糙海参卵子发生及卵黄发生的超微结构
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摘要
通过扫描与透射电镜观察了糙海参(Holothuria scabra)卵子发生及卵黄发生的过程。结果表明,糙海参卵子属于均黄卵,其卵子发生经历卵原细胞、卵黄发生前卵母细胞、卵黄发生期卵母细胞3个阶段。其中,卵黄发生期卵母细胞分别包括卵黄发生早期、中期、后期卵母细胞3个阶段。卵原细胞核大且呈椭圆形,胞质中只分布少量的线粒体;卵黄发生前卵母细胞内有一个空泡状的生发泡(卵核);卵黄发生早期,细胞器种类丰富,数量多;卵黄发生中期,卵黄合成旺盛,是内源性卵黄大量形成的阶段,多种细胞器活跃参与形成卵黄;卵黄发生后期,细胞体积最大,细胞核明显,且位于胞质中间或者靠近动物极突。高尔基体、线粒体及核糖体是形成内源性卵黄最主要的细胞器。卵质膜通过胞饮作用参与外源性卵黄的形成。本结果可为糙海参繁殖生物学和人工繁殖提供参考。
Ultrastructure changes of oocytes during oogenesis and vitellogenesis in sea cucumber Holothuria scabra were studied by scanning electronic microscopy(SEM) and transmission electronic microscopy(TEM). The results show that oocyte of H. Scabra belongs to isolecithal egg and its oogenesis includes following three stages: oogonium, pre-vitellogenic oocyte and vitellogenic oocyte, and that the stage of vitellogenic oocyte includes early vitellogenic oocyte, mid vitellogenic oocyte and late vitellogenic oocyte. Besides a large and oval nucleus, oogonium contains fewer mitochondrias in this stage. The nuclear of pre-vitellogenic oocyte contains a vacuolated nucleoli, also known as a germinal vesicle. At the early stage of vitellogenesis, various well-developed organelles emerge in cytoplasm. At the stage of mid vitellogenic oocyte, active endogenous yolk formation greatly occurs and many kinds of organelles directly participate in this process. At the stage of late vitellogenic oocyte, the oocytes are the biggest and contain fewer numbers of organelles, and the germinal vesicle of eccentric position is near the basal protuberance. Golgi apparatus, mitochondrias and ribsome are the dominant organelles, which take part in the formation of endogenous yolk, while active microphagocytosis of plasma membrane play the main role in forming exogenous yolk.
Ultrastructure changes of oocytes during oogenesis and vitellogenesis in sea cucumber Holothuria scabra were studied by scanning electronic microscopy(SEM) and transmission electronic microscopy(TEM). The results show that oocyte of H. Scabra belongs to isolecithal egg and its oogenesis includes following three stages: oogonium, pre-vitellogenic oocyte and vitellogenic oocyte, and that the stage of vitellogenic oocyte includes early vitellogenic oocyte, mid vitellogenic oocyte and late vitellogenic oocyte. Besides a large and oval nucleus, oogonium contains fewer mitochondrias in this stage. The nuclear of pre-vitellogenic oocyte contains a vacuolated nucleoli, also known as a germinal vesicle. At the early stage of vitellogenesis, various well-developed organelles emerge in cytoplasm. At the stage of mid vitellogenic oocyte, active endogenous yolk formation greatly occurs and many kinds of organelles directly participate in this process. At the stage of late vitellogenic oocyte, the oocytes are the biggest and contain fewer numbers of organelles, and the germinal vesicle of eccentric position is near the basal protuberance. Golgi apparatus, mitochondrias and ribsome are the dominant organelles, which take part in the formation of endogenous yolk, while active microphagocytosis of plasma membrane play the main role in forming exogenous yolk.
引文
成永旭,李少菁,王桂忠,等.2002.锯缘青蟹卵黄发生期卵母细胞和卵泡细胞之间的结构变化[J].动物学报,48(1):80–92.
丁汉波,仝允翔,黄浙.1987.发育生物学[M].北京:高等教育出版社:66–149.
