热带对流层顶温度异常与低平流层水汽异常“不匹配”个例的分析
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摘要
利用UARS卫星卤素掩星试验(HALOE)的观测资料结合同时期的ERA-Interim再分析资料分析了1994—2005年热带对流层顶温度异常与低平流层水汽异常的关系。结果表明,1994—2005年期间大部分年份都是热带对流层顶温度异常偏高(偏低)对应平流层水汽异常增加(减小)的温度-水汽的"匹配"现象,但是在1996年则出现了温度-水汽的"不匹配"现象。对比同年中所出现的"不匹配"月份与"匹配"月份,"不匹配"月份的对流活动发生频率低于"匹配"月份,对流活动月平均强度弱于后者,但"不匹配"月份的对流活动瞬时强度较大,在四个时段内发生了强而深厚的深对流活动,地面气旋活动与海温升高则是造成这四个时段发生强深对流活动的主要因素。在较强上升气流的作用下,水汽能够从对流层低层直接传输至低平流层,使平流层水汽增加。另一方面,较强的深对流活动抬升对流层顶,使对流层顶温度降低。因而,短时强烈的深对流活动是造成1996年温度-水汽"不匹配"的关键因素。此外,"不匹配"月份期间BD环流的异常增强使得低平流层的水汽更进一步增加,加剧了温度-水汽的"不匹配"现象。
Using the measurements from the Halogen Occulation Experiment(HALOE) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) Interim data for the period 1994-2005,we analyzed the relationship between the tropical tropopause temperature anomalies and stratospheric water vapor anomalies.It was found that the tropical tropopause temperature is correlated with the stratospheric water vapor,i.e.,anomalously high(low) tropical tropopause temperature corresponds to anomalously high(low) stratospheric water vapor during most years of the period 1994-2005,except for the year 1996.The occurrence frequency and strength of the deep convective activities during the‘mismatched' months is less and weaker than those during the‘matched' months in 1996.However,the instantaneous intensities of four deep convective activities,caused by strong surface cyclones and high sea surface temperature,are larger during the‘mismatched' months than those during the‘matched' months.The water vapor is transported from the lower troposphere to the lower stratosphere through a strong tropical upwelling,leading to an increase in stratospheric water vapor.On the other hand,deep convective activities can lift up the tropopause and cool the tropopause temperature.In short,the key factor causing the poor correlation between the tropical tropopause temperature and the stratospheric water vapor in 1996 is the instantaneously strong deep convective activities.In addition,anomalously strong BrewerDobson circulation brings more water vapor into the stratosphere during the‘mismatched' months in 1996,further leading to the poor correlation between tropical tropopause temperature and stratospheric water vapor.
Using the measurements from the Halogen Occulation Experiment(HALOE) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) Interim data for the period 1994-2005,we analyzed the relationship between the tropical tropopause temperature anomalies and stratospheric water vapor anomalies.It was found that the tropical tropopause temperature is correlated with the stratospheric water vapor,i.e.,anomalously high(low) tropical tropopause temperature corresponds to anomalously high(low) stratospheric water vapor during most years of the period 1994-2005,except for the year 1996.The occurrence frequency and strength of the deep convective activities during the‘mismatched' months is less and weaker than those during the‘matched' months in 1996.However,the instantaneous intensities of four deep convective activities,caused by strong surface cyclones and high sea surface temperature,are larger during the‘mismatched' months than those during the‘matched' months.The water vapor is transported from the lower troposphere to the lower stratosphere through a strong tropical upwelling,leading to an increase in stratospheric water vapor.On the other hand,deep convective activities can lift up the tropopause and cool the tropopause temperature.In short,the key factor causing the poor correlation between the tropical tropopause temperature and the stratospheric water vapor in 1996 is the instantaneously strong deep convective activities.In addition,anomalously strong BrewerDobson circulation brings more water vapor into the stratosphere during the‘mismatched' months in 1996,further leading to the poor correlation between tropical tropopause temperature and stratospheric water vapor.
引文
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[23]SEIDEL D J,ROSS R J,ANGELL J K,et al.Climatological characteristics of the tropical tropopause as revealed by radiosondes[J].J Geophys Res:Atmospheres(1984—2012),2001,106(D8):7857-7878.
