月球Gardner火山区地质特征及其火山活动历史
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摘要
Gardner火山区位于月球正面东侧,澄海与静海之间,区域内发育有丰富的火山形貌特征,是研究月球火山活动及其热演化的理想对象.本文利用新近获得的高分辨率影像、高程及多光谱等数据,对Gardner火山区地形地貌、元素分布等进行了详细的分析.研究结果表明,该区域存在穹窿、山脊、陡崖等多种地貌,区域表面铁钛丰度分别为11–17 wt%和1–3 wt%.结合撞击坑统计定年结果,本文认为Gardner区域在酒海纪晚期至雨海纪(3.90–3.54 Ga)经历了三期火山活动,产物以低钛玄武岩为主,其喷发规模随时间变化逐步减小.该区域漫长的火山活动历史使其成为研究月球火山作用和热演化的理想区域,可作为我国未来月球探测任务的备选着陆点.
Lunar volcanic complexes are prominent features with a high concentration of various volcanic characteristics. They are ideal objects to study the lunar nearside volcanic activity and its thermal evolution. The Gardner volcanic complex is located in the nearside of the Moon, between Mare Serenitatis and Mare Tranquillitatis. It has a series of volcanic features, such as domes and rilles, which make it an ideal object to study the lunar volcanic history. In this study, we make use of recent high-resolution lunar images(Terrain Camera, TC) and multispectral data(Clementine UVVIS) to study the topography, geomorphologic features, iron and titanium contents, and the geochronology of the Gardner volcanic complex. We identified and analyzed different geomorphologic features, such as impact craters, domes, massifs,scarps, and a suspected fault. Spectral analyses indicated that the Gardner region is covered by low-Ti basalt. Absolute model ages of the different units in the Gardner region were obtained using crater size-frequency distribution(CSFD)measurement. The results show that Gardner may have experienced three periods of volcanic activities, which were aged between Nectarian and Imbrium. The volcanic eruption may decrease with time. The relatively high crustal density and the positive Bouguer gravity anomaly of Gardner show that the Gardner volcanic complex is composed of dense volcanic materials on the surface and in the subsurface. An irregular steep-sided depression is located in the central area of the Gardner plateau, which is different from the depression caused by impacting. We suggest that this depression could be a caldera and is once a possible vent responsible for the emplacement of surrounding lava flows. The long history of volcanic activities in this region makes it an ideal area to study the lunar nearside volcanism and thermal evolution, and we suggest it as a candidate landing site for China's future lunar exploration missions.
Lunar volcanic complexes are prominent features with a high concentration of various volcanic characteristics. They are ideal objects to study the lunar nearside volcanic activity and its thermal evolution. The Gardner volcanic complex is located in the nearside of the Moon, between Mare Serenitatis and Mare Tranquillitatis. It has a series of volcanic features, such as domes and rilles, which make it an ideal object to study the lunar volcanic history. In this study, we make use of recent high-resolution lunar images(Terrain Camera, TC) and multispectral data(Clementine UVVIS) to study the topography, geomorphologic features, iron and titanium contents, and the geochronology of the Gardner volcanic complex. We identified and analyzed different geomorphologic features, such as impact craters, domes, massifs,scarps, and a suspected fault. Spectral analyses indicated that the Gardner region is covered by low-Ti basalt. Absolute model ages of the different units in the Gardner region were obtained using crater size-frequency distribution(CSFD)measurement. The results show that Gardner may have experienced three periods of volcanic activities, which were aged between Nectarian and Imbrium. The volcanic eruption may decrease with time. The relatively high crustal density and the positive Bouguer gravity anomaly of Gardner show that the Gardner volcanic complex is composed of dense volcanic materials on the surface and in the subsurface. An irregular steep-sided depression is located in the central area of the Gardner plateau, which is different from the depression caused by impacting. We suggest that this depression could be a caldera and is once a possible vent responsible for the emplacement of surrounding lava flows. The long history of volcanic activities in this region makes it an ideal area to study the lunar nearside volcanism and thermal evolution, and we suggest it as a candidate landing site for China's future lunar exploration missions.
