基于分层控制的光-储-燃直流供电系统能量管理方法
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摘要
为克服光伏发电的随机性和间歇性,实现高可靠性、高品质供电,提出一种基于光伏/蓄电池/超级电容/燃料电池的直流供电系统能量管理分层控制方法。针对混合直流供电系统的多参数、非线性特性,上层控制设计微分平滑方法直接补偿非线性分量,实现系统非线性动态可逆,确保在光伏出力大幅变化、负载突变或系统参数发生摄动情形下,使系统直流母线电压依然能够稳定运行,同时为下层控制提供总载荷电流参考轨迹;针对混合直流供电系统中多电源的不同特性,下层控制采用模型预测方法,以延长系统循环使用寿命为目标,设计加权因子,根据光伏出力和负载功率需求状况,动态调节储能单元充放电速率,使系统快速跟踪总载荷电流期望轨迹,实现各电源间功率的合理分配。基于MATLAB/Simulink的仿真结果验证了所提能量管理分层控制方法的可行性和有效性,该方法具有结构简单、动态响应快、鲁棒性高、稳定性好的特点。
In order to overcome the random and intermittent of photovoltaic(PV)power generation,realize the high reliability and quality of power supply,a hierarchical control method based on photovoltaic/storage battery/super capacitor/fuel cell(FC)DC generation system is proposed.For the multi-parameter and non-linear characteristic of hybrid DC power supply system,the control of upper layer designs differential flatness method to compensate non-linear components directly,which realizes the non-linear dynamic reversibility of system,makes the DC bus voltage still stable under situations of great changes of PV output,loads and system parameters.Meanwhile,the upper layer provides reference track for total load current to lower layer.Aiming at different characteristics of multiple power sources in the hybrid DC power supply system,the control of lower layer utilizes model prediction method to design weighting factors to extend cycle life of the system.According to the conditions of photovoltaic output and load demand,the charging and discharging rate of storage unit is dynamically adjusted,which makes the system immediately track the current expectation of total loads to achieve the reasonable distribution of power in various sources.Based on the MATLAB/Simulink,the simulation results show the feasibility and effectiveness of proposed method,which has simple structure,rapid response,high robustness and good stability.
In order to overcome the random and intermittent of photovoltaic(PV)power generation,realize the high reliability and quality of power supply,a hierarchical control method based on photovoltaic/storage battery/super capacitor/fuel cell(FC)DC generation system is proposed.For the multi-parameter and non-linear characteristic of hybrid DC power supply system,the control of upper layer designs differential flatness method to compensate non-linear components directly,which realizes the non-linear dynamic reversibility of system,makes the DC bus voltage still stable under situations of great changes of PV output,loads and system parameters.Meanwhile,the upper layer provides reference track for total load current to lower layer.Aiming at different characteristics of multiple power sources in the hybrid DC power supply system,the control of lower layer utilizes model prediction method to design weighting factors to extend cycle life of the system.According to the conditions of photovoltaic output and load demand,the charging and discharging rate of storage unit is dynamically adjusted,which makes the system immediately track the current expectation of total loads to achieve the reasonable distribution of power in various sources.Based on the MATLAB/Simulink,the simulation results show the feasibility and effectiveness of proposed method,which has simple structure,rapid response,high robustness and good stability.
引文
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[17]秦文萍,柳雪松,韩肖清,等.直流微电网储能系统自动充放电改进控制策略[J].电网技术,2014,38(7):1827-1834.QIN Wenping,LIU Xuesong,HAN Xiaoqing,et al.An improved control strategy of automatic charging/discharging of energy storage system in DC microgrid[J].Power System Technology,2014,38(7):1827-1834.
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[20]SILVA-ORTIGOZA R,HERNNDEZ-GUZMN V,ANTONIO-CRUZ M,et al.DC/DC buck power converter as a smooth starter for a DC motor based on a hierarchical control[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,2015,30(2):1076-1084.
[21]THOUNTHONG P,SIKKABUT S,MUNGPORN P,et al.DC bus stabilization of Li-Ion battery based energy storage for a hydrogen/solar power plant for autonomous network applications[J].IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2015,51(4):2717-2725.
[22]HSIEH Y,HSUEH T,YEN H.An interleaved boost converter with zero-voltage transition[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,2009,24(4):973-978.
[23]谢玲玲,龚仁喜,李畸勇.光伏发电最大功率点跟踪交错并联Boost变换器的动力学特性分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(6):38-45.XIE Lingling,GONG Renxi,LI Jiyong.Analysis of the dynamical characteristics of the interleaved Boost converter in maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic power[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(6):38-45.
