旅游本质的探讨——回顾、共识与展望
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摘要
从西方哲学的角度回答"旅游的本质是什么",很难形成普适而统一的旅游本质论。目前,关于旅游本质的结论众多,这源于西方哲学历史发展的特点以及研究者思辨能力不同。文章对现有旅游本质结论进行了回顾,认为哲学分析是旅游本质研究的主要角度。在西方哲学的视野下,旅游本质的研究大致归为两类,一类是基于亚里士多德的本质理论,主要聚焦于旅游的概念性定义;另一类是基于现象学领域,主要围绕胡塞尔现象学以及海德格尔现象学进行讨论,两个典型的研究结论分别为"体验"与"人诗意地栖居"。在现象学领域内,文章提出了生活世界是旅游本质研究视角的观点。同时,基于西方哲学的发展史,提出了旅游本质研究的4个展望,认为旅游本质应该区分旅游者的"类"本质与"个体"本质,旅游本质应置于一定的历史条件下考察,且不是永恒不变的,旅游本质研究应该注重哲学思维与科学研究的结合,旅游本质研究为旅游学科体系的建设提供了一种多元化的思维逻辑。
Although there are many theories regarding the essence of tourism, there is no consensus in academia regarding a definitive meaning. Different scholars have reached different conclusions, and there are two reasons for this. First, scholars follow different philosophical ideas in the study of the essence of tourism, and different philosophers have different ways of understanding and explaining the world and the essence of things. Second, different scholars have different analytical skills, and it is therefore possible to reach different conclusions on the essence of tourism.This research reviews the different views on the essence of the tourism. While there are many research perspectives, this study is conducted from a philosophical one. Both Xie Yanjun and Yang Zhenzhi have put forward their theories on"essence": Xie Yanjuns definition of experience continues to gain greater acceptance, and Yang Zhenzhi criticizes"experience"and proposes that the essence of the tourism is "man dwells poetically on this earth." However, "experience" and "man dwells poetically on this earth"are solely based on a certain stage of phenomenology, and as such these two conclusions ignore the overall development of philosophy. It is problematic to analyze problems from a static perspective; hence, their conclusions are not proved.This study does not seek to exactly define the essence of tourism; instead, it hopes to reach a research consensus and form a research prospect based on present academic research. Research on the essence of tourism can be classified into two categories: one focuses on the conceptual definition of tourism based on Aristotle's definition of essence, and the other on life-world based on phenomenology. It is argued here that the essence of tourism should be distinguished between a tourist's class essence and individual essence. Furthermore, the essence of tourism is not a fixed rule that should be investigated within a certain historical context, and a combination of both philosophy and scientific research is also important. Finally, the essence of tourism simply provides a variety of logical thinking for the construction of the discipline of tourism studies.Looking at the process of Western philosophy development, this study holds that there are two different perspectives seeking to determine the essence of tourism. On one hand, different philosophical thoughts can obtain different conclusions on the essence of tourism based on essentialism. On the other,the essence of tourism may not exist based on anti-essentialism. Hence, it is difficult to answer the question"what is the essence of tourism"from the perspective of Western philosophy. Thus, this topic will continue to be remain controversial. However, from the perspective of Western philosophy, it is important to promote a deep theoretical exploration into the essence of tourism, as it has great practical significance to better understand both tourism and human life.
Although there are many theories regarding the essence of tourism, there is no consensus in academia regarding a definitive meaning. Different scholars have reached different conclusions, and there are two reasons for this. First, scholars follow different philosophical ideas in the study of the essence of tourism, and different philosophers have different ways of understanding and explaining the world and the essence of things. Second, different scholars have different analytical skills, and it is therefore possible to reach different conclusions on the essence of tourism.This research reviews the different views on the essence of the tourism. While there are many research perspectives, this study is conducted from a philosophical one. Both Xie Yanjun and Yang Zhenzhi have put forward their theories on"essence": Xie Yanjuns definition of experience continues to gain greater acceptance, and Yang Zhenzhi criticizes"experience"and proposes that the essence of the tourism is "man dwells poetically on this earth." However, "experience" and "man dwells poetically on this earth"are solely based on a certain stage of phenomenology, and as such these two conclusions ignore the overall development of philosophy. It is problematic to analyze problems from a static perspective; hence, their conclusions are not proved.This study does not seek to exactly define the essence of tourism; instead, it hopes to reach a research consensus and form a research prospect based on present academic research. Research on the essence of tourism can be classified into two categories: one focuses on the conceptual definition of tourism based on Aristotle's definition of essence, and the other on life-world based on phenomenology. It is argued here that the essence of tourism should be distinguished between a tourist's class essence and individual essence. Furthermore, the essence of tourism is not a fixed rule that should be investigated within a certain historical context, and a combination of both philosophy and scientific research is also important. Finally, the essence of tourism simply provides a variety of logical thinking for the construction of the discipline of tourism studies.Looking at the process of Western philosophy development, this study holds that there are two different perspectives seeking to determine the essence of tourism. On one hand, different philosophical thoughts can obtain different conclusions on the essence of tourism based on essentialism. On the other,the essence of tourism may not exist based on anti-essentialism. Hence, it is difficult to answer the question"what is the essence of tourism"from the perspective of Western philosophy. Thus, this topic will continue to be remain controversial. However, from the perspective of Western philosophy, it is important to promote a deep theoretical exploration into the essence of tourism, as it has great practical significance to better understand both tourism and human life.
