南海鸢乌贼微型群体的摄食习性研究
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摘要
根据2012年9-10月南海中、南部和2015年3月南海北部的灯光罩网调查资料,以传统胃含物分析方法为基础,结合DNA条形码技术,对南海鸢乌贼(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)微型群体的饵料组成、摄食强度、摄食习性与胴长的关系等进行研究。结果表明,鸢乌贼微型群体以头足类和甲壳动物为主要摄食对象,属游泳动物和浮游动物食性类型,其中头足类为优势饵料生物类群,其相对重要性指数百分比(%IRI)、个数百分比(N%)、质量百分比(W%)和出现频率(F%)分别为65.05%、28.10%、60.91%和79.90%。摄食等级大部分以2、3级为主,除南海中、南部群体在胴长101~110 mm的摄食等级及大个体饵料类群在饵料组成中的比例偏低外,普遍存在胴长越大,摄食等级越高的趋势;同时饵料组成中的小个体饵料类群比例降低,大个体饵料类群比例升高。
In order to comprehend feeding habits of dwarf-form Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis population in the South China Sea,we collected samples by the light falling-net fishing vessels in the central and southern South China Sea during September and October 2012,and in the northern South China Sea in March 2015,and examined the diet composition, feeding intensity and ontogenetic feeding habit shifts of dwarf-form S.oualaniensis by traditional stomach contents analysis and DNA barcoding technique. The results showed that the diets of dwarf-form S. oualaniensis in the South China Sea were cephalopods and crustaceans,so the feeding type belonged to nekton-zooplanktons type. The relative importance index percent( % IRI),individual percentage( N%),quality percentage( W%) and occurrence percentage( F%) of cephalopods were 65. 05,28. 10,60. 91 and 79. 90,respectively. Crustaceans consisted of shrimps and copepoda,and the % IRI,N%,W% and F% of the former were 20. 43,11. 47,32. 97 and 50. 25,and of the later were13. 07,51. 95,0. 69 and 27. 14,respectively. The feeding grades of dwarf-form S. oualaniensis were mainly in 2 and 3 grades,and the 101-110 mm mantle length group in the central and southern South China Sea showed a low feeding level and few bigger prey groups. With the increasing mantle length of dwarf-form S.oualaniensis,N% and F% of the smaller prey groups in stomach content reduced generally,on the contrary,N% and F% of the bigger prey groups increased generally. However,the 101-110 mm mantle length group of dwarf-form S. oualaniensis in the central and southern South China Sea was an exception. The difference in diet composition between the northern South China Sea and the central and southern part may be due to the different spatialf-temporal distribution of the diet species. DNA barcoding techniques are feasible in analyzing the feeding habits of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis to some extent. But the universal primers for the Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis are inaccurate and it is hard to design specific primers,so it is difficult to use DNA barcoding to distinguish the stomach content of the dwarff-form Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis population to the lowest taxonomic category.
In order to comprehend feeding habits of dwarf-form Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis population in the South China Sea,we collected samples by the light falling-net fishing vessels in the central and southern South China Sea during September and October 2012,and in the northern South China Sea in March 2015,and examined the diet composition, feeding intensity and ontogenetic feeding habit shifts of dwarf-form S.oualaniensis by traditional stomach contents analysis and DNA barcoding technique. The results showed that the diets of dwarf-form S. oualaniensis in the South China Sea were cephalopods and crustaceans,so the feeding type belonged to nekton-zooplanktons type. The relative importance index percent( % IRI),individual percentage( N%),quality percentage( W%) and occurrence percentage( F%) of cephalopods were 65. 05,28. 10,60. 91 and 79. 90,respectively. Crustaceans consisted of shrimps and copepoda,and the % IRI,N%,W% and F% of the former were 20. 43,11. 47,32. 97 and 50. 25,and of the later were13. 07,51. 95,0. 69 and 27. 14,respectively. The feeding grades of dwarf-form S. oualaniensis were mainly in 2 and 3 grades,and the 101-110 mm mantle length group in the central and southern South China Sea showed a low feeding level and few bigger prey groups. With the increasing mantle length of dwarf-form S.oualaniensis,N% and F% of the smaller prey groups in stomach content reduced generally,on the contrary,N% and F% of the bigger prey groups increased generally. However,the 101-110 mm mantle length group of dwarf-form S. oualaniensis in the central and southern South China Sea was an exception. The difference in diet composition between the northern South China Sea and the central and southern part may be due to the different spatialf-temporal distribution of the diet species. DNA barcoding techniques are feasible in analyzing the feeding habits of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis to some extent. But the universal primers for the Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis are inaccurate and it is hard to design specific primers,so it is difficult to use DNA barcoding to distinguish the stomach content of the dwarff-form Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis population to the lowest taxonomic category.