引文
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9 Zhang F,Zhu M H,Bugiolacchi R,et al.Diversity of basaltic lunar volcanism associated with buried impact structures:Implications for intrusive and extrusive events.Icarus,2018,307:216-234
10 Michaut C,Pinel V.Magma ascent and eruption triggered by cratering on the Moon.Geophys Res Lett,2018,45:6408-6416
11 Evans A J,Soderblom J M,Andrews-Hanna J C,et al.Identification of buried lunar impact craters from GRAIL data and implications for the nearside maria.Geophys Res Lett,2016,43:2445-2455
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14 Smith D E,Zuber M T,Jackson G B,et al.The lunar orbiter laser altimeter investigation on the lunar reconnaissance orbiter mission.Space Sci Rev,2010,150:209-241
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16 Nozette S,Rustan P,Pleasance L P,et al.The Clementine mission to the Moon:Scientific overview.Science,1994,266:1835-1839
17 Lucey P G,Blewett D T,Jolliff B L.Lunar iron and titanium abundance algorithms based on final processing of Clementine ultraviolet-visible images.J Geophys Res,2000,105:20297-20305
18 Melosh H J.Impact Cratering:A Geologic Process.New York:Oxford University Press,1989
19 Greeley R.Lava tubes and channels in the lunar Marius Hills.Moon,1971,3:289-314
20 Head J W,Gifford A.Lunar mare domes:Classification and modes of origin.Moon Planets,1980,22:235-258
21 Zhao J N,Xiao L,Qiao L,et al.The Mons Rümker volcanic complex of the Moon:A candidate landing site for the Chang’E-5 mission.JGeophys Res Planets,2017,122:1419-1442
22 Huang J,Xiao L,He X,et al.Geological characteristics and model ages of Marius Hills on the Moon.J Earth Sci,2011,22:601-609
23 Lucey P G,Blewett D T,Hawke B R.Mapping the FeO and TiO2content of the lunar surface with multispectral imagery.J Geophys Res,1998,103:3679-3699
24 Gillis J J,Jolliff B L,Elphic R C.A revised algorithm for calculating TiO2from Clementine UVVIS data:A synthesis of rock,soil,and remotely sensed TiO2concentrations.J Geophys Res,2003,108:5009
25 Giguere T A,Taylor G J,Hawke B R,et al.The titanium contents of lunar mare basalts.Meteoritics Planet Sci,2000,35:193-200
26 Neukum G,Koenig B,Fechtig H,et al.Cratering in the Earth-Moon system-Consequences for age determination by crater counting.In:6th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.New York:Lunar and Planetary Institute,1975.2597-2620
27 Hiesinger H,Jaumann R,Neukam G,et al.Ages of mare basalts on the lunar nearside.J Geophys Res,2000,105:29239-29275
28 Shirley K A,Zanetti M,Jolliff B,et al.Crater size-frequency distribution measurements and age of the Compton-Belkovich volcanic complex.Icarus,2016,273:214-223
29 Neukum G,Ivanov B A,Hartmann W K.Cratering records in the inner solar system in relation to the lunar reference system.Space Sci Rev,2001,96:55-86
30 Michael G G,Neukum G.Planetary surface dating from crater size-frequency distribution measurements:Partial resurfacing events and statistical age uncertainty.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2010,294:223-229
31 Zhao J N,Huang J,Xiao L,et al.Crater size-frequency distribution measurements and age determination of sinus Iridum(in Chinese).Earth Sci-JChina Univ Geosci,2013,38:351-361[赵健楠,黄俊,肖龙,等.撞击坑统计定年法及对月球虹湾地区的定年结果.地球科学,2013,38:351-361]
32 Qiao L,Xiao L,Zhao J N,et al.Geological features and magmatic activities history of sinus Iridum,the Moon(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2013,43:1370-1386[乔乐,肖龙,赵健楠,等.月球虹湾地区地质特征解译及岩浆活动历史研究.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2013,43:1370-1386]
33 Huang Q,Xiao Z,Xiao L.Subsurface structures of large volcanic complexes on the nearside of the Moon:A view from GRAIL gravity.Icarus,2014,243:48-57