堵南山,赖伟,陈鹏程,等.1999.中华绒螯蟹卵黄形成的研究[J].动物学报,45(1):88–92.
方永强,WELSCH U.1995.文昌鱼卵巢中滤泡细胞超微结构及功能的研究[J].中国科学:B辑,25(10):1079–1085.
洪水根.1992.长毛对虾卵子发生的研究Ⅱ.卵黄发生[J].海洋与湖沼,23(3):280–284.
姜永华,颜素芬,王重刚,等.2005.凡纳滨对虾卵子发生的超微结构[J].水产学报,29(4):454–460.
廖玉麟.1997.中国动物志棘皮动物门海参纲[M].北京:科学出版社:115–117.
庞震国.2006.刺参的性腺发育及受精细胞学研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学:35–42.
庞震国.2009.刺参遗传连锁图谱构建及卵母细胞成熟过程研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院:70–110
邱高峰,陶铜静.1996.中华绒螯蟹卵黄发生的超微结构研究[J]上海水产大学学报,5(1):8–13.
王玉凤,堵南山,赖伟.1999.罗氏沼虾卵母细胞细胞器与卵黄发生的关系[J].水生生物学报,23(1):24–28.
颜素芬,李少菁,上官步敏.1995.锯缘青蟹卵母细胞的卵黄发生[J].厦门大学学报:自然科学版,34(3):430–436.
杨学明,张立,李有宁,等.2011.南方糙海参的人工催产与育苗初步试验[J].南方水产科学,7(1):40–44.
BEAMS H W,KESSEL R G.1963.Electron microscope studies ondeveloping crayfish oocytes with special reference to theorigin of yolk[J].Cell Biology,18:621–649.
BENI G D A,GRISID A I.2005.Australia’s first commercial seacucumber culture and sea ranching project in Hervey Bay,Queensland,Australia[J].The Secretariat of the PacificCommunity(SPC)Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin,21:29–31.
BLADES-ECKELBARGER P L,YOUNGBLUTH M J.1984.Theultrastructure of oogenesis and yolk formation in Labidoceraaestiva(Copepoda,Calanoida)[J].Journal of Morphology,179(1):33–46.
BYARD E H.1976.The female specific protein and reproductionis the lobster Homarus americanus[D].London:University ofWestern Ontario:107.
CONAND C,BYRNE M.1993.A review of recent developmentsin the world sea cucumber fisheries[J].Marine FisheriesReview,55:1–13.
CROISILLE Y.1980.Recherche du lieu de synthese de lavitellogenesis chez le crustace amphipode Orchestiagammarella(Pallas).Demonstration al’aide 1’anticorpsspecifiques,de la presence de vi vitellogenine dans le tissuadpeux sous epidermique des femelles en vitellogenesesecondaire[J].Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des SciencesSeriesⅠ-Mathematics(Paris),290:1487–1490.
FRICK J E,RUPPERT E E.1996.Primordial germs cells ofSynaptula hydriformis(Holothuroidea;Echinodermata)areepithelial flagellated-collar cells:Their apical-basal polaritybecomes primary egg polarity[J].Bioloy Bullein,191:168–177.
FYFFE W E.1974.Characterization and quantification of acrustacean lipovitellin.Comp[J].Comparative Biochemistryand Physiology Part B:Comparative Biochemistry,47(4):851–867.
HU CHAOQUN,XU YOUHOU,WEN JING,et al.2010.Larvaldevelopment and juvenile growth of the sea cucumberStichopus sp.(Curry fish)[J].Aquaculture,300(1):73–79.
HU CHAOQUN,LI HAIPENG,XIA JIANJUN,et al.2013.Spawning,larval development and juvenile growth of the seacucumber Stichopus horrens[J].Aquaculture,404:47–54.
JAMES D B.1999.Hatchery and culture technology for the seacucumber Holothuria scabra Jaeger,in India[J].Naga,theICLARM Quarterly,22(4):12–16.
