长三角城市群汽车企业空间集聚与发展绩效
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摘要
汽车产业是长三角城市群的主导产业之一,其空间集聚特征及发展绩效问题亟待研究。运用核密度估计、Ripley’s K方法刻画长三角城市群汽车产业空间集聚格局;进而通过分位数回归模型辨析空间集聚与汽车企业发展绩效之间的关系机制。结果表明:(1)长三角城市群汽车产业空间分布格局呈现出先极化再均衡的演变态势,总体上经历了零星分散集聚-M型集聚-M型连绵集聚3个阶段;(2)汽车企业空间集聚与扩散并存,集聚规模先扩大后趋于稳定,集聚强度则先升后降;(3)空间集聚对汽车企业绩效的作用具有企业发展能级指向性。总体而言,地方化经济对汽车企业发展绩效的提高十分重要,而城市化经济作用为负或不显著。
Automobile industry is one of the leading industries in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration. It is meaningful to study the spatial agglomeration characteristics and performance problems of this industry. This paper applies the methods of kernel density estimation and Ripley's K to explore the spatial agglomeration patterns of automobile industry in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration, based on the data of automobile enterprises from Chinese industrial enterprises database; and then use the quantile regression model to distinguish the relationship between spatial agglomeration and the development performance of automobile enterprises. The results show that:(1) The spatial distribution patterns of the automobile industry in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration show the evolution of polarization and re-equilibrium. In general, it has experienced three stages: sporadic dispersion aggregation-M-type agglomeration-M-type clustering.(2) The spatial agglomeration and diffusion of automobile enterprises coexist. The scale of agglomeration first expands and then stabilizes, while the intensity of agglomeration rises first and then falls.(3) The role of spatial agglomeration in the performance of automobile enterprises has the orientation of enterprise development level; in general, the localized economy is very important for the improvement of the development performance of automobile enterprises, however, the role of urbanization economy is negative or insignificant.
Automobile industry is one of the leading industries in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration. It is meaningful to study the spatial agglomeration characteristics and performance problems of this industry. This paper applies the methods of kernel density estimation and Ripley's K to explore the spatial agglomeration patterns of automobile industry in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration, based on the data of automobile enterprises from Chinese industrial enterprises database; and then use the quantile regression model to distinguish the relationship between spatial agglomeration and the development performance of automobile enterprises. The results show that:(1) The spatial distribution patterns of the automobile industry in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration show the evolution of polarization and re-equilibrium. In general, it has experienced three stages: sporadic dispersion aggregation-M-type agglomeration-M-type clustering.(2) The spatial agglomeration and diffusion of automobile enterprises coexist. The scale of agglomeration first expands and then stabilizes, while the intensity of agglomeration rises first and then falls.(3) The role of spatial agglomeration in the performance of automobile enterprises has the orientation of enterprise development level; in general, the localized economy is very important for the improvement of the development performance of automobile enterprises, however, the role of urbanization economy is negative or insignificant.
引文
[1] 李少星,顾朝林.长江三角洲产业链地域分工的实证研究——以汽车制造产业为例[J].地理研究,2010,29(12):2132-2142.LI S X,GU C L.Empirical study on the intra-product specialization of Yangtze River Delta:A case study of auto manufacturing industry[J].Geographical Research,2010,29(12):2132-2142.
[2] 彼得·迪肯.全球性转变:重塑21世纪的全球经济地图[M].刘卫东,等译.北京:商务印书馆,2009.PETER D.Global shift:Reshaping the global economic map in the 21st century (fourth edition)[M].Translated by Liu Weidong.Beijing:The Commercial Press,2009.
[3] 张永凯,徐伟.演化经济地理学视角下的产业空间演化及其影响因素分析——以中国汽车工业为例[J].世界地理研究,2014,23(2):1-13.ZHANG Y K,XU W.Analysis of the industry spatial evolution mechanism and its determinants from the perspective of evolutionary economic geography[J].World Regional Studies,2014,23(2):1-13.
[4] BEAUDRY C,SWANN P.Growth in industrial clusters:A bird’s eye view of the United Kingdom[C].Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper,2001.
[5] STURGEON T,BIESEBROECK J V,GEREFFI G.Value chains,networks and clusters:Reframing the global automotive industry[J].Journal of Economic Geography,2008,8(3):297-321.
[6] VIDAL J C.The life-cycle of the Barcelona automobile-industry cluster,1889-2015[J].Revista De Historia Industrial,2017,26(66):77-125.
