桂林岩溶试验场植被水文过程总有机碳通量垂直变化特征
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摘要
该研究以广西桂林岩溶石山区的两种典型植被(香椿林和云实灌丛)为例,利用野外长期定位监测降雨、穿透雨、树干径流、钻孔和表层岩溶水中总有机碳(TOC)的变化特征,探讨不同植被林冠层TOC浓度和通量的年变化特征。结果表明:在降雨通过大气-植被-土壤/岩石的过程,TOC浓度变化趋势为树干径流>穿透雨>钻孔水>泉水>大气降雨;穿透雨和树干径流中TOC浓度呈现为雨季大旱季小的趋势,钻孔水和泉水的TOC浓度月变化则相对稳定; TOC浓度的增幅不同,穿透雨和树干径流TOC浓度的平均增量和变化幅度比钻孔水和泉水的大;香椿林树干径流TOC浓度与树干径流量呈负相关关系; TOC月平均通量为云实穿透雨>香椿穿透雨>降雨>泉水>香椿树干径流>云实树干径流;云实灌丛林下降雨(204.86 kg·hm~(-2)的TOC通量是香椿林(153.48 kg·hm~(-2)的1.3倍;观测期间,大气降雨输入的TOC通量为63.06 kg·hm~(-2),表层岩溶泉水输出为48.29 kg·hm~(-2),TOC输入输出之差为14.77 kg·hm~(-2),系统TOC为正平衡;降雨进入植被内部后时,植被林冠层作为"TOC活库"具有增加TOC通量的"源"作用,而表层岩溶带的土壤/岩石系统作为"TOC死库"具有吸收、过滤和固定TOC的"汇"作用。
In order to reveal the annual variation characteristics of TOC concentration and flux in different vegetation canopies,total organic carbon( TOC) concentration and its flux in precipitation,throughfall,stemflow,borehole water and epikarst spring water were monitored in two typical vegetations( Toona sinensis and Caesalpinia decapetala) in karst rocky mountain area,Guilin,Guangxi. The results indicated that in the process of rainfall through the atmosphere-vegetation-soil/rock profile,the variation trend of TOC concentration was stemflow > throughfall > borehole water > epikarst spring water> rainfall. The TOC concentration in throughfall and stemflow was bigger in rainy season and smaller in drought season. The monthly TOC concentration in borehole water and epikarst spring water was relatively stable. The increase of TOC concentration was different,and average increment and amplitude of TOC concentration in throughfall and stemflow were larger than that in borehole water and spring water. The TOC concentration of stemflow was negatively correlated with stemflow water quantity in Toona sinensis forest. TOC average monthly flux was throughfall in Caesalpinia decapetala > throughfall in Toona sinensis > precipitation> spring >stemflow in Toona sinensis > stemflow in Caesalpinia decapetala. The TOC flux under shrub rain( 204.86 kg·hm~(-2)) was 1.3 times that in Toona sinensis( 153.48 kg·hm~(-2)). The TOC flux from rainfall input was 63.06 kg·hm~(-2),with 48.29 kg·hm~(-2) TOC flux from epikarst spring output. The TOC difference between input and output was 14. 77 kg · hm~(-2),which indicate that TOC in system was a positive balance. When precipitation entered vegetation,vegetation canopy,as "TOC live reservoir",increased TOC flux and was a carbon"source",however,soil-rock system in epikarst zone,as"TOC dead reservoir",was carbon"sink"with absorption,filtration and fixing of TOC.
