滇中地区入侵紫茎泽兰的潜在火行为
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摘要
在滇中昆明西山国家森林公园内紫茎泽兰连续、致密分布区设置样地,进行外业调查、采集样品,在燃烧床内测定和计算枯死紫茎泽兰、凋落物的潜在火行为:点着时间、熄灭时间,辐射热,火焰高度和火强度等。结果表明:枯死紫茎泽兰、凋落物的点燃时间都很短,仅为2 s、3 s,非常易燃;着火后维持燃烧都超过7 min;最大火焰高度都不到1 m;消耗率分别为86.5%、77.0%;火强度分别为2351.2 k W·m-1、2303.9 k W·m-1,均为中强度火。
After selecting field samples of fire sites from Xishan national park,Kunming,where Eupatorium adenophorum is the dominant species and its degree of dominance is a key element in behavior of fire,and by field investigating and lab experiments of fire behaviors,including ignite time,extinguishing time,heat values of radiation,flame height,and fire intensity of dead fuel and litter,the index of fire behaviors can be gained. The results are shown as the following: the ignite time of dead Eupatorium adenophorum and litter are 2s and 3s,respectively,which means they are easily-ignited; the endurance of both flames exceeds 7 minutes,and the maximal flame heights of both are less than 1 meter,and their consuming rates are 86. 5% and 77. 0%,respectively. While their maximal fire intensity are 2351. 2 k W / m and 2303. 9 k W / m,which shows they are medium intensity fires. Their easily-ignited characteristic is due to the low ignite temperature which is below 300 degrees Celsius and their dead leaves are still on their stems. Once on fire,they will release massive amount of heat energy and bring about extinguishing difficulties.
After selecting field samples of fire sites from Xishan national park,Kunming,where Eupatorium adenophorum is the dominant species and its degree of dominance is a key element in behavior of fire,and by field investigating and lab experiments of fire behaviors,including ignite time,extinguishing time,heat values of radiation,flame height,and fire intensity of dead fuel and litter,the index of fire behaviors can be gained. The results are shown as the following: the ignite time of dead Eupatorium adenophorum and litter are 2s and 3s,respectively,which means they are easily-ignited; the endurance of both flames exceeds 7 minutes,and the maximal flame heights of both are less than 1 meter,and their consuming rates are 86. 5% and 77. 0%,respectively. While their maximal fire intensity are 2351. 2 k W / m and 2303. 9 k W / m,which shows they are medium intensity fires. Their easily-ignited characteristic is due to the low ignite temperature which is below 300 degrees Celsius and their dead leaves are still on their stems. Once on fire,they will release massive amount of heat energy and bring about extinguishing difficulties.
引文
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[22]彭明春,彭芳,蒋德盛.昆明西山景观格局研究[J].生态学杂志,2001,20(增刊):52-54.
[23]杨光,黄乔,卢丹,等.森林可燃物负荷量测定方法研究[J].森林防火,2011(2):19-23.
[24]孙龙,鲁佳宇,魏书精,等.森林可燃物载量估测方法研究进展[J].森林工程,2013,29(2):26-31.
[25]孙康,蒋剑春,李静,等.紫茎泽兰制备活性炭及其性质[J].林业科学,2010,46(3):178-182.
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[27]Martin De Luis,Manuel J.Baeza,JoséRaventós,et al,Fuel characteristics and fire behavior in mature Mediterranean gorse shrublands[J].International journal of wildland fire,2004(13):79-87.
[2]Ryan K C.Dynamic Interactions between Forest Structure and Fire Behavior in Boreal Ecosystems[J].Silva Fennica,2002,36(1):13-39.
[3]Bradstock R A,Hammill K A,Collins L.Effects of weather,fuel and terrain on fire severity in topographically diverse landscapes of south-eastern Australia[J].Landscape Ecology,2010,25(4):607-619.
