社区矫正人员的心理需求理论——基于扎根理论
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摘要
目的:探究社区矫正人员心理需求理论。方法:运用扎根理论,在文献查阅和田野调查的基础上编写访谈稿,抽取20人访谈,将访谈稿转录后筛出15份,运用Nvivo11软件分析。结果:(1)社区矫正人员的心理需求包括三大类属:接纳现实,维护自我形象,恢复和重建;(2)三大需求具有心理过程上的阶段性,并在回归社会和心理健康水平上有递进关系;(3)针对社区矫正人员、其家人、社区矫正工作人员、社区矫正心理工作者,提出"明白事、接纳人、好发展"的建议。结论:初步得出有中国特色的社矫人员心理需求理论。
Community corrections are a special group, coming into being with the establishment of community correction system. In China, although studies on the social support, social exclusion and social integration are concerned about the psychological problems, they put more emphasis on the results of community correction system than in community corrections. In practice, it is necessary to pay attention to its psychological health and psychological needs from the perspective of community corrections themselves. This is not only beneficial to promote the work of community correctional staff, but is also conducive to community corrections returning to our society smoothly. All these can reduce reoffending rate, maintain social stability and reflect the advantage of our system.This study is based on the qualitative research paradigm, applying the Grounded Theory to study the psychological needs of community corrections in the process of social integration. On the basis of literature review and field survey, this study completes the written interview, adopting the method of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. Taken 20 community corrections from Chongqing community as the interview object, it conducts a semi-structured interview, taking the mode of one-on-one, and then selects 15 samples after the selection of transcript release. In the later stage, it takes advantages of the Nvivo11 to analyze the transcript release and extract the theoretical model of community corrections' psychological needs. It can draw conclusions as follows:The psychological needs of community corrections include three categories: accepting the reality, maintaining self-image, recovery and reconstruction. Accepting the reality includes accepting the verdict, Catharsis pressure adjustment, and facing reality. Maintaining self-image includes removing the stigma of mental health, protecting the sense of self value, presenting positive self-pursuit, and sticking to something. Recovery and reconstruction include the restoration and reconstruction of basic needs, rehabilitation and reconstruction of relational needs, self-adjustment, and the pursuit of self-value. Three requirements of community corrections have stages of psychological process and a progressive relationship in the regression of social and mental health level. The first demand is the acceptance of reality; The second demand is the maintenance of self-image and the third demand is to return to normal. When the first demand is at an advantage, community corrections pay more attention to events and the past. While the second demand is at an advantage, they will have greater motivation to pay attention to the interpersonal interaction. When the third need is at an advantage, they focus on the present and the future. However, these three major needs are not completely separated. They can exist at the same time, but only one or two of them will be the dominant needs.It can safely offer proposals as the following: putting forward the effective suggestions to community corrections and their family, The staff of community corrections and psychological workers respond to demands of the three stages. It could be summed up as "understanding things, accepting persons, and better development".It can also safely draw a conclusion of psychological demand about community corrections with Chinese characteristics, providing a basis for enriching China's policy of social correction.
Community corrections are a special group, coming into being with the establishment of community correction system. In China, although studies on the social support, social exclusion and social integration are concerned about the psychological problems, they put more emphasis on the results of community correction system than in community corrections. In practice, it is necessary to pay attention to its psychological health and psychological needs from the perspective of community corrections themselves. This is not only beneficial to promote the work of community correctional staff, but is also conducive to community corrections returning to our society smoothly. All these can reduce reoffending rate, maintain social stability and reflect the advantage of our system.This study is based on the qualitative research paradigm, applying the Grounded Theory to study the psychological needs of community corrections in the process of social integration. On the basis of literature review and field survey, this study completes the written interview, adopting the method of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. Taken 20 community corrections from Chongqing community as the interview object, it conducts a semi-structured interview, taking the mode of one-on-one, and then selects 15 samples after the selection of transcript release. In the later stage, it takes advantages of the Nvivo11 to analyze the transcript release and extract the theoretical model of community corrections' psychological needs. It can draw conclusions as follows:The psychological needs of community corrections include three categories: accepting the reality, maintaining self-image, recovery and reconstruction. Accepting the reality includes accepting the verdict, Catharsis pressure adjustment, and facing reality. Maintaining self-image includes removing the stigma of mental health, protecting the sense of self value, presenting positive self-pursuit, and sticking to something. Recovery and reconstruction include the restoration and reconstruction of basic needs, rehabilitation and reconstruction of relational needs, self-adjustment, and the pursuit of self-value. Three requirements of community corrections have stages of psychological process and a progressive relationship in the regression of social and mental health level. The first demand is the acceptance of reality; The second demand is the maintenance of self-image and the third demand is to return to normal. When the first demand is at an advantage, community corrections pay more attention to events and the past. While the second demand is at an advantage, they will have greater motivation to pay attention to the interpersonal interaction. When the third need is at an advantage, they focus on the present and the future. However, these three major needs are not completely separated. They can exist at the same time, but only one or two of them will be the dominant needs.It can safely offer proposals as the following: putting forward the effective suggestions to community corrections and their family, The staff of community corrections and psychological workers respond to demands of the three stages. It could be summed up as "understanding things, accepting persons, and better development".It can also safely draw a conclusion of psychological demand about community corrections with Chinese characteristics, providing a basis for enriching China's policy of social correction.
引文
陈向明.(2000).质的研究方法与社会科学研究.北京:教育科学出版社.
Flick, U.(2011).质性研究导引(孙进译).重庆:重庆大学出版社.
胡印富,张广超.(2017).社区矫正跨区域衔接问题研究.湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版),18(1),93-100.
刘强.(2007).我国社区矫正试点反思.法治论丛,22(1),1-5.