In order to reveal the annual variation characteristics of TOC concentration and flux in different vegetation canopies,total organic carbon( TOC) concentration and its flux in precipitation,throughfall,stemflow,borehole water and epikarst spring water were monitored in two typical vegetations( Toona sinensis and Caesalpinia decapetala) in karst rocky mountain area,Guilin,Guangxi. The results indicated that in the process of rainfall through the atmosphere-vegetation-soil/rock profile,the variation trend of TOC concentration was stemflow > throughfall > borehole water > epikarst spring water> rainfall. The TOC concentration in throughfall and stemflow was bigger in rainy season and smaller in drought season. The monthly TOC concentration in borehole water and epikarst spring water was relatively stable. The increase of TOC concentration was different,and average increment and amplitude of TOC concentration in throughfall and stemflow were larger than that in borehole water and spring water. The TOC concentration of stemflow was negatively correlated with stemflow water quantity in Toona sinensis forest. TOC average monthly flux was throughfall in Caesalpinia decapetala > throughfall in Toona sinensis > precipitation> spring >stemflow in Toona sinensis > stemflow in Caesalpinia decapetala. The TOC flux under shrub rain( 204.86 kg·hm~(-2)) was 1.3 times that in Toona sinensis( 153.48 kg·hm~(-2)). The TOC flux from rainfall input was 63.06 kg·hm~(-2),with 48.29 kg·hm~(-2) TOC flux from epikarst spring output. The TOC difference between input and output was 14. 77 kg · hm~(-2),which indicate that TOC in system was a positive balance. When precipitation entered vegetation,vegetation canopy,as "TOC live reservoir",increased TOC flux and was a carbon"source",however,soil-rock system in epikarst zone,as"TOC dead reservoir",was carbon"sink"with absorption,filtration and fixing of TOC.
引文
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ERLANDSSON M,BUFFAM I,FLSTER J,et al.,2008.Thirty-five years of synchrony in the organic matter concentrations of Swedish rivers explained by variation in flow and sulphate[J].Glob Change Biol,14(5):1191-1198.
FREEMAN C,EVANS CD,MONTEITH DT,et al.,2001.Export of organic carbon from peat soils[J].Nature,412(6849):785.
GREENBERG AE,1992.Standard methods for examination of waters and watersheds[M].Washington DC:American Public Health Association,64(3/4):51-59.
HOPE D,BILLETT MF,CRESSER MS,1994.A review of the export of carbon in river water:fluxes and processes[J].Environ Poll,84:301-324.
INAGAKI M,SAKAI M,OHNUKI Y,1995.The effects of organic carbon on acid rain in a temperate forest in Japan[J].Water Air Soil Poll,85(4):2345-2350.
JANSSON M,BERGSTROM AK,BLOMQVIST P,et al.,2000.Allochthonousorganic carbon and phytoplankton/bacterioplankton production relationships in lakes[J].Ecology,81(11):3250-3255.
JIANG GH,ZHANG J,2011.Change of dissolved in organic carbon in karst peak cluster during natural restoration:Acase study in Yaji Station[J].Carsol Sin,30(4):397-402.[姜光辉,张强,2011.峰丛洼地自然封育过程岩溶水溶解无机碳的变化-以桂林丫吉试验场为例[J].中国岩溶,30(4):397-402.]
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LUO Y,ZHOU GY,ZHANG DQ,et al.,2004.Study on the concentration of total organic carbon in the forest hydrological processes of three main forest types in Dinghushan during a rain season[J].Acta Ecol Sin,24(12):2973-2978.[罗艳,周国逸,张德强,等,2004.鼎湖山三种主要林型水文学过程中总有机碳浓度对比[J].生态学报,24(12):2973-2978.]
LIECHTY HO,KUUSEOKS E,MORZ GD,1995.Dissolve organic carbon in northern hardwood stands with differing acidic inputs and temperature regimes[J].J Environ Qual,24:927-933.
LIU CP,BOR HS,2003.Dissolved organic carbon in precipitation,throughfall,stemflow,soil solution,and stream water at the Guandaushi subtropical forest in Taiwan[J].For Ecol Man,172:315-325.
MATTSSON T,KORTELAINEN P,RIKE A,2005.Export of DOM from boreal catchments:impacts of land use cover and climate[J].Biogeochemistry,76(2):373-394.
MCDOWELL WH,1998.Internal nutrient fluxes in a Puerto Rican rain forest[J].J Trop Ecol,14(4):521-536.
MCDOWELL WH,LIKENS GE,1988.Origin,composition,and flux of dissolved organic carbon in the Hubbard Brook Valley[J].Ecol Monogr,58(3):177-195.