[24]ROSENLOF K H,REID G C.Trends in the temperature and water vapor content of the tropical lower stratosphere:sea surface connection[J].J Geophys Res:Atmospheres(1984—2012),2008,113,D06107,doi:10.1029/2007JD009109.
[25]TIAN W S,CHIPPERFIELD M P.Stratospheric water vapor trends in a coupled chemistry-climate model[J].Geophys Res Lett,2006,33,L06819,doi:10.1029/2005GL024675.
[26]卢峰,王黎娟,郑彬,等.南海地区对流层大气准两年振荡的垂直结构特征[J].热带气象学报,2011,27(4):484.494.
[27]田文寿,田红瑛,商林,等.热带平流层与对流层之间相互作用的研究进展[J].热带气象学报,2011,27(5):765-774.
[28]GETTELMAN A,RANDEL W J,WU F,et al.Transport of water vapor in the tropical tropopause layer[J].Geophys Res Lett,2002,29(1):9-1-94.
[29]FUEGLISTALER S.Stepwise changes in stratospheric water vapor?[J].J Geophys Res:Atmospheres(1984—2012),2012,117,D13302,doi:10.1029/2012JD017582.
[30]RUSSELL J M,GORDLEY L L,PARK J H,et al.The halogen occultation experiment J].J Geophys Res:Atmospheres(1984—2012),1993,98(D6):10 777-10 797.
[31]辛玉姣,田文寿.热带对流层顶层结构的变化特征和趋势[J].气候与环境研究,2011(3):378-388.
[32]徐群.皮纳图博火山云对1992年大范围气候的影响[J].应用气象学报,1995,6(1):25-42.
[33]郑彬.HALOE资料揭示的热带平流层Ch4时空变化特征[J].气候与环境研究,2008,12(2):181-187.
[34]郑彬,施春华.平流层准两年周期振荡对CH4双峰的影响[J].热带气象学报,2008,24(2):111-116.
[35]MONGE B M,CHIPPERFIELD M P,SIMMONS A J,et al.Mean age of air and transport in a CTM:comparison of different ECMWF analyses[J].Geophys Res Lett,2007,34,L04801,doi:10.1029/2006GL028515.
[36]RIENECKER M M,SUAREZ M J,GELARO R,et al.Merra:Nasa's modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications[J].J Climate,2011,24(14):3624-3648.
[37]SAHA S,MOORTHI S,PAN H L,et al.The Ncep climate forecast system reanalysis[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,2010,91(8):1 015-1 057.
[38]XIEF,TIANW,AUSTINJ,et al.The effect of ENSO activity on lower stratospheric water vapor[J].Atmos Chemi Phys Discuss,2011,11(2):4 1414 166.
[39]JAKOB C.Cloud cover in the ECMWF reanalysis[J].J Clim,1999,12(4):947-959.
[40]RANDEL W J,WU F,OLTMANS S J,et al.Interannual changes of stratospheric water vapor and correlations with tropical tropopause temperatures[J].J Atmos Sci,2004,61(17):2133-2148.
[41]SIMMONS A J,UNTCH A,JAKOB C,et al.Stratospheric water vapour and tropical tropopause temperatures in ECMWF analyses and multiyear simulations[J].Q J R Meteo Soc,1999,125(553):353-386.
[42]ZHOU X L,GELLER M A,ZHANG M H.Cooling trend of the tropical cold point tropopause temperatures and its implications[J].J Geophys Res:Atmospheres(1984—2012),2001,106(D2):1511-1522.
[43]XIE F,LI J P,TIAN W S,et al.Indo-Pacific warm pool area expansion,modoki activity,and tropical cold-point tropopause temperature variations^].Scientific reports,2014,4:4 552.
[44]SCAIFE A A,BUTCHART N,JACKSON D R,et al.Can changes in ENSO activity help to explain increasing stratospheric water vapor?[J].Geophys Res Lett,2003,30,17,1880,doi:10.1029/2003GL017591.
[45]REID G C,GAGE K S.On the annual variation in height of the tropical tropopause[J].J Atmos Sci,1981,38(9):1 928-1 938.