[7] 赵浚竹,孙铁山,李国平.中国汽车制造业集聚与企业区位选择[J].地理学报,2014,69(6):850-862.ZHAO J Z,SUN T S,LI G P.Agglomeration and firm location choice of China’s automobile manufacturing industry[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(6):850-862.
[8] MARR P.The geography of the British motorcycle industry,1896-2004[J].Journal of Transport History,2012,33(2):163-185.
[9] 刘卫东,薛凤旋.论汽车工业空间组织之变化[J].地理科学进展,1998,17(2):1-14.LIU W D,XUE F X.The changing spatial organization of the automotive industry:The impact of production pattern changes[J].Progress in Geography,1998,17(2):1-14.
[10] 甄峰,余洋,汪侠,等.城市汽车服务业空间集聚特征研究:以南京市为例[J].地理科学,2016,32(10):1200-1208.ZHEN F,YU Y,WANG X,et al.The spatial agglomeration characteristics of automotive service industry:A case study of Nanjing[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(10):1200-1208.
[11] BOSCHMA R A,WENTING R.The spatial evolution of the British automobile industry:Does location matter?[J].Industrial and Corporate Change,2007,16(2):213-238.
[12] 黄娉婷,张晓平.京津冀都市圈汽车产业空间布局演化研究[J].地理研究,2014,33(1):83-95.HUANG P T,ZHANG X P.Spatial evolution of automobile industry in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region[J].Geographical Research,2014,33(1):83-95.
[13] MALMBERG A,MALMBERG B,LUNDEQUIST P.Agglomeration and firm performance:Economies of scale,localisation,and urbanisation among Swedish export firms[J].Environment and Planning A,2000,32(2):305-321.
[14] 王俊松,贺灿飞.集聚经济,外资溢出效应与中国汽车企业效率[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(3):337-344.WANG J S,HE C F.Agglomeration economies,FDI spillovers and Chinese automobile enterprises efficiency[J].Progress in Geography,2009,28(3):337-344.
[15] 王敏.中美汽车产业集聚对创新绩效影响的比较研究[D].长沙:湖南大学,2011.WANG M.The comparative research on the effect of auto industry to innovation performance between China and America[D].Changsha:Hunan University,2011.
[16] 贺灿飞,郭琪,等.集聚经济、技术关联与中国产业发展[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2016.HE C F,GUO Q,et al.The agglomeration development of economy,technology association and industry development[M].Beijing:Economic Science Press,2016.
[17] ROSENTHAL S S,STRANGE W C.Geography,industrial organization,and agglomeration[J].Review of Economics and Statistics,2003,85(2):377-393.
[18] HENDERSON V,KUNCORO A,TURNER M.Industrial development in cities[J].Journal of Political Economy,1995,103(5):1067-1090.
[19] 张鑫,朱英明,李玉见.集聚经济影响下的企业生产率与企业空间选择[J].经济评论,2016 (6):84-97.ZHANG X,ZHU Y M,LI Y J.Firm productivity and firm selection in the presence of agglomeration economies:The perspective of heterogeneous firm productivity[J].Economic Review,2016(6):84-97.
[20] 王远飞,何洪林.空间数据分析方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2008:66-71.WANG Y F,HE H L.Spatial data analysis method[M].Beijing:Science Press,2008:66-71.
[21] BERKE O.Exploratory disease mapping:Kriging the spatial risk function from regional count data[J].International Journal of Health Geography,2004,3(10):18-20.
[22] RIPLEY B D.The second-order analysis of stationary point processes[J].Journal of Applied Probability,1976,13(2):255-266.
[23] KOENKER R,BASSETT G.Regression quantiles[J].Econometrica,1978,46(1):33-50.
[24] 陈珍珍,游家兴.基于分位回归法的农民工收入影响因素分析[J].统计研究,2009,26(6):79-84.CHEN Z Z,YOU J X.Factor analysis on the income level of off-farm workers based on quantile regression[J].Statistical Research,2009,26(6):79-84.
[25] 贺灿飞.地方化经济、城市化经济与中国制造业企业劳动生产率[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报(社会科学版),2011,13(6):1-9.HE C F.Localization economies,urbanization economies and labor productivity of Chinese manufacturing enterprises[J].Journal of HIT (Social Sciences Edition),2011,13(6):1-9.
[26] 贺灿飞,潘峰华.外部集聚经济、外资溢出效应与制造业企业效率[J].产业经济研究,2005(3):8-15.HE C F,PAN F H.Agglomeration economy,FDI spillovers and enterprise productivity[J].Industrial Economics Research,2005(3):8-15.