引文
[1]陈新军,刘必林,王尧耕.世界头足类[M].北京:海洋出版社,2009:312-313.CHEN X J,LIU B L,WANG R G.The world cephalopods[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,2009:312-313.
[2]张鹏,晏磊,杨炳忠,等.春季南沙海域鸢乌贼种群结构特征的研究[J].南方水产科学,2015,11(5):11-19.ZHANG P,YAN L,YANG B Z,et al.Population structure of purpleback flying squid(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)in Nansha area in spring[J].South China Fisheries Science,2015,11(5):11-19.
[3]颜云榕,冯波,卢伙胜,等.南沙群岛北部海域鸢乌贼夏季渔业生物学研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2012,43(6):1177-1186.YAN Y R,FENG B,LU H S,et al.Fishery biology of purpleback flying squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in northern sea areas around Nansha Island in summer[J].Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica,2012,43(6):1177-1186.
[4]张宇美,颜云榕,卢伙胜,等.西沙群岛海域鸢乌贼摄食与繁殖生物学初步研究[J].广东海洋大学学报,2013,33(3):56-64.ZHANG Y M,YAN Y R,LU H S,et al.Study on feeding and reproduction biology of purple flying squid,Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the western South China Sea[J].Journal of Guangdong Ocean University,2013,33(3):56-64.
[5]SHCHETINNIKOV A.Feeding spectrum of squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis(Oegopsida)in the eastern Pacific[J].Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,1992,72(4):849-860.
[6]MENARD F,POTIER M,ROMANOV E,et al.New information from predator diets on the importance of two Ommastrephidae Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the Indian Ocean and Hyaloteuthis pelagica in the Atlantic Ocean[J].The Role of Squid in Open Ocean Ecosystems,2006:49-52.
[7]PARRY M.Feeding behavior of two ommastrephid squids Ommastrephes bartramii and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis off Hawaii[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2006(318):229-235.
[8]龚玉艳,詹凤娉,杨玉滔,等.南海鸢乌贼摄食习性的初步研究[J].南方水产科学,2016,12(4):80-87.GONG Y Y,ZHAN F P,YANG Y T,et al.Feeding habits of Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis in the South China Sea[J].South China Fisheries Science,2016,12(4):80-87.
[9]洪巧巧.长江口中国花鲈的食性及分子生物学在食性分析上的应用[D].上海:华东理工大学,2012:1-65.HONG Q Q.Feeding habits of Lateolabrax maculatus in Yangtze River Estuary[D].Shanghai:East China University of Science and Technology,2012:1-65.
[10]纪东平.荣成俚岛斑头鱼和大泷六线鱼的渔业资源生物学研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2014:1-149.JI D P.Study on the fishery biology of Hexagrammos agrammus and Hexagrammos otakii in Lidao Rongcheng[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2014:1-149.
[11]席晓晴,鲍宝龙,章守宇.DNA条形码在鱼类胃含物种类鉴定中的应用[J].上海海洋大学学报,2015,24(2):203-210.XI X Q,BAO B L,ZHANG S Y.Application of DNA barcoding in species analysis of fish stomach content[J].Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2015,24(2):203-210.
[12]张宇美.基于碳氮稳定同位素的南海鸢乌贼摄食生态与营养级研究[D].湛江:广东海洋大学,2014:1-63.ZHANG Y M.Feeding habits and trophic level of purpleback flying squid,Sthenoeuthis oualaniensis based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis in the South China Sea[D].Zhanjiang:Guangdong Ocean University,2014:1-63.
[13]BRALEY M,GOLDSWORTHY S D,PAGE B,et al.Assessing morphological and DNA-based diet analysis techniques in a generalist predator,the arrow squid Nototodarus gouldi[J].Molecular Ecology Resources,2010(10):466-474.
[14]LABE L L.Catch rate of oceanic squid by Jigging method in the South China Sea,Area III:Western Philippines[C].Proceedings of the SEA FDEC Scminar on Fishery Resources in the South China Sea,Area III:Western Philippines,Bangkok,Thailand:SEAFDEC,2000:19-31.
[15]陈大纲.渔业资源生物学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995:94.CHEN D G.Fisheries resource in biology[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1995:94.