引文
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(1)在这里属比种大,这种情况在逻辑学中出现较多,也是目前采用比较多的一种表述形式,本文中采用这一表述为了便于有关研究。但是国内也有学者将其理解为“种加属差”的定义方式,这种情况多见于《亚里士多德全集》中文版的翻译。例如,在《亚里士多德全集》的《论题篇》中,原文为:必须把被定义者置于种中,然后再加上属差[1]471。作者在文中引用亚里士多德相关内容时,对种与属的位置关系已经进行了对调。
(1)现实中旅游者本身必然是作为某一类群体而存在的,如教师、商人、演员等。但这里提到的旅游者是指在旅游活动发生过程时,该群体所扮演的主要角色,即一类特殊的群体——旅游者群体,此时这部分群体已经不再是所谓的教师、商人、演员等。
[2]CAO Shitu,CAO Guoxin,DENG Su.Philosophical analysis of the essence of tourism[J].Tourism Science,2011,25(1):80-87.[曹诗图,曹国新,邓苏.对旅游本质的哲学辨析[J].旅游科学,2011,25(1):80-87.]
[3]CHEN Gang.The aesthetic essence of tourism[J].Tourism Tribune,1992,7(4):50-52.[陈刚.论旅游的审美本质[J].旅游学刊,1992,7(4):50-52.]
[4]LIN Zao,YUAN Jieling.The essence of tourism and aesthetic orientation based on the theory of life esthetics[J].Social Sciences in Guizhou,2003,(6):53-56.[林早,袁洁玲.从生命美学的角度考察旅游的本质及审美导向[J].贵州社会科学,2003,(6):53-56.]
[5]SHEN Changzhi.A research on the phenomena,attributes and essence of tourism[J].Tourism Forum,2014,7(6):12-17;31.[沈长智.邹议旅游的现象、属性与本质[J].旅游论坛,2014,7(6):12-17;31.]
[6]WANG Deli.A research on the concept,essence and planning of tourism[J].Research of Economics and Business,1996,(6):40-43.[王德利.论旅游的概念、本质和规划[J].经贸研究,1996,(6):40-43.]
[7]DENG Hui.A study on the essence of tourism[J].Journal of South-central University for Nationalities:Humanities and Social Sciences,2009,29(2):133-136.[邓辉.旅游本质探微[J].中南民族大学学报:人文社会科学版,2009,29(2):133-136.]
[8]ZHOU Xiao.Anthropologic visual angle:Research on the essence and impacts on social culture of tourism[J].Journal of Hubei University:Philosophy and Social Science,2003,30(5):114-116.[周霄.人类学视野--论旅游的本质及其社会文化影响[J].湖北大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2003,30(5):114-116.]
[9]CAO Guoxin,SONG Xiujian.A research on the appear,development and essence of tourism based on the theory of embryology[J].Journal of East China Normal University:Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition,2004,36(3):116-120.[曹国新,宋修建.旅游的发生、发展及其本质--一种基于发生学的考察[J].华东师范大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2004,36(3):116-120.]
[10]MA Yaofeng,BAI Kai.A probe into the essence of tourism based on the theory of human science and systematology[J].Tourism Science,2007,21(3):27-31.[马耀峰,白凯.基于人学和系统论的旅游本质的探讨[J].旅游科学,2007,21(3):27-31.]
[11]LIU Song,LYU Peng,LYU Dongyang.A discussion on the essence of tourism from the perspective of leisure[J].Journal of Guilin Institute of Tourism,2008,19(1):24-26;30.[刘松,吕鹏,吕冬阳.论“休闲”视阀的旅游本质[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,2008,19(1):24-26;30.]
[12]LI Guangquan,CUI Xiang.A discussion on study method and the essence of tourism[J].Journal of Guilin Institute of Tourism,1999,(S):32-34.[李广全,崔庠.旅游的研究方法及旅游本质的探讨[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,1999,(S):32-34.]
[13]XIE Yanjun.On the essence and features of tourism[J].Tourism Tribune,1998,(4):41-44;63.[谢彦君.论旅游的本质与特征[J].旅游学刊,1998,(4):41-44;63.]
[14]CHEN Cai.A discussion on the essence of tourism.[J].Tourism Science,2000,(4):16-18.[陈才.旅游本质探析[J].旅游科学,2000,(4):16-18.]
[15]LI Fengsheng.Thoughts on tourism education based on the essence of tourism[J].Journal of Guilin Institute of Tourism,2008,19(1):1-2;6.[李丰生.基于对旅游本质认识的旅游教育问题思考[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,2008,19(1):1-2;6.]
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(1)在这里属比种大,这种情况在逻辑学中出现较多,也是目前采用比较多的一种表述形式,本文中采用这一表述为了便于有关研究。但是国内也有学者将其理解为“种加属差”的定义方式,这种情况多见于《亚里士多德全集》中文版的翻译。例如,在《亚里士多德全集》的《论题篇》中,原文为:必须把被定义者置于种中,然后再加上属差[1]471。作者在文中引用亚里士多德相关内容时,对种与属的位置关系已经进行了对调。
(1)现实中旅游者本身必然是作为某一类群体而存在的,如教师、商人、演员等。但这里提到的旅游者是指在旅游活动发生过程时,该群体所扮演的主要角色,即一类特殊的群体——旅游者群体,此时这部分群体已经不再是所谓的教师、商人、演员等。