KERR M S.1968.Protein synthesis by hemocytes of Callinectessapidus:A study of in vitro incorporation of 14C leucine[J].Journal Cell Biology,39:72–73.
MIYAZAKI A,KAMITSUBO E.2000.Premeiotic aster as adevice to anchor the germinal vesicle to the cell surface of thepresumptive animal pole in starfish oocytes[J].DevelomentalBiology,218:161–171.
MORGAN A D.2000.Aspects of the reproductive cycle of the seacucumber Holothuria scabra(Echinodermata:Holothuroidea)[J].Bullein Marine Science,66(1):47–57.
ONG CHE R G,GOMEZ E D.1985.Reproductive periodicity ofHolothuria scabra Jaeger at Catalagan,Batangas,Philippines[J].Asian Marine Biology,2:21–30.
QIU YEWEN,NING TANGBEI,CHU KAHOU.1997.Purification and characterization of vitellin from the ovatiesof the shrimp Metapenaeus ensis(Crustacea:Decapoda:Penaeidae)[J].Invertebrate Reproduction and Development,31(1–3):217–223.
RAMOFAFIA C,BYME M,BATTAGLENE C S.2003.Reproduction of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuriascabra(Echinodermata:Holothuroidea)in the SolomonIslands[J].Marine Biology,142:281–288.
SMILEY S.1988.The dynamics of oogenesis and the annualovarian cycle of Stichopus californicus(Echinodermata;Holothuroidea)[J].Biology Bulletin,175:79–93.
SMILEY S.1990.A review of echinoderm oogenesis[J].Journal ofElectron Microscopy Technique,16(2):93–114.
TUWO A.1999.Reproductive cycle of the holothurian Holothuriascabra in Saugi Island,Spermonde Archipelago,SouthwestSulawesi,Indonesia[J].The Secretariat of the PacificCommunity(SPC)Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin,11:9–12.
WOURMS J P.1987.Oogenesis reproduction of marine invertebrates[J].Pacific Grove,8:50–179.
丁汉波,仝允翔,黄浙.1987.发育生物学[M].北京:高等教育出版社:66–149.
堵南山,赖伟,陈鹏程,等.1999.中华绒螯蟹卵黄形成的研究[J].动物学报,45(1):88–92.
方永强,WELSCH U.1995.文昌鱼卵巢中滤泡细胞超微结构及功能的研究[J].中国科学:B辑,25(10):1079–1085.
洪水根.1992.长毛对虾卵子发生的研究Ⅱ.卵黄发生[J].海洋与湖沼,23(3):280–284.
姜永华,颜素芬,王重刚,等.2005.凡纳滨对虾卵子发生的超微结构[J].水产学报,29(4):454–460.
廖玉麟.1997.中国动物志棘皮动物门海参纲[M].北京:科学出版社:115–117.
庞震国.2006.刺参的性腺发育及受精细胞学研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学:35–42.
庞震国.2009.刺参遗传连锁图谱构建及卵母细胞成熟过程研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院:70–110
邱高峰,陶铜静.1996.中华绒螯蟹卵黄发生的超微结构研究[J]上海水产大学学报,5(1):8–13.
王玉凤,堵南山,赖伟.1999.罗氏沼虾卵母细胞细胞器与卵黄发生的关系[J].水生生物学报,23(1):24–28.
颜素芬,李少菁,上官步敏.1995.锯缘青蟹卵母细胞的卵黄发生[J].厦门大学学报:自然科学版,34(3):430–436.
杨学明,张立,李有宁,等.2011.南方糙海参的人工催产与育苗初步试验[J].南方水产科学,7(1):40–44.
BEAMS H W,KESSEL R G.1963.Electron microscope studies ondeveloping crayfish oocytes with special reference to theorigin of yolk[J].Cell Biology,18:621–649.
BENI G D A,GRISID A I.2005.Australia’s first commercial seacucumber culture and sea ranching project in Hervey Bay,Queensland,Australia[J].The Secretariat of the PacificCommunity(SPC)Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin,21:29–31.