[46]COLLIMORE C C,MARTIN D W,HITCHMAN M H,et al.On the relationship between the QBO and tropical deep convection[J].J Clim,2003,16(15):2552-2568.
[47]施春华,郑彬,陈月娟,等.热带平流层水汽的准两年周期振荡[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(10):2 428-2 435.
[48]JURY M R.Inter-annual climate modes over Southern Africa from satellite cloud olr 1975—1994[J].Theor Appl Climat,1997,57(34):155-163.
[49]KOUSKY V E.Pentad outgoing longwave radiation climatology for the South American sector[J].Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia,1988,3(1):217-231.
[50]FU R,GENIO A D D,ROSSO W W B.Behavior of deep convective clouds in the tropical Pacific deduced from isccp radiances[J].J Clim,1990,3(10):1129-1152.
[51]WALISER D E,GRAHAM N E,GAUTIER C.Comparison of the highly reflective cloud and outgoing longwave radiation datasets for use in estimating tropical deep convection[J].J Clim,1993,6(2):331-353.
[52]TEITELBAUM H,MOUSTAOUI M,BASDEVANT C,et al.An alternative mechanism explaining the hygropause formation in tropical regions[J].Geophys Res Lett,2000,27(2):221-224.
[53]GRAHAM N E,BARNETT T P.Sea surface temperature,surface wind divergence,and convection over tropical oceans[J].Science,1987,238(4 827):657-659.
[54]LAU K M,WU H T,BONY S.The role of large-scale atmospheric circulation in the relationship between tropical convection and sea surface temperature[J].J Clim,1997,10(3):381-392.
[55]GUTZLER D S,WOOD T M.Structure of large-scale convective anomalies over tropical oceans[J].J Clim,1990,3(4):483-496.
[56]ZHANG C D.Large-scale variability of atmospheric deep convection in relation to sea surface temperature in the tropics[J].J Clim,1993,6(10):1 898-1 913.
[57]陈权亮,陈月娟.平流层剩余环流及其时间演变特征[J].大气科学,2007,31(1):137-144.
[58]DHOMSE S,WEBER M,BURROWS J.The relationship between tropospheric wave forcing and tropical lower stratospheric water vapor[J].Atmos Chemi Phys,2008,8(3):471-480.
[2]FORSTER,PIERSMDF,SHINE K P.Assessing the climate impact of trends in stratospheric water vapor[J].Geophys Res Lett,2002,29(6):10-1-104.
[3]张健恺,刘玮,韩元元,等.平流层臭氧变化对对流层气候影响的研究进展[J].干旱气象,2014,32(5):685-693.
[4]SOLOMON S,KAREN H R,ROBERT W P,et al.Contributions of stratospheric water vapor to decadal changes in the rate of global warming[J].Science,2010,327(5 970):1219-1223.
[5]HOLTON J R,HAYNES P H,MCINTYRE M,et al.Stratosphere-troposphere exchange[J].Reviews of Geophysics,1995,33(4):403-439.
[6]ANDREWS D G,HOLTON J R,LEOVY C B.Middle atmosphere dynamics[M].Academic,San Diego,Calif,1987:489.
[7]BREWER A W.Evidence for a world circulation provided by the measurements of helium and water vapour distribution in the stratosphere[J].Q J R Meteo Soc,1949,75(326):351-363.
[8]LE T,SOLOMON H S,GARCIA R R.The role of molecular hydrogen and methane oxidation in the water vapour budget of the stratosphere[J].Q J R Meteo Soc,1988,114(480):281-295.
[9]TIAN W S,CHIPPERFIELD M P.A new coupled chemistry-climate model for the stratosphere:the importance of coupling for future 03-climate predictions[J].Q J R Meteo Soc,2005,131(605):281-303.
[10]SHINDELL D T.Climate and Ozone response to increased stratospheric water vapor[J].Geophys Res Lett,2001,28(8):1551-1554.
[11]STENKE A,GREWE V.Simulation of stratospheric water vapor trends:impact on stratospheric Ozone chemistry[J].Atmos Chemi Phys,2005,5(5):1257-1272.
[12]CHIPPERFIELD,MARTYN P.Impact of increasing stratospheric water vapor on Ozone depletion and temperature change[J].Adv Atmos Sci,2009,26(3):423-437.