[24]LIU Shichao,WANG Xiaoyu,LIU Xiaoping.A stochastic stability enhancement method of grid-connected distributed energy storage systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2017,8(5):2062-2070.
[25]侯世英,余海威,李琦,等.微电网孤岛运行混合储能自适应控制策略[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(17):15-21.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20161213003.HOU Shiying,YU Haiwei,LI Qi,et al.Adaptive control strategy of hybrid energy storage in microgrid islanded operation state[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(17):15-21.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20161213003.
[26]SYED F,KUANG M,SMITH M,et al.Fuzzy gain scheduling proportional-integral control for improving engine power and speed behavior in a hybrid electric vehicle[J].IEEETransactions on Vehicular Technology,2009,58(1):69-84.
[27]薛花,李海霞,王育飞.分布式光储直流供电系统非线性平滑可微控制方法[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(18):102-108.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20151120004.XUE Hua,LI Haixia,WANG Yufei.Nonlinear differential flatness control of distributed photovoltaic-energy storage DCgeneration system[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(18):102-108.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20151120004.
[28]张开,石季英,林济铿,等.基于自适应滑模层极值搜索的光伏发电最大功率跟踪方法[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(12):33-37.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20140724005.ZHANG Kai,SHI Jiying,LIN Jikeng,et al.Maximum power point tracking method for photovoltaic systems using adaptive extremum seeking control based on sliding layer[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(12):33-37.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20140724005.
[29]AYAD M,BECHERIF M,HENNI A.Vehicle hybridization with fuel cell,supercapacitors and batteries by sliding mode control[J].Renewable Energy,2011,36:2627-2634.
[30]LEE J.Model predictive control and dynamic programming[C]//11th International Conference on Control,Automation and Systems,October 26-29,2011,Gyeonggi-do,South Korea:1807-1809.
[2]张曦,康重庆,张宁,等.太阳能光伏发电的中长期随机特性分析[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(6):6-13.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20131009012.ZHANG Xi,KANG Chongqing,ZHANG Ning,et al.Analysis of mid/long term random characteristics of photovoltaic power generation[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(6):6-13.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20131009012.
[3]陶琼,吴在军,程军照,等.含光伏阵列及燃料电池的微网建模与仿真[J].电力系统自动化,2010,34(1):89-93.TAO Qiong,WU Zaijun,CHENG Junzhao,et al.Modeling and simulation of microgrid containing photovoltaic array and fuel cell[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2010,34(1):89-93.
[4]HAJI S.Analytical modelling of PEM fuel cell I-V curve[J].Renewable Energy,2011,36(2):451-458.
[5]TREMBLAY O,DESSAINT L,DEKKICHE A.A generic battery model for the dynamic simulation of hybrid electric vehicle[C]//Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference,September 9-12,2007,Arlington,USA:284-289.
[6]丁明,王伟胜,王秀丽,等.大规模光伏发电对电力系统影响综述[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(1):1-14.DING Ming,WANG Weisheng,WANG Xiuli,et al.A review on the effect of large-scale PV generation on power systems[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(1):1-14.
[7]李建林,田立亭,来小康.能源互联网背景下的电力储能技术展望[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(23):15-25.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20150906004.LI Jianlin,TIAN Liting,LAI Xiaokang.Outlook of electrical energy storage technologies under Energy Internet background[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(23):15-25.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20150906004.
[8]ERDINC O,VURAL B,UZUNOGLU M.A wavelet-fuzzy logic based energy management strategy for a fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicular power system[J].Journal of Power Sources,2009,194:369-380.
[9]ZHANG X,MI C,MASRUR A,et al.Wavelet transformbased power management of hybrid vehicles with multiple onboard energy sources including fuel cell and battery[J].Journal of Power Sources,2008,185:1533-1543.
[10]张国驹,唐西胜,周龙,等.基于互补PWM控制的Buck/Boost双向变换器在超级电容器储能中的应用[J].中国电机工程学报,2011,31(6):15-21.ZHANG Guoju,TANG Xisheng,ZHOU Long,et al.Research on complementary PWM controlled Buck/Boost bidirectional converter in supercapacitor energy storage[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2011,31(6):15-21.
[11]席裕庚,李德伟,林姝.模型预测控制---现状与挑战[J].自动化学报,2013,39(3):222-236.XI Yugeng,LI Dewei,LIN Shu.Model predictive controlstatus and challenges[J].Acta Automatica Sinic,2013,39(3):222-236.