[4]Reinhardt E D,Holsinger L,Keane R.Effects of Biomass Removal Treatments on Stand-Level Fire characteristics in major forest types of the Northern Rocky mountains[J].Western Journal of Applied Forestry,2010,25(1):34-41.
[5]Antti Kilpel inen,Seppo Kellom ki,Harri Strandman,et al.Climate change impacts on forest fire potential in boreal conditions in Finland[J].Climatic Change,2010,103(3~4):383-398.
[6]舒立福,王明玉,田晓瑞,等.关于森林燃烧火行为特征参数的计算与表述[J].林业科学,2004,40(3):179-183.
[7]田晓瑞,赵凤君,李红,等.低强度火烧对长白山林区蒙古栎林的影响[J].自然灾害学报,2007,16(1):66-70.
[8]梁峻,周礼洋,叶枝茂.云南松林内可燃物与计划烧除火行为的相关分析[J].福建林业科技,2009,36(1):49-53.
[9]章文杰,王秋华,肖慧娟,等.思茅松林的可燃物与火行为研究[J].林业调查规划,2011,36(3):65-68.
[10]金森,刘礴霏,邸雪颖,等.平地无风条件下蒙古栎阔叶床层的火行为Ⅰ.蔓延速率影响因子与预测模型[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(1):51-59.
[11]张吉利,刘礴霏,邸雪颖,等.平地无风条件下蒙古栎阔叶床层的火行为Ⅱ.火焰长度和驻留时间影响因子分析与预测模型[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(11):3149-3156.
[12]孙武,牛树奎,赵蓓,等.大岗山地区主要林型可燃物调查与林火行为[J].江西农业大学学报,2012,34(6):1171-1179.
[13]Ffre'de'ric Morandini,Xavier Silvani,Lucile Rossi,et al.Fire spread experiment across Mediterranean shrub:Influence of wind on flame front properties[J].Fire Safety Journal,2006(41):229-235.
[14]Thomas W.Mc Ginnis,Jon E.Keeley,Scott L.Stephens,et al.Fuel buildup and potential fire behavior after stand-replacing fires,logging fire-killed trees and herbicide shrub removal in Sierra Nevada forests[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2010(260):22-35.
[15]Scott L.Stephens,Jason J.Moghaddas.Experimental fuel treatment impacts on forest structure,potential fire behavior,and predicted tree mortality in a California mixed conifer forest[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2005,(215):21-36.
[16]王秋华,肖慧娟,李世友,等.基于Behave Plus的昆明西山国家森林公园潜在火行为研究[J].浙江林业科技,2013,33(4):43-48.
[17]张修玉,许振成,宋巍巍,等.紫茎泽(Eupatorium adenophorum)入侵地的生物多样性[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(7):1525-1531.
[18]程德荣.紫茎泽兰生活史特性及其治理分析[J].草地生态,2012(12):24-26.
[19]王恒颖,欧晓昆.昆明西山常见草本植物在不同群落中的关联性研究[J].云南大学学报:自然科学版,2008,30(S2):391-397.
[20]金振洲,彭鉴.昆明植被[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,1998.
[21]赵耘,舒清态,刘安华,等.西山森林公园森林景观分类与排序研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2010,32(6):1202-1208.
[22]彭明春,彭芳,蒋德盛.昆明西山景观格局研究[J].生态学杂志,2001,20(增刊):52-54.
[23]杨光,黄乔,卢丹,等.森林可燃物负荷量测定方法研究[J].森林防火,2011(2):19-23.
[24]孙龙,鲁佳宇,魏书精,等.森林可燃物载量估测方法研究进展[J].森林工程,2013,29(2):26-31.
[25]孙康,蒋剑春,李静,等.紫茎泽兰制备活性炭及其性质[J].林业科学,2010,46(3):178-182.
[26]韩昭沧.燃料及燃烧[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2007.
[27]Martin De Luis,Manuel J.Baeza,JoséRaventós,et al,Fuel characteristics and fire behavior in mature Mediterranean gorse shrublands[J].International journal of wildland fire,2004(13):79-87.