BLADES-ECKELBARGER P L,YOUNGBLUTH M J.1984.Theultrastructure of oogenesis and yolk formation in Labidoceraaestiva(Copepoda,Calanoida)[J].Journal of Morphology,179(1):33–46.
BYARD E H.1976.The female specific protein and reproductionis the lobster Homarus americanus[D].London:University ofWestern Ontario:107.
CONAND C,BYRNE M.1993.A review of recent developmentsin the world sea cucumber fisheries[J].Marine FisheriesReview,55:1–13.
CROISILLE Y.1980.Recherche du lieu de synthese de lavitellogenesis chez le crustace amphipode Orchestiagammarella(Pallas).Demonstration al’aide 1’anticorpsspecifiques,de la presence de vi vitellogenine dans le tissuadpeux sous epidermique des femelles en vitellogenesesecondaire[J].Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des SciencesSeriesⅠ-Mathematics(Paris),290:1487–1490.
FRICK J E,RUPPERT E E.1996.Primordial germs cells ofSynaptula hydriformis(Holothuroidea;Echinodermata)areepithelial flagellated-collar cells:Their apical-basal polaritybecomes primary egg polarity[J].Bioloy Bullein,191:168–177.
FYFFE W E.1974.Characterization and quantification of acrustacean lipovitellin.Comp[J].Comparative Biochemistryand Physiology Part B:Comparative Biochemistry,47(4):851–867.
HU CHAOQUN,XU YOUHOU,WEN JING,et al.2010.Larvaldevelopment and juvenile growth of the sea cucumberStichopus sp.(Curry fish)[J].Aquaculture,300(1):73–79.
HU CHAOQUN,LI HAIPENG,XIA JIANJUN,et al.2013.Spawning,larval development and juvenile growth of the seacucumber Stichopus horrens[J].Aquaculture,404:47–54.
JAMES D B.1999.Hatchery and culture technology for the seacucumber Holothuria scabra Jaeger,in India[J].Naga,theICLARM Quarterly,22(4):12–16.
KERR M S.1968.Protein synthesis by hemocytes of Callinectessapidus:A study of in vitro incorporation of 14C leucine[J].Journal Cell Biology,39:72–73.
MIYAZAKI A,KAMITSUBO E.2000.Premeiotic aster as adevice to anchor the germinal vesicle to the cell surface of thepresumptive animal pole in starfish oocytes[J].DevelomentalBiology,218:161–171.
MORGAN A D.2000.Aspects of the reproductive cycle of the seacucumber Holothuria scabra(Echinodermata:Holothuroidea)[J].Bullein Marine Science,66(1):47–57.
ONG CHE R G,GOMEZ E D.1985.Reproductive periodicity ofHolothuria scabra Jaeger at Catalagan,Batangas,Philippines[J].Asian Marine Biology,2:21–30.
QIU YEWEN,NING TANGBEI,CHU KAHOU.1997.Purification and characterization of vitellin from the ovatiesof the shrimp Metapenaeus ensis(Crustacea:Decapoda:Penaeidae)[J].Invertebrate Reproduction and Development,31(1–3):217–223.
RAMOFAFIA C,BYME M,BATTAGLENE C S.2003.Reproduction of the commercial sea cucumber Holothuriascabra(Echinodermata:Holothuroidea)in the SolomonIslands[J].Marine Biology,142:281–288.
SMILEY S.1988.The dynamics of oogenesis and the annualovarian cycle of Stichopus californicus(Echinodermata;Holothuroidea)[J].Biology Bulletin,175:79–93.
SMILEY S.1990.A review of echinoderm oogenesis[J].Journal ofElectron Microscopy Technique,16(2):93–114.
TUWO A.1999.Reproductive cycle of the holothurian Holothuriascabra in Saugi Island,Spermonde Archipelago,SouthwestSulawesi,Indonesia[J].The Secretariat of the PacificCommunity(SPC)Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin,11:9–12.
WOURMS J P.1987.Oogenesis reproduction of marine invertebrates[J].Pacific Grove,8:50–179.
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