基于种子法的海菖蒲海草床恢复
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摘要
海草床有重要的生态服务功能,与红树林、珊瑚礁并称为海洋三大典型生态系统。但由于人类活动的干扰及气候变化的影响,其分布面积在全球范围内急剧下降,海草床保护和恢复已成为海洋生态学的研究热点。研究首次尝试在野外用种子法对热带海草优势种海菖蒲进行生态恢复,并探究影响种子萌发及幼苗生长的因素。结果表明,埋藏深度及种子保护对海菖蒲种子的萌发率影响显著。埋藏深度为6cm时,海菖蒲种子的萌发率仅为1.25%,大部分种子腐烂失活。埋藏深度为2cm时,网袋埋藏种子的萌发率高达96.10%,但直接埋藏种子的萌发率远远低于用网袋保护的种子,这可能是由于生物扰动或动物捕食增加了种子的流失。春季大型藻类和附着藻类的爆发是导致海菖蒲幼苗生长受阻、成活率降低的主要因素之一。
Although seagrass meadows play a key role in ecosystem services by providing high productivity, their distribution areas have been declining sharply, resulting from global climate change and increased human pressures. Therefore, it is urgent to strengthen the protection and restoration for seagrasses. In this study, we tried to use seed planting method to recover the Enhalus acoroides meadow in Li'an Lagoon. Results showed that the burial depth and mesh bag protection profoundly affected the seed germination. When the burial depth was 6 cm, seed germination was very low, at 1.25%. Seeds buried in 2-cm depth with mesh bag protection showed a much higher seedling establishment(96.10%) than the seeds without protection(5.88%) in the first month, indicating that seed loss negatively affected the seed germination rate. The survival of seedlings decreased to 24.4% after three months, probably due to macroalgal blooms in the early spring.
Although seagrass meadows play a key role in ecosystem services by providing high productivity, their distribution areas have been declining sharply, resulting from global climate change and increased human pressures. Therefore, it is urgent to strengthen the protection and restoration for seagrasses. In this study, we tried to use seed planting method to recover the Enhalus acoroides meadow in Li'an Lagoon. Results showed that the burial depth and mesh bag protection profoundly affected the seed germination. When the burial depth was 6 cm, seed germination was very low, at 1.25%. Seeds buried in 2-cm depth with mesh bag protection showed a much higher seedling establishment(96.10%) than the seeds without protection(5.88%) in the first month, indicating that seed loss negatively affected the seed germination rate. The survival of seedlings decreased to 24.4% after three months, probably due to macroalgal blooms in the early spring.
引文
陈石泉,王道儒,吴钟解,等,2015.海南岛东海岸海草床近10a变化趋势探讨[J].海洋环境科学,34(1):48-53.CHENSHIQUAN,WANG DAORU,WU ZHONGJIE,et al,2015.Discussion of the change trend of the seagrass beds in the east coast of Hainan Island in nearly a decade[J].Marine Environmental Science,34(1):48-53(in Chinese with English abstract).
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李森,范航清,邱广龙,等,2010.海草床恢复研究进展[J].生态学报,30(9):2443-2453.LI SEN,FAN HANGQING,QIUGUANGLONG,et al,2010.Review on research of seagrass beds restoration[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,30(9):2443-2453(in Chinese with English abstract).
刘鹏,周毅,刘炳舰,等,2013.大叶藻海草床的生态恢复:根茎棉线绑石移植法及其效果[J].海洋科学,37(10):1-8.LIU PENG,ZHOU YI,LIU BINGJIAN,et al,2013.Transplantation of eelgrass(Zostera marina L.)in Huiquan Bay using rhizomes bound to a small elongate stone with bio-degradable cotton thread[J].Marine Sciences,37(10):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
杨阳,高抒,周亮,等,2016.海南岛东南部新村港和黎安港潮汐特征及潮汐汊道P-A关系[J].第四纪研究,36(1):163-172.YANG YANG,GAO SHU,ZHOU LIANG,et al,2016.Analysis of tides and P-A relationships of Xincun and Li-an lagoons,Southeastern Hainan Island[J].Quaternary Sciences,36(1):163-172(in Chinese with English abstract).