[12]刘向杰,孔小兵.电力工业复杂系统模型预测控制---现状与发展[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(5):79-85.LIU Xiangjie,KONG Xiaobing.Present situation and prospect of model predictive control application in complex power industrial process[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(5):79-85.
[13]HREDAZK B,AGELIDIS V,JANG M.A model predictive control system for a hybrid battery-ultracapacitor power source[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,2014,29(3):1469-1479.
[14]TOREGLOSA J,GARCA P,FERNNDEZ L,et al.Predictive control for the energy management of a fuel-cellbattery-supercapacitor tramway[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,2014,10(1):276-285.
[15]SASONGKO A,ORTEGA R,DRONKERS C,et al.Energy management of fuel cell/battery/supercapacitor hybrid power sources using model predictive control[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics,2014,10(4):1992-2002.
[16]QUILUMBA F,LEE W,HUANG H,et al.Using smart meter data to improve the accuracy of intraday load forecasting considering customer behavior similarities[J].IEEETransactions on Smart Grid,2015,6(2):911-918.
[17]秦文萍,柳雪松,韩肖清,等.直流微电网储能系统自动充放电改进控制策略[J].电网技术,2014,38(7):1827-1834.QIN Wenping,LIU Xuesong,HAN Xiaoqing,et al.An improved control strategy of automatic charging/discharging of energy storage system in DC microgrid[J].Power System Technology,2014,38(7):1827-1834.
[18]MAHMUD M,POTA H,HOSSAIN M.Nonlinear current control scheme for a single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic system[J].IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,2014,5(1):218-227.
[19]YU X,KAYNAK O.Sliding-mode control with soft computing:a survey[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,2009,56(9):3275-3285.
[20]SILVA-ORTIGOZA R,HERNNDEZ-GUZMN V,ANTONIO-CRUZ M,et al.DC/DC buck power converter as a smooth starter for a DC motor based on a hierarchical control[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,2015,30(2):1076-1084.
[21]THOUNTHONG P,SIKKABUT S,MUNGPORN P,et al.DC bus stabilization of Li-Ion battery based energy storage for a hydrogen/solar power plant for autonomous network applications[J].IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications,2015,51(4):2717-2725.
[22]HSIEH Y,HSUEH T,YEN H.An interleaved boost converter with zero-voltage transition[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,2009,24(4):973-978.
[23]谢玲玲,龚仁喜,李畸勇.光伏发电最大功率点跟踪交错并联Boost变换器的动力学特性分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(6):38-45.XIE Lingling,GONG Renxi,LI Jiyong.Analysis of the dynamical characteristics of the interleaved Boost converter in maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic power[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(6):38-45.
[24]LIU Shichao,WANG Xiaoyu,LIU Xiaoping.A stochastic stability enhancement method of grid-connected distributed energy storage systems[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2017,8(5):2062-2070.
[25]侯世英,余海威,李琦,等.微电网孤岛运行混合储能自适应控制策略[J].电力系统自动化,2017,41(17):15-21.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20161213003.HOU Shiying,YU Haiwei,LI Qi,et al.Adaptive control strategy of hybrid energy storage in microgrid islanded operation state[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2017,41(17):15-21.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20161213003.
[26]SYED F,KUANG M,SMITH M,et al.Fuzzy gain scheduling proportional-integral control for improving engine power and speed behavior in a hybrid electric vehicle[J].IEEETransactions on Vehicular Technology,2009,58(1):69-84.
[27]薛花,李海霞,王育飞.分布式光储直流供电系统非线性平滑可微控制方法[J].电力系统自动化,2016,40(18):102-108.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20151120004.XUE Hua,LI Haixia,WANG Yufei.Nonlinear differential flatness control of distributed photovoltaic-energy storage DCgeneration system[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2016,40(18):102-108.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20151120004.
[28]张开,石季英,林济铿,等.基于自适应滑模层极值搜索的光伏发电最大功率跟踪方法[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(12):33-37.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20140724005.ZHANG Kai,SHI Jiying,LIN Jikeng,et al.Maximum power point tracking method for photovoltaic systems using adaptive extremum seeking control based on sliding layer[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(12):33-37.DOI:10.7500/AEPS20140724005.
[29]AYAD M,BECHERIF M,HENNI A.Vehicle hybridization with fuel cell,supercapacitors and batteries by sliding mode control[J].Renewable Energy,2011,36:2627-2634.
[30]LEE J.Model predictive control and dynamic programming[C]//11th International Conference on Control,Automation and Systems,October 26-29,2011,Gyeonggi-do,South Korea:1807-1809.