[16]颜云榕,杨厚超,卢伙胜,等.北部湾宝刀鱼的摄食生态[J].生态学报,2011,31(3):654-665.YAN Y R,YANG H C,LU H S,et al.Feeding ecology of dorab wolf-herring,Chirocentrus dorab from the Beibu Gulf[J].Acta Ecologica Sinic,2011,31(3):654-665.
[17]龚玉艳,陈作志,张俊,等.南海北部陆坡海域秋季金鼻眶灯鱼的摄食习性[J].南方水产科学,2015,11(5):90-99.GONG Y Y,CHEN Z Z,ZHANG J,et al.Feeding habits of Diaphus chrysorhynchus of the continental slope region in the northern South China Sea[J].South China Fisheries Science,2015,11(5):90-99.
[18]叶旭昌,陈新军.印度洋西北海域鸢乌贼生物学特性初步研究[J].上海水产大学学报,2004,13(4):316-322.YE X C,CHEN X J.Study of biological characteristics of Symlectoteuthis oualaniensis in the northwestern Indian Ocean[J].Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University,2004,13(4):316-322.
[19]钱卫国,陈新军,刘必林,等.印度洋西北海域秋季鸢乌贼渔场分布与浮游动物的关系[J].海洋渔业,2006,28(4):265-571.QIAN W G,CHEN X J,LIU B L,et al.The relationship between fishing ground distribution of Symlectoteuthis oualaniensis and zooplankton in the northwestern Indian Ocean in autumn[J].Marine Fisheries,2006,28(4):265-571.
[20]PARRY M P.The trophic ecology of two ommastrephid squid species,Ommastrephes bartramii and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis,in the north Pacific subtropical gyre[D].Manoa:University of Hawaii,2003:1-287.
[21]OKUTANI T,TUNG I.Reviews of biology of commercially important squids in Japanese and adjacent waters.I.Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis(Lesson)[J].Veliger,1978,21(1):87-94.
[22]韩东燕,薛莹,纪毓鹏,等.胶州湾六丝钝尾虾虎鱼的摄食生态特征[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(5):1446-1452.HAN D Y,XUE Y,JI Y P,et al.Feeding ecology of Amblychaeturichthys hexanema in Jiaozhou Bay,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(5):1446-1452.
[23]薛莹,金显仕,张波,等.黄海中部小黄鱼的食物组成和摄食习性的季节变化[J].中国水产科学,2004,11(3):237-243.XUE Y,JIN X S,ZHANG B,et al.Diet composition and seasonal variation in feeding habits of small yellow croaker Pseudosciaena polyactis Bleeker in the central Yellow Sea[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2004,11(3):237-243.
[2]张鹏,晏磊,杨炳忠,等.春季南沙海域鸢乌贼种群结构特征的研究[J].南方水产科学,2015,11(5):11-19.ZHANG P,YAN L,YANG B Z,et al.Population structure of purpleback flying squid(Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis)in Nansha area in spring[J].South China Fisheries Science,2015,11(5):11-19.
[3]颜云榕,冯波,卢伙胜,等.南沙群岛北部海域鸢乌贼夏季渔业生物学研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2012,43(6):1177-1186.YAN Y R,FENG B,LU H S,et al.Fishery biology of purpleback flying squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in northern sea areas around Nansha Island in summer[J].Oceanologia Et Limnologia Sinica,2012,43(6):1177-1186.
[4]张宇美,颜云榕,卢伙胜,等.西沙群岛海域鸢乌贼摄食与繁殖生物学初步研究[J].广东海洋大学学报,2013,33(3):56-64.ZHANG Y M,YAN Y R,LU H S,et al.Study on feeding and reproduction biology of purple flying squid,Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the western South China Sea[J].Journal of Guangdong Ocean University,2013,33(3):56-64.
[5]SHCHETINNIKOV A.Feeding spectrum of squid Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis(Oegopsida)in the eastern Pacific[J].Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom,1992,72(4):849-860.
[6]MENARD F,POTIER M,ROMANOV E,et al.New information from predator diets on the importance of two Ommastrephidae Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the Indian Ocean and Hyaloteuthis pelagica in the Atlantic Ocean[J].The Role of Squid in Open Ocean Ecosystems,2006:49-52.
[7]PARRY M.Feeding behavior of two ommastrephid squids Ommastrephes bartramii and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis off Hawaii[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,2006(318):229-235.
[8]龚玉艳,詹凤娉,杨玉滔,等.南海鸢乌贼摄食习性的初步研究[J].南方水产科学,2016,12(4):80-87.GONG Y Y,ZHAN F P,YANG Y T,et al.Feeding habits of Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis in the South China Sea[J].South China Fisheries Science,2016,12(4):80-87.