TURKEY HB,1970.The leaching of substances from plants[J].Ann Rev Plant Physiol,21:305-324.
WANG QL,JIANG YJ,CHEN Y,2016.Export of total organic carbon(TOC)from karst watershed and its influencing factors:An example from Xueyudong underground river system,Chongqing[J].Environ Sci,37(5):1788-1797.[王巧莲,蒋勇军,陈宇,2016.岩溶流域地下水TOC输出及影响因素分析:以重庆丰都雪玉洞地下河流域为例[J].环境科学,37(5):1788-1797.]
WILCKE W,YASIN S,VALAREZO C,et al.,2001.Change in water quality during the passage through a tropical montane rain forest in Ecuador[J].Biogeochemistry,55:45-72.
YANG LL,WANG YH,DU M,et al.,2014.The variation of total organic carbon(TOC)flux with rain water in regional forests of Liupan Mountains,China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,34(21):6297-6308.[杨丽丽,王彦辉,杜敏,等,2014.六盘山典型森林伴随降水的总有机碳(TOC)通量变化特征[J].生态学报,34(21):6297-6308.]
YIN GC,ZHOU GY,ZHANG DQ,et al.,2005.Dynamics of total organic carbon(TOC)in hydrological processes in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest of Dinghushan[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,16(9):1655-1660.[尹光彩,周国逸,张德强,等,2005.鼎湖山针阔叶混交林水文学过程中总有机碳动态[J].应用生态学报,16(9):1655-1660.]
YUAN DX,DAI AD,CAI WT,et al.,1996.Karst water system of a peak cluster catchment in South China’s bare karst region and its mathematic model:A case study in Guilin Yaji Station[M].Guilin:Guangxi Normal University Press:88-118.[袁道先,戴爱德,蔡五田,等,1996.中国南方裸露型岩溶峰山区岩溶水系统及其数学模型的研究:以桂林丫吉为例[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社:88-118.]
ZHANG C,WANG JL,PU JB,2015.Diel aqueous chemical cycling in a typical karst spring-fed stream:Controls of biogeochemical processes[J].Acta Geosci Sin,36(2):197-203.[章程,汪进良,蒲俊兵,2015.地下河出口河流水化学昼夜动态变化---生物地球化学过程的控制[J].地球学报,36(2):197-203.]
ZHANG CL,HUANG F,YANG H,et al.,2013.Characteristics of carbon cycle and the effect of carbon sink in karst ecosystem[J].Earth Environ,41(4):378-387.[张春来,黄芬,杨慧,等,2013.岩溶生态系统中的碳循环特征与碳汇效应[J].地球与环境,41(4):378-387.]
CHEN GF,JIANG GH,ZHOU WL,et al.,2013.Characteristics of moisture and evaporation on slope land soil profile in karst stone hill:A case in the Yaji experimental site[J].Carsol Sin,32(1):73-78.[陈国富,姜光辉,周文亮,等,2013.岩溶石山区坡地土壤剖面水分与蒸发特征-以桂林丫吉试验场为例[J].中国岩溶,32(1):73-78.]
CURRIE WS,ABER JD,MCDOWELL WH,et al.,1996.Vertical transport of dissolved organic C and N under long-term Namendments in pine and hardwood forests[J].Biogeochemistry,35(3):471-505.
DRISCOLL CT,BLETTE V,YAN C,et al.,1995.The role of dissolved organic carbon in the chemistry and bioavailability of mercury in remote Adirondack lakes[J].Water Air Soil Poll,80:499-508.
ERLANDSSON M,BUFFAM I,FLSTER J,et al.,2008.Thirty-five years of synchrony in the organic matter concentrations of Swedish rivers explained by variation in flow and sulphate[J].Glob Change Biol,14(5):1191-1198.
FREEMAN C,EVANS CD,MONTEITH DT,et al.,2001.Export of organic carbon from peat soils[J].Nature,412(6849):785.
GREENBERG AE,1992.Standard methods for examination of waters and watersheds[M].Washington DC:American Public Health Association,64(3/4):51-59.