[13]KLEY D,PHILLIPS C.SPARC assessment of upper tropospheric and stratospheric water vapour[R].SPARC Office,2000.
[14]ROSENLOF K H,OLTMANS S J,KLEY D,et al.Stratospheric water vapor increases over the past half-century[J].Geophys Res Lett,2001,28(7):1195-1198.
[15]OLTMANS SJ,HOFMANN D J.Increase in lower-stratospheric water vapour at a mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere site from 1981 to 1994[J].Nature,1995,374(6 518):146-149.
[16]OLTMANS S J,VOMEL H,HOFMANN D J,et al.The increase in stratospheric water vapor from balloonborne,frostpoint hygrometer measurements at Washington,Dc,and Boulder,Colorado[J].Geophys Res Lett,2000,27(21):3 453-3 456.
[17]NEDOLUHA G E,BEVILACQUA R M,GOMEZ R M,et al.Increases in middle atmospheric water vapor as observed by the halogen occultation experiment and the ground-based water vapor millimeter-wave spectrometer from 1991 to 1997[J].J Geophys Res:Atmospheres(1984—2012),1998,103(D3):3531-3543.
[18]NEDOLUHA G E,SISKIND D E,BACMEISTER J T,et al.Changes in upper stratospheric Ch_4 and No_2 as measured by haloe and implications for changes in transport[J].Geophys Res Lett,1998,25(7):987-990.
[19]CHANGE I C.The physical science basis:working group I contribution to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change[J].New York:Cambridge University Press,2013,1:535-1.
[20]DOBSONGMB,BREWERAW,CWILONG B.The meteorology of the stratosphere[J].Proc R Soc London,Ser A,1946,185:144-175.
[21]MOTE P W,ROSENLOF K H,MCINTYRE M E,et al.An atmospheric tape recorder:the imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor[J].J Geophys Res:Atmospheres(1984—2012),1996,101(D2):3 9894 006.
[22]FUEGLISTALER S,BONAZZOLA M,HAYNES P H,et al.Stratospheric water vapor predicted from the Lagrangian temperature history of air entering the stratosphere in the tropics[J].J Geophys Res:Atmospheres(1984—2012),2005,110,D08107,doi:10.1029/2004JD005516.
[23]SEIDEL D J,ROSS R J,ANGELL J K,et al.Climatological characteristics of the tropical tropopause as revealed by radiosondes[J].J Geophys Res:Atmospheres(1984—2012),2001,106(D8):7857-7878.
[24]ROSENLOF K H,REID G C.Trends in the temperature and water vapor content of the tropical lower stratosphere:sea surface connection[J].J Geophys Res:Atmospheres(1984—2012),2008,113,D06107,doi:10.1029/2007JD009109.
[25]TIAN W S,CHIPPERFIELD M P.Stratospheric water vapor trends in a coupled chemistry-climate model[J].Geophys Res Lett,2006,33,L06819,doi:10.1029/2005GL024675.
[26]卢峰,王黎娟,郑彬,等.南海地区对流层大气准两年振荡的垂直结构特征[J].热带气象学报,2011,27(4):484.494.
[27]田文寿,田红瑛,商林,等.热带平流层与对流层之间相互作用的研究进展[J].热带气象学报,2011,27(5):765-774.
[28]GETTELMAN A,RANDEL W J,WU F,et al.Transport of water vapor in the tropical tropopause layer[J].Geophys Res Lett,2002,29(1):9-1-94.
[29]FUEGLISTALER S.Stepwise changes in stratospheric water vapor?[J].J Geophys Res:Atmospheres(1984—2012),2012,117,D13302,doi:10.1029/2012JD017582.
[30]RUSSELL J M,GORDLEY L L,PARK J H,et al.The halogen occultation experiment J].J Geophys Res:Atmospheres(1984—2012),1993,98(D6):10 777-10 797.
[31]辛玉姣,田文寿.热带对流层顶层结构的变化特征和趋势[J].气候与环境研究,2011(3):378-388.
[32]徐群.皮纳图博火山云对1992年大范围气候的影响[J].应用气象学报,1995,6(1):25-42.