[9]洪巧巧.长江口中国花鲈的食性及分子生物学在食性分析上的应用[D].上海:华东理工大学,2012:1-65.HONG Q Q.Feeding habits of Lateolabrax maculatus in Yangtze River Estuary[D].Shanghai:East China University of Science and Technology,2012:1-65.
[10]纪东平.荣成俚岛斑头鱼和大泷六线鱼的渔业资源生物学研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2014:1-149.JI D P.Study on the fishery biology of Hexagrammos agrammus and Hexagrammos otakii in Lidao Rongcheng[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2014:1-149.
[11]席晓晴,鲍宝龙,章守宇.DNA条形码在鱼类胃含物种类鉴定中的应用[J].上海海洋大学学报,2015,24(2):203-210.XI X Q,BAO B L,ZHANG S Y.Application of DNA barcoding in species analysis of fish stomach content[J].Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2015,24(2):203-210.
[12]张宇美.基于碳氮稳定同位素的南海鸢乌贼摄食生态与营养级研究[D].湛江:广东海洋大学,2014:1-63.ZHANG Y M.Feeding habits and trophic level of purpleback flying squid,Sthenoeuthis oualaniensis based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis in the South China Sea[D].Zhanjiang:Guangdong Ocean University,2014:1-63.
[13]BRALEY M,GOLDSWORTHY S D,PAGE B,et al.Assessing morphological and DNA-based diet analysis techniques in a generalist predator,the arrow squid Nototodarus gouldi[J].Molecular Ecology Resources,2010(10):466-474.
[14]LABE L L.Catch rate of oceanic squid by Jigging method in the South China Sea,Area III:Western Philippines[C].Proceedings of the SEA FDEC Scminar on Fishery Resources in the South China Sea,Area III:Western Philippines,Bangkok,Thailand:SEAFDEC,2000:19-31.
[15]陈大纲.渔业资源生物学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995:94.CHEN D G.Fisheries resource in biology[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1995:94.
[16]颜云榕,杨厚超,卢伙胜,等.北部湾宝刀鱼的摄食生态[J].生态学报,2011,31(3):654-665.YAN Y R,YANG H C,LU H S,et al.Feeding ecology of dorab wolf-herring,Chirocentrus dorab from the Beibu Gulf[J].Acta Ecologica Sinic,2011,31(3):654-665.
[17]龚玉艳,陈作志,张俊,等.南海北部陆坡海域秋季金鼻眶灯鱼的摄食习性[J].南方水产科学,2015,11(5):90-99.GONG Y Y,CHEN Z Z,ZHANG J,et al.Feeding habits of Diaphus chrysorhynchus of the continental slope region in the northern South China Sea[J].South China Fisheries Science,2015,11(5):90-99.
[18]叶旭昌,陈新军.印度洋西北海域鸢乌贼生物学特性初步研究[J].上海水产大学学报,2004,13(4):316-322.YE X C,CHEN X J.Study of biological characteristics of Symlectoteuthis oualaniensis in the northwestern Indian Ocean[J].Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University,2004,13(4):316-322.
[19]钱卫国,陈新军,刘必林,等.印度洋西北海域秋季鸢乌贼渔场分布与浮游动物的关系[J].海洋渔业,2006,28(4):265-571.QIAN W G,CHEN X J,LIU B L,et al.The relationship between fishing ground distribution of Symlectoteuthis oualaniensis and zooplankton in the northwestern Indian Ocean in autumn[J].Marine Fisheries,2006,28(4):265-571.
[20]PARRY M P.The trophic ecology of two ommastrephid squid species,Ommastrephes bartramii and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis,in the north Pacific subtropical gyre[D].Manoa:University of Hawaii,2003:1-287.
[21]OKUTANI T,TUNG I.Reviews of biology of commercially important squids in Japanese and adjacent waters.I.Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis(Lesson)[J].Veliger,1978,21(1):87-94.
[22]韩东燕,薛莹,纪毓鹏,等.胶州湾六丝钝尾虾虎鱼的摄食生态特征[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(5):1446-1452.HAN D Y,XUE Y,JI Y P,et al.Feeding ecology of Amblychaeturichthys hexanema in Jiaozhou Bay,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(5):1446-1452.
[23]薛莹,金显仕,张波,等.黄海中部小黄鱼的食物组成和摄食习性的季节变化[J].中国水产科学,2004,11(3):237-243.XUE Y,JIN X S,ZHANG B,et al.Diet composition and seasonal variation in feeding habits of small yellow croaker Pseudosciaena polyactis Bleeker in the central Yellow Sea[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2004,11(3):237-243.
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