[27] 吴延兵,米增渝.创新、模仿与企业效率—来自制造业非国有企业的经验证据[J].中国社会科学,2011(4):77-94.WU Y B,MI Z Y.Innovation,imitation and enterprise efficiency in Chinese non state-owned manufacturing enterprises[J].Social Sciences in China,2011(4):77-94.
[28] 李春涛,宋敏.中国制造业企业的创新活动:所有制和CEO激励的作用[J].经济研究,2010(5):135-137.LI C T,SONG M.Innovation activities in Chinese manufacturing firms:The roles of firm ownership and CEO incentives[J].Economic Research Journal,2010(5):55-67.
[29] COE N M,HENDERSON J.Globalizing regional development:A global production network perspective[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2004,29(4):468-484.
[30] BATHELT H,MALMBERG A,MASKELL P.Clusters and knowledge:Local buzz,global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation[J].Progress in Human Geography,2005,28(1):31-56.
① 引自:中国汽车工业协会(http://www.caam.org.cn/).
(1)2016年3月国家发展改革委员会发布《长江三角洲城市群发展规划》,具体包括上海市,江苏省的南京、苏州、扬州、常州、无锡、镇江、盐城、南通、泰州,安徽省的合肥、芜湖、马鞍山、铜陵、安庆、池州、滁州、宣城,浙江省的杭州、宁波、金华、台州、绍兴、舟山、嘉兴、湖州.
(2)包括:汽车整车制造(3610)、改装汽车制造(3620)、电车制造(3640)、汽车车身、挂车的制造(3650)、汽车零部件及配件制造(3660).
[2] 彼得·迪肯.全球性转变:重塑21世纪的全球经济地图[M].刘卫东,等译.北京:商务印书馆,2009.PETER D.Global shift:Reshaping the global economic map in the 21st century (fourth edition)[M].Translated by Liu Weidong.Beijing:The Commercial Press,2009.
[3] 张永凯,徐伟.演化经济地理学视角下的产业空间演化及其影响因素分析——以中国汽车工业为例[J].世界地理研究,2014,23(2):1-13.ZHANG Y K,XU W.Analysis of the industry spatial evolution mechanism and its determinants from the perspective of evolutionary economic geography[J].World Regional Studies,2014,23(2):1-13.
[4] BEAUDRY C,SWANN P.Growth in industrial clusters:A bird’s eye view of the United Kingdom[C].Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper,2001.
[5] STURGEON T,BIESEBROECK J V,GEREFFI G.Value chains,networks and clusters:Reframing the global automotive industry[J].Journal of Economic Geography,2008,8(3):297-321.
[6] VIDAL J C.The life-cycle of the Barcelona automobile-industry cluster,1889-2015[J].Revista De Historia Industrial,2017,26(66):77-125.
[7] 赵浚竹,孙铁山,李国平.中国汽车制造业集聚与企业区位选择[J].地理学报,2014,69(6):850-862.ZHAO J Z,SUN T S,LI G P.Agglomeration and firm location choice of China’s automobile manufacturing industry[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(6):850-862.
[8] MARR P.The geography of the British motorcycle industry,1896-2004[J].Journal of Transport History,2012,33(2):163-185.
[9] 刘卫东,薛凤旋.论汽车工业空间组织之变化[J].地理科学进展,1998,17(2):1-14.LIU W D,XUE F X.The changing spatial organization of the automotive industry:The impact of production pattern changes[J].Progress in Geography,1998,17(2):1-14.
[10] 甄峰,余洋,汪侠,等.城市汽车服务业空间集聚特征研究:以南京市为例[J].地理科学,2016,32(10):1200-1208.ZHEN F,YU Y,WANG X,et al.The spatial agglomeration characteristics of automotive service industry:A case study of Nanjing[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(10):1200-1208.
[11] BOSCHMA R A,WENTING R.The spatial evolution of the British automobile industry:Does location matter?[J].Industrial and Corporate Change,2007,16(2):213-238.
[12] 黄娉婷,张晓平.京津冀都市圈汽车产业空间布局演化研究[J].地理研究,2014,33(1):83-95.HUANG P T,ZHANG X P.Spatial evolution of automobile industry in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan region[J].Geographical Research,2014,33(1):83-95.
[13] MALMBERG A,MALMBERG B,LUNDEQUIST P.Agglomeration and firm performance:Economies of scale,localisation,and urbanisation among Swedish export firms[J].Environment and Planning A,2000,32(2):305-321.
