矮砧密植苹果树连续开沟定距栽植机研制
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摘要
针对现有果树栽植劳动强度大、株距控制精度低的现状,该文开展了基于标准化栽培模式的农机农艺融合技术研究,设计了矮砧密植苹果栽植机,解决了果树幼苗栽植作业中存在的机械化关键技术难题:连续宽深开沟、果苗直立栽植、株距精确控制。采用V型双圆盘开沟器实现连续宽深开沟;通过人工辅助喂苗、栅杆定位装置辅助定位、夹持输送装置扶苗、刮板式覆土器回土及橡胶镇压轮压实土壤等系列环节,完成果苗直立栽植;定距栽植控制装置通过光电传感器感应前一棵树苗位置后启动下一棵树苗夹持运行并完成栽植,实现了株距的精确控制。该机开沟深度为0～40 cm可调,开沟宽度为30～37 cm,作业速度为0.8～1.5 km/h。田间试验结果表明:该机工作稳定,栽植效果良好,平均栽植合格率为93.79%,平均栽植深度合格率为91.43%,平均株距变异系数为5.03%,栽植效率720株/h,是人工栽植效率的36倍,满足现代标准果园机械化生产要求。种植环节机械化的实现,可为后续管理环节及收获环节的机械化提供可行性保障。
Aiming at the present situation of high labor intensity and low precision of plant spacing control in fruit tree planting, the agricultural machinery agronomic integration technology based on standardized cultivation mode was studied in this paper, and an apple planting machine for high density dwarfing orchard was designed, the key technical problems in mechanized planting of fruit seedlings, such as continuous wide and deep furrow opening, vertical planting of fruit seedlings and precise control of plant spacing, were solved. The apple planting machine for high density dwarfing orchard was powered by a tractor above 58 kW and used a rear three-point suspension operation mode. The structure mainly composed of continuous ditching device, clamping and conveying device, fixed-distance planting device, overburden pressing device and other auxiliary devices. The ditching device was powered by power-output shaft to drive opener ditching continuously. V-type double-disc opener was used, ditching blade was installed on ditch cutter supported by inclined bearings. Soil retaining plate was installed at the rear of the opener, front and side plates were used with the opener to ensure the grooving structure was stable. Bottom plate was used together with grid bar to assist positioning. By manually placing the seedlings and placing the rotes on the bottom plate, the tree trunk was placed obliquely on the grid bar lying on the conveying channel for initial positioning. After the sensor of the fixed-distance planting device installed at the rear of the frame detected the position information of the planted seedlings, the cylinder action of the clamping conveyor was started by controlling the switch. the positioning bar was opened, and the seedlings entered the clamping state, and then the seedlings were transmitted backward by the carrying belt. The carrying belt was powered by the ground wheel with the same rate, therefore, the speed of the carrying belt was the same as the machine working speed, and the seedlings were placed in the planting ditch statically with a zero speed relative to the ground, then the scraper-type cover pushed back the soil and the compaction wheel pressed the soil compactly, at the same time it pushed forward the seedlings to complete the upright planting. The fixed-distance sensor detected the seedlings just planted, the process was repeated, ensuring the distance between the adjacent 2 seedlings was equal, continuous ditching, vertical planting, backfilling and repressing were realized in one-time. By adjusting the height of the bottom plate(from 0 to 20 cm), the angle and depth for initial inclined positioning could be changed, so that the machine could work in different soils and for different varieties. The ditching depth of the machine was adjustable from 0 to 40 cm, the ditching width was 30～37 cm, and the working speed was 0.8-1.5 km/h. The results of field experiment showed that the average qualification rate for planting depth was 91.43%, the average planting qualification rate was 93.79%, and the variation coefficient of plant spacing was about 5.03%, average planting efficiency was about 720 plants per hour, which was 36 times more efficient than manual planting, the machine worked stably and the planting effect met the mechanized production requirements of modern standard orchard.
