.3-30
2 Iverach L,Menzies RG,Menzies RE.Death anxiety and its role in psychopathology:Reviewing the status of a transdiagnostic construct.Clinical Psychology Review,2014,34(7):580-593
3 Strachan E,Schimel J,Arndt J,et al.Terror mismanagement:Evidence that mortality salience exacerbates phobic and compulsive Behaviors.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2007,33(8):1137-1151
4 Arndt J,Routledge C,Cox CR,et al.The worm at the core:Aterror management perspective on the roots of psychological dysfunction.Applied and Preventive Psychology,2005,11(3):191-213
5 Becker E.The denial of death.New York:Free Press,1973
6亚隆.直视骄阳:征服死亡恐惧.张亚,译.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2009
7 Vail KE,Juhl J,Arndt J,et al.When death is good for life:Considering the positive trajectories of terror management.Personality and Social Psychology Review,2012,16(4):303-329
8 Given JE,Range LM.Life satisfaction and death anxiety in elderly nursing home and public housing residents.Journal of Applied Gerontology:the Official Journal of the Southern Gerontological Society,1990,9(2):224-229
9 Chibnall JT,Videen SD,Duckro PN,et al.Psychosocialspiritual correlates of death distress in patients with lifethreatening medical conditions.Palliative Medicine,2002,16(4):331-338
10 Cicirelli VG.Personal meanings of death in older adults and young adults in relation to their fears of death.Death Studies,2001,25(8):663-683
11 Cohen AB,Pierce JD,Chambers J,et al.Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity,belief in the afterlife,death anxiety,and life satisfaction in young Catholics and Protestants.Journal of Research in Personality,2005,39(3):307-324
12 Steger MF,Frazier P,Oishi S,et al.The meaning in life questionnaire:Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life.Journal of Counseling Psychology,2006,53(1):80-93
13 Greenberg J,Martens A,Jonas E,et al.Psychological defense in anticipation of anxiety:Eliminating the potential for anxiety eliminates the effect of mortality salience on worldview defense.Psychological Science,2003,14(5):516-519
14 Morita T,Kawa M,Honke Y,et al.Existential concerns of terminally ill cancer patients receiving specialized palliative care in Japan.Supportive Care in Cancer,2004,12(2):137-140
15常保瑞,白宝玉,钟年.可协商命运观对主观幸福感的影响:生命意义感的中介作用.中国临床心理学杂志,2017,25(4):724-726
16 Steger MF.Experiencing meaning in life:Optimal functioning at the nexus of well-being,psychopathology,and spirituality.Wong PTP.The human quest for meaning:Theories,research,and applications.New York:Routledge,2012.165-184
17 Reker GT,Peacock EJ,Wong PTP.Meaning and purpose in life and well-being:a life-span perspective.Journals of Gerontology,1987,42(1):44-49
18沙家强.死亡:生之绵延-由“存在主义”哲学观探寻“死亡”的生命内含.兰州学刊,2008,2:199-201
19 Landau MJ,Greenberg J,Solomon S,et al.Windows into nothingness:terror management,meaninglessness,and negative reactions to modern art.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2006,90(6):879-892
20 Lyke J.Associations among aspects of meaning in life and death anxiety in young adults.Death studies,2013,37(5):471-482
21 Steger MF,Kashdan TB,Sullivan BA,et al.Understanding the search for meaning in life:Personality,cognitive style,and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning.Journal of Personality,2008,76(2):199-228
22 Steger MF,Kawabata Y,Shimai S,et al.The meaningful life in Japan and the United States:Levels and correlates of meaning in life.Journal of Research in Personality,2008,42(3):660-678
23王鑫强,游雅媛,张大均.生命意义感量表中文修订版在大学生中的信效度及与心理素质的关系.西南大学学报(自然科学版),2016,38(10):161-167
24赵树雕,陈燕.国外死亡焦虑研究概况.医学与哲学(人文社会医学版),2008,29(7):48-49
25谭亚菲.大学生生命意义与自尊、内外控制倾向的关系.中国临床心理学杂志,2013,21(5):823-825
26陈丽娜,张建新.大学生一般生活满意度及其与自尊的关系.中国心理卫生杂志,2004,18(4):222-224
27杨红,李艳琳,姚秋丽,等.中文版死亡焦虑量表的应用及对死亡教育的启示.护理学杂志,2013,28(21):64-67
28刘思斯,甘怡群.生命意义感量表中文版在大学生群体中的信效度.中国心理卫生杂志,2010,24(6):478-482
29熊承清,许远理.生活满意度量表中文版在民众中使用的信度和效度.中国健康心理学杂志,2009,17(8):948-949
30吴艳,温忠麟.结构方程建模中的题目打包策略.心理科学进展,2011,19(12):1859-1867
31温忠麟,叶宝娟.中介效应分析:方法和模型发展.心理科学进展,2014,22(5):731-745
32 Juhl J,Routledge C.Putting the terror in terror management theory:Evidence that the awareness of death does cause anxiety and undermine psychological well-being.Current Directions in Psychological Science,2016,25(2):99-103
33 Lykins ELB,Segerstrom SC,Averill AJ,et al.Goal shifts following reminders of mortality:Reconciling posttraumatic growth and terror management theory.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2007,33(8):1088-1099
34孙春晨.生死论.北京:中国青年出版社,2001.5-6
35袁加锦,汪宇,鞠恩霞,等.情绪加工的性别差异及神经机制.心理科学进展,2010,18(12):1899-1908
36 Mcrae K,Ochsner KN,Mauss IB,et al.Gender differences in emotion regulation:An fMRI study of cognitive reappraisal.Group Processes&Intergroup Relations,2008,11(2):143-162
37 Matud MP.Gender differences in stress and coping styles.Personality and Individual Differences,2004,37(7):1401-1415
38 Ptacek JT,Smith RE,Zanas J.Gender,appraisal,and coping:A longitudinal analysis.Journal of Personality,1992,60(4):747-770
39蔡映辉.我国不同性别大学生未来目标差异的实证研究.高教探索,2011,4:124-128
40胡献忠.“90后”大学生焦虑与期待状况调查.当代青年研究,2014,6:65-70
41李力,贺香泓,刘艳妹.大学生择业价值取向与职业决策自我效能感的性别差异性研究.教育学术月刊,2011,1:56-58
42 Vroom VH.Work and Motivation.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1964.3-30
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