[33]郑彬.HALOE资料揭示的热带平流层Ch4时空变化特征[J].气候与环境研究,2008,12(2):181-187.
[34]郑彬,施春华.平流层准两年周期振荡对CH4双峰的影响[J].热带气象学报,2008,24(2):111-116.
[35]MONGE B M,CHIPPERFIELD M P,SIMMONS A J,et al.Mean age of air and transport in a CTM:comparison of different ECMWF analyses[J].Geophys Res Lett,2007,34,L04801,doi:10.1029/2006GL028515.
[36]RIENECKER M M,SUAREZ M J,GELARO R,et al.Merra:Nasa's modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications[J].J Climate,2011,24(14):3624-3648.
[37]SAHA S,MOORTHI S,PAN H L,et al.The Ncep climate forecast system reanalysis[J].Bull Amer Meteor Soc,2010,91(8):1 015-1 057.
[38]XIEF,TIANW,AUSTINJ,et al.The effect of ENSO activity on lower stratospheric water vapor[J].Atmos Chemi Phys Discuss,2011,11(2):4 1414 166.
[39]JAKOB C.Cloud cover in the ECMWF reanalysis[J].J Clim,1999,12(4):947-959.
[40]RANDEL W J,WU F,OLTMANS S J,et al.Interannual changes of stratospheric water vapor and correlations with tropical tropopause temperatures[J].J Atmos Sci,2004,61(17):2133-2148.
[41]SIMMONS A J,UNTCH A,JAKOB C,et al.Stratospheric water vapour and tropical tropopause temperatures in ECMWF analyses and multiyear simulations[J].Q J R Meteo Soc,1999,125(553):353-386.
[42]ZHOU X L,GELLER M A,ZHANG M H.Cooling trend of the tropical cold point tropopause temperatures and its implications[J].J Geophys Res:Atmospheres(1984—2012),2001,106(D2):1511-1522.
[43]XIE F,LI J P,TIAN W S,et al.Indo-Pacific warm pool area expansion,modoki activity,and tropical cold-point tropopause temperature variations^].Scientific reports,2014,4:4 552.
[44]SCAIFE A A,BUTCHART N,JACKSON D R,et al.Can changes in ENSO activity help to explain increasing stratospheric water vapor?[J].Geophys Res Lett,2003,30,17,1880,doi:10.1029/2003GL017591.
[45]REID G C,GAGE K S.On the annual variation in height of the tropical tropopause[J].J Atmos Sci,1981,38(9):1 928-1 938.
[46]COLLIMORE C C,MARTIN D W,HITCHMAN M H,et al.On the relationship between the QBO and tropical deep convection[J].J Clim,2003,16(15):2552-2568.
[47]施春华,郑彬,陈月娟,等.热带平流层水汽的准两年周期振荡[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(10):2 428-2 435.
[48]JURY M R.Inter-annual climate modes over Southern Africa from satellite cloud olr 1975—1994[J].Theor Appl Climat,1997,57(34):155-163.
[49]KOUSKY V E.Pentad outgoing longwave radiation climatology for the South American sector[J].Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia,1988,3(1):217-231.
[50]FU R,GENIO A D D,ROSSO W W B.Behavior of deep convective clouds in the tropical Pacific deduced from isccp radiances[J].J Clim,1990,3(10):1129-1152.
[51]WALISER D E,GRAHAM N E,GAUTIER C.Comparison of the highly reflective cloud and outgoing longwave radiation datasets for use in estimating tropical deep convection[J].J Clim,1993,6(2):331-353.
[52]TEITELBAUM H,MOUSTAOUI M,BASDEVANT C,et al.An alternative mechanism explaining the hygropause formation in tropical regions[J].Geophys Res Lett,2000,27(2):221-224.
[53]GRAHAM N E,BARNETT T P.Sea surface temperature,surface wind divergence,and convection over tropical oceans[J].Science,1987,238(4 827):657-659.
[54]LAU K M,WU H T,BONY S.The role of large-scale atmospheric circulation in the relationship between tropical convection and sea surface temperature[J].J Clim,1997,10(3):381-392.
[55]GUTZLER D S,WOOD T M.Structure of large-scale convective anomalies over tropical oceans[J].J Clim,1990,3(4):483-496.
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