郑凤英,邱广龙,范航清,等,2013.中国海草的多样性、分布及保护[J].生物多样性,21(5):517-526.ZHENG FENGYING,QIU GUANGLONG,FAN HANGQING,et al,2013.Diversity,distribution and conservation of Chinese seagrass species[J].Biodiversity Science,21(5):517 526(in Chinese with English abstract).
AMBO-RAPPE R,YASIR I,2015.The effect of storage condition on viability of Enhalus acoroides seedlings[J].Aquatic Botany,127:57-61.
BALESTRI E,LARDICCI C,2008.First evidence of a massive recruitment event in Posidonia oceanica:spatial variation in first-year seedling abundance on a heterogeneous substrate[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,76(3):634-641.
BALESTRI E,PIAZZI L,CINELLI F,1998.Survival and growth of transplanted and natural seedlings of Posidonia oceanica(L.)Delile in a damaged coastal area[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,228(2):209-225.
COSTANZA R,D’ARGE R,DE GROOT R,et al,1997.The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,387(6630):253-260.
DEN HARTOG C,1970.The sea-grasses of the world[M].Amsterdam:North Holland.
DUARTE C M,URI J S,AGAWIN N S R,et al,1997.Flowering frequency of Philippine seagrasses[J].Botanica Marina,40(1-6):497-500.
FISHMAN J R,ORTH R J,1996.Effects of predation on Zostera marina L.seed abundance[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,198(1):11-26.
HARWELL M C,ORTH R J,1999.Eelgrass(Zostera marina L.)seed protection for field experiments and implications for large-scale restoration[J].Aquatic Botany,64(1):51-61.
INFANTES E,CROUZY C,MOKSNES P O,2016.Seed predation by the shore crab Carcinus maenas:a positive feedback preventing eelgrass recovery?[J].PLoS One,11(12):e0168128.
KENWORTHY W J,HALL M O,HAMMERSTROM K K,et al,2018.Restoration of tropical seagrass beds using wild bird fertilization and sediment regrading[J].Ecological Engineering,112:72-81.
LACAP C D A,VERMAAT J E,ROLLON R N,et al,2002.Propagule dispersal of the SE Asian seagrasses Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,235:75-80.
MARBàN,DUARTE C M,1998.Rhizome elongation and seagrass clonal growth[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,174:269-280.
MARION S R,ORTH R J,2010.Innovative techniques for large-scale seagrass restoration using Zostera marina(eelgrass)seeds[J].Restoration Ecology,18(4):514-526.
MAZARRASA I,MARBàN,LOVELOCK C E,et al,2015.Seagrass meadows as a globally significant carbonate reservoir[J].Biogeosciences,12(16):4993-5003.
NAKAOKA M,2002.Predation on seeds of seagrasses Zostera marina and Zostera caulescens by a tanaid crustacean Zeuxo sp.[J].Aquatic Botany,72(2):99-106.
ORTH R J,CARRUTHERS T J B,DENNISON W C,et al,2006a.A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems[J].Bioscience,56(12):987-996.
ORTH R J,KENDRICK G A,MARION S R,2007.Posidonia australis seed predation in seagrass habitats of Two Peoples Bay,Western Australia[J].Aquatic Botany,86(1):83-85.
ORTH R J,LUCKENBACH M L,MARION S R,et al,2006b.Seagrass recovery in the Delmarva Coastal Bays,USA[J].Aquatic Botany,84(1):26-36.
R CORE TEAM,2017.R:A language and environment for statistical computing[EB/OL].R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna,Austria.https://www.R-project.org/.
REYNOLDS L K,WAYCOTT M,MCGLATHERY K J,et al,2012.Eelgrass restoration by seed maintains genetic diversity:case study from a coastal bay system[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,448:223-233.
ROLLóN R N,DE RUYTER VAN STEVENINCK E D,VANVIERSSEN W,2003.Spatio-temporal variation in sexual reproduction of the tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides(L.f.)Royle in Cape Bolinao,NW Philippines[J].Aquatic Botany,76(4):339-354.