[14] 王俊松,贺灿飞.集聚经济,外资溢出效应与中国汽车企业效率[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(3):337-344.WANG J S,HE C F.Agglomeration economies,FDI spillovers and Chinese automobile enterprises efficiency[J].Progress in Geography,2009,28(3):337-344.
[15] 王敏.中美汽车产业集聚对创新绩效影响的比较研究[D].长沙:湖南大学,2011.WANG M.The comparative research on the effect of auto industry to innovation performance between China and America[D].Changsha:Hunan University,2011.
[16] 贺灿飞,郭琪,等.集聚经济、技术关联与中国产业发展[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2016.HE C F,GUO Q,et al.The agglomeration development of economy,technology association and industry development[M].Beijing:Economic Science Press,2016.
[17] ROSENTHAL S S,STRANGE W C.Geography,industrial organization,and agglomeration[J].Review of Economics and Statistics,2003,85(2):377-393.
[18] HENDERSON V,KUNCORO A,TURNER M.Industrial development in cities[J].Journal of Political Economy,1995,103(5):1067-1090.
[19] 张鑫,朱英明,李玉见.集聚经济影响下的企业生产率与企业空间选择[J].经济评论,2016 (6):84-97.ZHANG X,ZHU Y M,LI Y J.Firm productivity and firm selection in the presence of agglomeration economies:The perspective of heterogeneous firm productivity[J].Economic Review,2016(6):84-97.
[20] 王远飞,何洪林.空间数据分析方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2008:66-71.WANG Y F,HE H L.Spatial data analysis method[M].Beijing:Science Press,2008:66-71.
[21] BERKE O.Exploratory disease mapping:Kriging the spatial risk function from regional count data[J].International Journal of Health Geography,2004,3(10):18-20.
[22] RIPLEY B D.The second-order analysis of stationary point processes[J].Journal of Applied Probability,1976,13(2):255-266.
[23] KOENKER R,BASSETT G.Regression quantiles[J].Econometrica,1978,46(1):33-50.
[24] 陈珍珍,游家兴.基于分位回归法的农民工收入影响因素分析[J].统计研究,2009,26(6):79-84.CHEN Z Z,YOU J X.Factor analysis on the income level of off-farm workers based on quantile regression[J].Statistical Research,2009,26(6):79-84.
[25] 贺灿飞.地方化经济、城市化经济与中国制造业企业劳动生产率[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报(社会科学版),2011,13(6):1-9.HE C F.Localization economies,urbanization economies and labor productivity of Chinese manufacturing enterprises[J].Journal of HIT (Social Sciences Edition),2011,13(6):1-9.
[26] 贺灿飞,潘峰华.外部集聚经济、外资溢出效应与制造业企业效率[J].产业经济研究,2005(3):8-15.HE C F,PAN F H.Agglomeration economy,FDI spillovers and enterprise productivity[J].Industrial Economics Research,2005(3):8-15.
[27] 吴延兵,米增渝.创新、模仿与企业效率—来自制造业非国有企业的经验证据[J].中国社会科学,2011(4):77-94.WU Y B,MI Z Y.Innovation,imitation and enterprise efficiency in Chinese non state-owned manufacturing enterprises[J].Social Sciences in China,2011(4):77-94.
[28] 李春涛,宋敏.中国制造业企业的创新活动:所有制和CEO激励的作用[J].经济研究,2010(5):135-137.LI C T,SONG M.Innovation activities in Chinese manufacturing firms:The roles of firm ownership and CEO incentives[J].Economic Research Journal,2010(5):55-67.
[29] COE N M,HENDERSON J.Globalizing regional development:A global production network perspective[J].Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2004,29(4):468-484.
[30] BATHELT H,MALMBERG A,MASKELL P.Clusters and knowledge:Local buzz,global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation[J].Progress in Human Geography,2005,28(1):31-56.
① 引自:中国汽车工业协会(http://www.caam.org.cn/).
(1)2016年3月国家发展改革委员会发布《长江三角洲城市群发展规划》,具体包括上海市,江苏省的南京、苏州、扬州、常州、无锡、镇江、盐城、南通、泰州,安徽省的合肥、芜湖、马鞍山、铜陵、安庆、池州、滁州、宣城,浙江省的杭州、宁波、金华、台州、绍兴、舟山、嘉兴、湖州.
(2)包括:汽车整车制造(3610)、改装汽车制造(3620)、电车制造(3640)、汽车车身、挂车的制造(3650)、汽车零部件及配件制造(3660).
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