34 Wieczorek M A,Neumann G A,Nimmo F,et al.The crust of the Moon as seen by GRAIL.Science,2013,339:671-675
35 Huang Q,Xiao L,Ping J S,et al.Density and lithospheric thickness of the Marius Hills shield volcano on the Moon(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2013,43:1395-1402[黄倩,肖龙,平劲松,等.月球Marius Hills盾形火山密度和岩石圈弹性厚度.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2013,43:1395-1402]
36 Charles F.Volcanoes of the Solar System.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996
37 Rosaly M C,Tracy K P.Volcanic Worlds-Exploring the Solar System’s Volcanoes.Chichester:Praxis,2004
38 Xiao L,Qiao L,Xiao Z Y,et al.Major scientific objectives and candidate landing sites suggested for future lunar explorations(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2016,46:029602[肖龙,乔乐,肖智勇,等.月球着陆探测值得关注的主要科学问题及着陆区选址建议.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2016,46:029602]
39 Qian Y Q,Xiao L,Zhao S Y,et al.Geology and scientific significance of the Rümker region in Northern Oceanus Procellarum:China’s Chang’E-5 landing region.J Geophys Res Planets,2018,123:1407-1430
2 Jolliff B L,Wieczorek M A,Shearer C K,et al.New Views of the Moon.Chantilly V A:Mineralogical Society of America,2006
3 Xu Y G.Mare basalts and lunar evolution(in Chinese).Geochimica,2010,39:50-62[徐义刚.月海玄武岩与月球演化.地球化学,2010,39:50-62]
4 Xiao L.Planetary Geology(in Chinese).Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2013[肖龙.行星地质学.北京:地质出版社,2013]
5 Spudis P D,McGovern P J,Kiefer W S.Large shield volcanoes on the Moon.J Geophys Res Planets,2013,118:1063-1081
6 Wilhelms D E,McCauley J F.Geologic map of the near side of the Moon(Map I-703).Denver:US Geological Survey,1971
7 Wood C A,Higgins W,Pau K C,et al.The Lamont-Gardner megadome alignment:A Lunar volcano-tectonic structure?In:36th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Texas:Lunar and Planetary Institute,2005.#1116
8 Tye A R,Head J W.Mare Tranquillitatis:Distribution of mare domes,relation to broad mare rise,and evidence of a previously unrecognized basin from LOLA altimetric data.In:44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Texas:Lunar and Planetary Institute,2013.#1319
9 Zhang F,Zhu M H,Bugiolacchi R,et al.Diversity of basaltic lunar volcanism associated with buried impact structures:Implications for intrusive and extrusive events.Icarus,2018,307:216-234
10 Michaut C,Pinel V.Magma ascent and eruption triggered by cratering on the Moon.Geophys Res Lett,2018,45:6408-6416
11 Evans A J,Soderblom J M,Andrews-Hanna J C,et al.Identification of buried lunar impact craters from GRAIL data and implications for the nearside maria.Geophys Res Lett,2016,43:2445-2455
12 Haruyama J,Matsunaga T,Ohtake M,et al.Global lunar-surface mapping experiment using the Lunar Imager/Spectrometer on SELENE.Earth Planet Sp,2008,60:243-255
13 Haruyama J,Hara S,Hioki K,et al.Lunar global digital terrain model dataset produced from SELENE(Kaguya)terrain camera stereo observations.In:43th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.Texas:Lunar and Planetary Institute,2012.#1200
14 Smith D E,Zuber M T,Jackson G B,et al.The lunar orbiter laser altimeter investigation on the lunar reconnaissance orbiter mission.Space Sci Rev,2010,150:209-241
15 Smith D E,Zuber M T,Neumann G A,et al.Initial observations from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter(LOLA).Geophys Res Lett,2010,37:L18204
16 Nozette S,Rustan P,Pleasance L P,et al.The Clementine mission to the Moon:Scientific overview.Science,1994,266:1835-1839
17 Lucey P G,Blewett D T,Jolliff B L.Lunar iron and titanium abundance algorithms based on final processing of Clementine ultraviolet-visible images.J Geophys Res,2000,105:20297-20305