STRYDOM S,MCMAHON K,KENDRICK G A,et al,2017.Seagrass Halophila ovalis is affected by light quality across different life history stages[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,572:103-116.
VAN KATWIJK M M,THORHAUG A,MARBàN,et al,2016.Global analysis of seagrass restoration:the importance of large-scale planting[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,53(2):567-578.
WANG MING,WANG YOU,GUO XIN,et al,2016.Reproductive properties of Zostera marina and effects of sediment type and burial depth on seed germination and seedling establishment[J].Aquatic Botany,134:68-74.
WAYCOTT M,DUARTE C M,CARRUTHERS T J B,et al,2009.Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,106(30):12377-12381.
WILLIAMS S L,AMBO-RAPPE R,SUR C,et al,2017.Species richness accelerates marine ecosystem restoration in the Coral Triangle[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,114(45):11986-11991.
XU SHAOCHUN,ZHOU YI,WANG PENGMEI,et al,2016.Salinity and temperature significantly influence seed germination,seedling establishment,and seedling growth of eelgrass Zostera marina L.[J].PeerJ,4:e2697.
ZHANG PEIDONG,FANG CHAO,LIU JIE,et al,2015.An effective seed protection method for planting Zostera marina(eelgrass)seeds:Implications for their large-scale restoration[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,95(1):89-99.
黄小平,黄良民,李颖虹,等,2006.华南沿海主要海草床及其生境威胁[J].科学通报,51(S2):114-119.HUANGXIAOPING,HUANG LIANGMIN,LI YINGHONG,et al,2006.Main seagrass beds and threats to their habitats in the coastal sea of South China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,51(S2):136-142(in Chinese with English abstract).
李森,范航清,邱广龙,等,2010.海草床恢复研究进展[J].生态学报,30(9):2443-2453.LI SEN,FAN HANGQING,QIUGUANGLONG,et al,2010.Review on research of seagrass beds restoration[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,30(9):2443-2453(in Chinese with English abstract).
刘鹏,周毅,刘炳舰,等,2013.大叶藻海草床的生态恢复:根茎棉线绑石移植法及其效果[J].海洋科学,37(10):1-8.LIU PENG,ZHOU YI,LIU BINGJIAN,et al,2013.Transplantation of eelgrass(Zostera marina L.)in Huiquan Bay using rhizomes bound to a small elongate stone with bio-degradable cotton thread[J].Marine Sciences,37(10):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
杨阳,高抒,周亮,等,2016.海南岛东南部新村港和黎安港潮汐特征及潮汐汊道P-A关系[J].第四纪研究,36(1):163-172.YANG YANG,GAO SHU,ZHOU LIANG,et al,2016.Analysis of tides and P-A relationships of Xincun and Li-an lagoons,Southeastern Hainan Island[J].Quaternary Sciences,36(1):163-172(in Chinese with English abstract).
郑凤英,邱广龙,范航清,等,2013.中国海草的多样性、分布及保护[J].生物多样性,21(5):517-526.ZHENG FENGYING,QIU GUANGLONG,FAN HANGQING,et al,2013.Diversity,distribution and conservation of Chinese seagrass species[J].Biodiversity Science,21(5):517 526(in Chinese with English abstract).
AMBO-RAPPE R,YASIR I,2015.The effect of storage condition on viability of Enhalus acoroides seedlings[J].Aquatic Botany,127:57-61.
BALESTRI E,LARDICCI C,2008.First evidence of a massive recruitment event in Posidonia oceanica:spatial variation in first-year seedling abundance on a heterogeneous substrate[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,76(3):634-641.
BALESTRI E,PIAZZI L,CINELLI F,1998.Survival and growth of transplanted and natural seedlings of Posidonia oceanica(L.)Delile in a damaged coastal area[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,228(2):209-225.
COSTANZA R,D’ARGE R,DE GROOT R,et al,1997.The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital[J].Nature,387(6630):253-260.
DEN HARTOG C,1970.The sea-grasses of the world[M].Amsterdam:North Holland.
DUARTE C M,URI J S,AGAWIN N S R,et al,1997.Flowering frequency of Philippine seagrasses[J].Botanica Marina,40(1-6):497-500.