骆群.(2010).社区矫正对象社会网络排斥的成因探析--以上海市为例.内蒙古社会科学(汉文版),31(2),116-121.
漆瑞.(2016).社区矫正人员心理弹性研究.山东大学硕士学位论文.
沈海英.(2011).农村社区服刑人员心理健康状况的调查研究.法制与社会,16,190-193.
孙志丽.(2015).以需求为本的社区矫正工作研究.知与行,1,94-96.
魏然.(2013).78例社区服刑人员社会支持与心理健康的相关研究.现代预防医学,40(9),1703-1705.
徐建平,张厚粲.(2005).质性研究中编码者信度的多种方法考察.心理科学,28(6),1430-1432.
杨彩云,高梅书,张昱.(2014).动态需求取向:小组工作介入社区矫正的探索性研究--以N市C区社区服刑人员角色认同小组为例.中国人民公安大学学报(社会科学版),30(1),1-8.
张金武.(2008).价值观的重建与社会关系的恢复--浅谈社区矫正工作中对未成年社区矫正对象的再社会化.法治论坛,1,204-212.
张静,刘涛涛.(2017).社区矫正工作存在的问题与应对思考--以重庆市北碚区社区矫正工作为视角.中国检察官,3,65-67.
张晓灿.(2016).社区服刑人员的复原力发展过程研究--基于对15名社区服刑人员的深度访谈.华东理工大学硕士学位论文.
张扬.(2016).女性犯罪人员的社区矫正问题研究--以包头市女性犯罪人员为例.内蒙古大学硕士学位论文.
Maslow,A.H.(1943).A theory of human motivation.Psychological Review,50,370-396.
Peng,K.P.,&Nisbett,R.E.(1999).Culture,dialectics,and reasoning about contradiction.American Psychologist,54(9),741-754.
Ryan,R.M.,&Deci,E.L.(2000).Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation,social development,and well-being.American Psychologist,55(1),68-78.
Sheldon,K.M.,Elliot,A.J.,Kim,Y.,&Kasser,T.(2001).What is satisfying about satisfying events?Testing 10 candidate psychological needs.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,80(2),325-339.
Strauss,A.,&Corbin,J.(1990).Basics of qualitative research:Grounded theory procedures and techniques.Newbury Park:Sage.
Udod,S.A.,&Racine,L.(2017).Empirical and pragmatic adequacy of grounded theory:Advancing nurse empowerment theory for nurses'practice.Journal of Clinical Nursing,26(23-24),5224-5231.
Williams,G.C.,Minicucci,D.S.,Kouides,R.W.,Levesque,C.S.,Chirkov,V.I.,Ryan,R.M.,&Deci,E.L.(2002).Self-determination,smoking,diet and health.Health Education Research,17(5),512-521.
Flick, U.(2011).质性研究导引(孙进译).重庆:重庆大学出版社.
胡印富,张广超.(2017).社区矫正跨区域衔接问题研究.湖南农业大学学报(社会科学版),18(1),93-100.
刘强.(2007).我国社区矫正试点反思.法治论丛,22(1),1-5.
骆群.(2010).社区矫正对象社会网络排斥的成因探析--以上海市为例.内蒙古社会科学(汉文版),31(2),116-121.
漆瑞.(2016).社区矫正人员心理弹性研究.山东大学硕士学位论文.
沈海英.(2011).农村社区服刑人员心理健康状况的调查研究.法制与社会,16,190-193.
孙志丽.(2015).以需求为本的社区矫正工作研究.知与行,1,94-96.
魏然.(2013).78例社区服刑人员社会支持与心理健康的相关研究.现代预防医学,40(9),1703-1705.
徐建平,张厚粲.(2005).质性研究中编码者信度的多种方法考察.心理科学,28(6),1430-1432.
杨彩云,高梅书,张昱.(2014).动态需求取向:小组工作介入社区矫正的探索性研究--以N市C区社区服刑人员角色认同小组为例.中国人民公安大学学报(社会科学版),30(1),1-8.
张金武.(2008).价值观的重建与社会关系的恢复--浅谈社区矫正工作中对未成年社区矫正对象的再社会化.法治论坛,1,204-212.
张静,刘涛涛.(2017).社区矫正工作存在的问题与应对思考--以重庆市北碚区社区矫正工作为视角.中国检察官,3,65-67.
张晓灿.(2016).社区服刑人员的复原力发展过程研究--基于对15名社区服刑人员的深度访谈.华东理工大学硕士学位论文.
张扬.(2016).女性犯罪人员的社区矫正问题研究--以包头市女性犯罪人员为例.内蒙古大学硕士学位论文.
Maslow,A.H.(1943).A theory of human motivation.Psychological Review,50,370-396.
Peng,K.P.,&Nisbett,R.E.(1999).Culture,dialectics,and reasoning about contradiction.American Psychologist,54(9),741-754.
Ryan,R.M.,&Deci,E.L.(2000).Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation,social development,and well-being.American Psychologist,55(1),68-78.
Sheldon,K.M.,Elliot,A.J.,Kim,Y.,&Kasser,T.(2001).What is satisfying about satisfying events?Testing 10 candidate psychological needs.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,80(2),325-339.
Strauss,A.,&Corbin,J.(1990).Basics of qualitative research:Grounded theory procedures and techniques.Newbury Park:Sage.
Udod,S.A.,&Racine,L.(2017).Empirical and pragmatic adequacy of grounded theory:Advancing nurse empowerment theory for nurses'practice.Journal of Clinical Nursing,26(23-24),5224-5231.
Williams,G.C.,Minicucci,D.S.,Kouides,R.W.,Levesque,C.S.,Chirkov,V.I.,Ryan,R.M.,&Deci,E.L.(2002).Self-determination,smoking,diet and health.Health Education Research,17(5),512-521.
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