Aiming at the present situation of high labor intensity and low precision of plant spacing control in fruit tree planting, the agricultural machinery agronomic integration technology based on standardized cultivation mode was studied in this paper, and an apple planting machine for high density dwarfing orchard was designed, the key technical problems in mechanized planting of fruit seedlings, such as continuous wide and deep furrow opening, vertical planting of fruit seedlings and precise control of plant spacing, were solved. The apple planting machine for high density dwarfing orchard was powered by a tractor above 58 kW and used a rear three-point suspension operation mode. The structure mainly composed of continuous ditching device, clamping and conveying device, fixed-distance planting device, overburden pressing device and other auxiliary devices. The ditching device was powered by power-output shaft to drive opener ditching continuously. V-type double-disc opener was used, ditching blade was installed on ditch cutter supported by inclined bearings. Soil retaining plate was installed at the rear of the opener, front and side plates were used with the opener to ensure the grooving structure was stable. Bottom plate was used together with grid bar to assist positioning. By manually placing the seedlings and placing the rotes on the bottom plate, the tree trunk was placed obliquely on the grid bar lying on the conveying channel for initial positioning. After the sensor of the fixed-distance planting device installed at the rear of the frame detected the position information of the planted seedlings, the cylinder action of the clamping conveyor was started by controlling the switch. the positioning bar was opened, and the seedlings entered the clamping state, and then the seedlings were transmitted backward by the carrying belt. The carrying belt was powered by the ground wheel with the same rate, therefore, the speed of the carrying belt was the same as the machine working speed, and the seedlings were placed in the planting ditch statically with a zero speed relative to the ground, then the scraper-type cover pushed back the soil and the compaction wheel pressed the soil compactly, at the same time it pushed forward the seedlings to complete the upright planting. The fixed-distance sensor detected the seedlings just planted, the process was repeated, ensuring the distance between the adjacent 2 seedlings was equal, continuous ditching, vertical planting, backfilling and repressing were realized in one-time. By adjusting the height of the bottom plate(from 0 to 20 cm), the angle and depth for initial inclined positioning could be changed, so that the machine could work in different soils and for different varieties. The ditching depth of the machine was adjustable from 0 to 40 cm, the ditching width was 30～37 cm, and the working speed was 0.8-1.5 km/h. The results of field experiment showed that the average qualification rate for planting depth was 91.43%, the average planting qualification rate was 93.79%, and the variation coefficient of plant spacing was about 5.03%, average planting efficiency was about 720 plants per hour, which was 36 times more efficient than manual planting, the machine worked stably and the planting effect met the mechanized production requirements of modern standard orchard.
引文
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[3]李丙智.矮砧苹果园建立与栽培[J].新农业,2010(2):22-23.
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[5]王田利.我国苹果产业发展形势与去产能的必然性[J].北方果树,2018(1):42-43.
[6]刘洋,李亚雄,赵华伟,等.吊篮式移栽机喂苗机构的设计[J].农机化研究,2010,32(9):73-75.Liu Yang,Li Yaxiong,Zhao Huawei,et al.The design of picking seedling machanism of the bastkate-type transplanter[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2010,32(9):73-75.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]李民朝,燕亚民.2YZS自走式烟草移栽机的设计[J].农机化研究,2012,32(7):154-155.Li Minchao,Yan Yamin.Design to 2YZS-self-propelled tobacco transplanting machine[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2012,32(7):154-155.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]胡军,封俊,曾爱军.大葱移栽机的设计与试验研究[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2007,18(2):42-45.Hu Jun,Feng Jun,Zeng Aijun,Design and experimental research of scallion transplanter[J].Journal of Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University,2007,18(2):42-45.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[10]马淑英,陈立东,冯利臻,等.2BMFS-3型穴灌半精量玉米播种机的设计[J].农机化研究,2008,30(1):116-117.Ma Shuying,Chen Lidong,Feng Lizhen,et al.Design of2BMFS type half-precision maize planter with water disperser[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2008,30(1):116-117.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[12]王钰莹,许存兴.基于多元回归的陕西苹果种植成本分析[J].陕西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2016,44(4):114-118.Wang Yuying,Xu Cunxin.An analysis of apple-planting cost in Shaanxi province based on the multiple regression[J].Journal of Shaanxi Normal University:Natural Science Edition,2016,44(4):114-118.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[14]宋帅帅,杨欣,殷梦杰,等.果树苗木移栽机单体功能结构设计[J].农机化研究,2018,40(3):100-103.Song Shuaishuai,Yang Xin,Yin Mengjie,et al.Design of single function structure of fruit tree seedling transplanting machine[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2018,40(3):100-103.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]苏金花,何凤萍.苹果矮化密植栽培技术[J].河南农业,2018(5):22,24.
[16]苏述红.苹果矮化密植栽培技术探讨[J].农业与技术,2017,37(22):146,148.
[17]邵砾群,侯建昀,刘军弟,等.苹果栽培模式技术经济评价[J].西北农林科技大学学报:社会科学版,2014,14(5):78-83.Shao Liqun,Hou Jianyun,Liu Jundi,et al.Technical evaluation of apple cultivation mode[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University:Social Science Edition,2014,14(5):78-83.
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[19]刘向晖,刘俊峰,李建平,等.圆盘式果园开沟机刀盘作业模态分析[J].农机化研究,2016,38(6):102-105,115.Liu Xianghui,Liu Junfeng,Li Jianping,et al.The modal analysis of fruit tree ditcher knife plate of disc type[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2016,38(6):102-105,115.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]马晨,蒙贺伟,坎杂,等.果园有机肥深施圆盘开沟机研究现状及发展对策[J].农机化研究,2017,39(10):12-17,28.Ma Chen,Meng Hewei,Kan Za,et al.The research current situation and development countermeasure of the orchard organic fertilizer deep application of disc ditching machine[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2017,39(10):12-17,28.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]胡佳佳,刘俊峰,李建平,等.果园施肥开沟机开沟刀的优化设计[J].农机化研究,2010,32(12):41-44.Hu Jiajia,Liu Junfeng,Li Jianping,et al.Optimization design of orchard fertilization trencher’s shovel[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2010,32(12):41-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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