FISHMAN J R,ORTH R J,1996.Effects of predation on Zostera marina L.seed abundance[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,198(1):11-26.
HARWELL M C,ORTH R J,1999.Eelgrass(Zostera marina L.)seed protection for field experiments and implications for large-scale restoration[J].Aquatic Botany,64(1):51-61.
INFANTES E,CROUZY C,MOKSNES P O,2016.Seed predation by the shore crab Carcinus maenas:a positive feedback preventing eelgrass recovery?[J].PLoS One,11(12):e0168128.
KENWORTHY W J,HALL M O,HAMMERSTROM K K,et al,2018.Restoration of tropical seagrass beds using wild bird fertilization and sediment regrading[J].Ecological Engineering,112:72-81.
LACAP C D A,VERMAAT J E,ROLLON R N,et al,2002.Propagule dispersal of the SE Asian seagrasses Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,235:75-80.
MARBàN,DUARTE C M,1998.Rhizome elongation and seagrass clonal growth[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,174:269-280.
MARION S R,ORTH R J,2010.Innovative techniques for large-scale seagrass restoration using Zostera marina(eelgrass)seeds[J].Restoration Ecology,18(4):514-526.
MAZARRASA I,MARBàN,LOVELOCK C E,et al,2015.Seagrass meadows as a globally significant carbonate reservoir[J].Biogeosciences,12(16):4993-5003.
NAKAOKA M,2002.Predation on seeds of seagrasses Zostera marina and Zostera caulescens by a tanaid crustacean Zeuxo sp.[J].Aquatic Botany,72(2):99-106.
ORTH R J,CARRUTHERS T J B,DENNISON W C,et al,2006a.A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems[J].Bioscience,56(12):987-996.
ORTH R J,KENDRICK G A,MARION S R,2007.Posidonia australis seed predation in seagrass habitats of Two Peoples Bay,Western Australia[J].Aquatic Botany,86(1):83-85.
ORTH R J,LUCKENBACH M L,MARION S R,et al,2006b.Seagrass recovery in the Delmarva Coastal Bays,USA[J].Aquatic Botany,84(1):26-36.
R CORE TEAM,2017.R:A language and environment for statistical computing[EB/OL].R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna,Austria.https://www.R-project.org/.
REYNOLDS L K,WAYCOTT M,MCGLATHERY K J,et al,2012.Eelgrass restoration by seed maintains genetic diversity:case study from a coastal bay system[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,448:223-233.
ROLLóN R N,DE RUYTER VAN STEVENINCK E D,VANVIERSSEN W,2003.Spatio-temporal variation in sexual reproduction of the tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides(L.f.)Royle in Cape Bolinao,NW Philippines[J].Aquatic Botany,76(4):339-354.
STRYDOM S,MCMAHON K,KENDRICK G A,et al,2017.Seagrass Halophila ovalis is affected by light quality across different life history stages[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,572:103-116.
VAN KATWIJK M M,THORHAUG A,MARBàN,et al,2016.Global analysis of seagrass restoration:the importance of large-scale planting[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,53(2):567-578.
WANG MING,WANG YOU,GUO XIN,et al,2016.Reproductive properties of Zostera marina and effects of sediment type and burial depth on seed germination and seedling establishment[J].Aquatic Botany,134:68-74.
WAYCOTT M,DUARTE C M,CARRUTHERS T J B,et al,2009.Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,106(30):12377-12381.
WILLIAMS S L,AMBO-RAPPE R,SUR C,et al,2017.Species richness accelerates marine ecosystem restoration in the Coral Triangle[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,114(45):11986-11991.
XU SHAOCHUN,ZHOU YI,WANG PENGMEI,et al,2016.Salinity and temperature significantly influence seed germination,seedling establishment,and seedling growth of eelgrass Zostera marina L.[J].PeerJ,4:e2697.
ZHANG PEIDONG,FANG CHAO,LIU JIE,et al,2015.An effective seed protection method for planting Zostera marina(eelgrass)seeds:Implications for their large-scale restoration[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,95(1):89-99.