18 Melosh H J.Impact Cratering:A Geologic Process.New York:Oxford University Press,1989
19 Greeley R.Lava tubes and channels in the lunar Marius Hills.Moon,1971,3:289-314
20 Head J W,Gifford A.Lunar mare domes:Classification and modes of origin.Moon Planets,1980,22:235-258
21 Zhao J N,Xiao L,Qiao L,et al.The Mons Rümker volcanic complex of the Moon:A candidate landing site for the Chang’E-5 mission.JGeophys Res Planets,2017,122:1419-1442
22 Huang J,Xiao L,He X,et al.Geological characteristics and model ages of Marius Hills on the Moon.J Earth Sci,2011,22:601-609
23 Lucey P G,Blewett D T,Hawke B R.Mapping the FeO and TiO2content of the lunar surface with multispectral imagery.J Geophys Res,1998,103:3679-3699
24 Gillis J J,Jolliff B L,Elphic R C.A revised algorithm for calculating TiO2from Clementine UVVIS data:A synthesis of rock,soil,and remotely sensed TiO2concentrations.J Geophys Res,2003,108:5009
25 Giguere T A,Taylor G J,Hawke B R,et al.The titanium contents of lunar mare basalts.Meteoritics Planet Sci,2000,35:193-200
26 Neukum G,Koenig B,Fechtig H,et al.Cratering in the Earth-Moon system-Consequences for age determination by crater counting.In:6th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference.New York:Lunar and Planetary Institute,1975.2597-2620
27 Hiesinger H,Jaumann R,Neukam G,et al.Ages of mare basalts on the lunar nearside.J Geophys Res,2000,105:29239-29275
28 Shirley K A,Zanetti M,Jolliff B,et al.Crater size-frequency distribution measurements and age of the Compton-Belkovich volcanic complex.Icarus,2016,273:214-223
29 Neukum G,Ivanov B A,Hartmann W K.Cratering records in the inner solar system in relation to the lunar reference system.Space Sci Rev,2001,96:55-86
30 Michael G G,Neukum G.Planetary surface dating from crater size-frequency distribution measurements:Partial resurfacing events and statistical age uncertainty.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2010,294:223-229
31 Zhao J N,Huang J,Xiao L,et al.Crater size-frequency distribution measurements and age determination of sinus Iridum(in Chinese).Earth Sci-JChina Univ Geosci,2013,38:351-361[赵健楠,黄俊,肖龙,等.撞击坑统计定年法及对月球虹湾地区的定年结果.地球科学,2013,38:351-361]
32 Qiao L,Xiao L,Zhao J N,et al.Geological features and magmatic activities history of sinus Iridum,the Moon(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2013,43:1370-1386[乔乐,肖龙,赵健楠,等.月球虹湾地区地质特征解译及岩浆活动历史研究.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2013,43:1370-1386]
33 Huang Q,Xiao Z,Xiao L.Subsurface structures of large volcanic complexes on the nearside of the Moon:A view from GRAIL gravity.Icarus,2014,243:48-57
34 Wieczorek M A,Neumann G A,Nimmo F,et al.The crust of the Moon as seen by GRAIL.Science,2013,339:671-675
35 Huang Q,Xiao L,Ping J S,et al.Density and lithospheric thickness of the Marius Hills shield volcano on the Moon(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2013,43:1395-1402[黄倩,肖龙,平劲松,等.月球Marius Hills盾形火山密度和岩石圈弹性厚度.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2013,43:1395-1402]
36 Charles F.Volcanoes of the Solar System.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1996
37 Rosaly M C,Tracy K P.Volcanic Worlds-Exploring the Solar System’s Volcanoes.Chichester:Praxis,2004
38 Xiao L,Qiao L,Xiao Z Y,et al.Major scientific objectives and candidate landing sites suggested for future lunar explorations(in Chinese).Sci Sin-Phys Mech Astron,2016,46:029602[肖龙,乔乐,肖智勇,等.月球着陆探测值得关注的主要科学问题及着陆区选址建议.中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2016,46:029602]
39 Qian Y Q,Xiao L,Zhao S Y,et al.Geology and scientific significance of the Rümker region in Northern Oceanus Procellarum:China’s Chang’E-5 landing region.J Geophys Res Planets,2018,123:1407-1430
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