HOPE D,BILLETT MF,CRESSER MS,1994.A review of the export of carbon in river water:fluxes and processes[J].Environ Poll,84:301-324.
INAGAKI M,SAKAI M,OHNUKI Y,1995.The effects of organic carbon on acid rain in a temperate forest in Japan[J].Water Air Soil Poll,85(4):2345-2350.
JANSSON M,BERGSTROM AK,BLOMQVIST P,et al.,2000.Allochthonousorganic carbon and phytoplankton/bacterioplankton production relationships in lakes[J].Ecology,81(11):3250-3255.
JIANG GH,ZHANG J,2011.Change of dissolved in organic carbon in karst peak cluster during natural restoration:Acase study in Yaji Station[J].Carsol Sin,30(4):397-402.[姜光辉,张强,2011.峰丛洼地自然封育过程岩溶水溶解无机碳的变化-以桂林丫吉试验场为例[J].中国岩溶,30(4):397-402.]
KORTELAINEN P,MATTSSON T,FINER L,et al.,2006.Controls on the export of C,N,P and Fe from undisturbed boreal catchments,Finland[J].Aquat Sci,68(4):453-468.
LUO Y,ZHOU GY,ZHANG DQ,et al.,2004.Study on the concentration of total organic carbon in the forest hydrological processes of three main forest types in Dinghushan during a rain season[J].Acta Ecol Sin,24(12):2973-2978.[罗艳,周国逸,张德强,等,2004.鼎湖山三种主要林型水文学过程中总有机碳浓度对比[J].生态学报,24(12):2973-2978.]
LIECHTY HO,KUUSEOKS E,MORZ GD,1995.Dissolve organic carbon in northern hardwood stands with differing acidic inputs and temperature regimes[J].J Environ Qual,24:927-933.
LIU CP,BOR HS,2003.Dissolved organic carbon in precipitation,throughfall,stemflow,soil solution,and stream water at the Guandaushi subtropical forest in Taiwan[J].For Ecol Man,172:315-325.
MATTSSON T,KORTELAINEN P,RIKE A,2005.Export of DOM from boreal catchments:impacts of land use cover and climate[J].Biogeochemistry,76(2):373-394.
MCDOWELL WH,1998.Internal nutrient fluxes in a Puerto Rican rain forest[J].J Trop Ecol,14(4):521-536.
MCDOWELL WH,LIKENS GE,1988.Origin,composition,and flux of dissolved organic carbon in the Hubbard Brook Valley[J].Ecol Monogr,58(3):177-195.
TURKEY HB,1970.The leaching of substances from plants[J].Ann Rev Plant Physiol,21:305-324.
WANG QL,JIANG YJ,CHEN Y,2016.Export of total organic carbon(TOC)from karst watershed and its influencing factors:An example from Xueyudong underground river system,Chongqing[J].Environ Sci,37(5):1788-1797.[王巧莲,蒋勇军,陈宇,2016.岩溶流域地下水TOC输出及影响因素分析:以重庆丰都雪玉洞地下河流域为例[J].环境科学,37(5):1788-1797.]
WILCKE W,YASIN S,VALAREZO C,et al.,2001.Change in water quality during the passage through a tropical montane rain forest in Ecuador[J].Biogeochemistry,55:45-72.
YANG LL,WANG YH,DU M,et al.,2014.The variation of total organic carbon(TOC)flux with rain water in regional forests of Liupan Mountains,China[J].Acta Ecol Sin,34(21):6297-6308.[杨丽丽,王彦辉,杜敏,等,2014.六盘山典型森林伴随降水的总有机碳(TOC)通量变化特征[J].生态学报,34(21):6297-6308.]
YIN GC,ZHOU GY,ZHANG DQ,et al.,2005.Dynamics of total organic carbon(TOC)in hydrological processes in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest of Dinghushan[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,16(9):1655-1660.[尹光彩,周国逸,张德强,等,2005.鼎湖山针阔叶混交林水文学过程中总有机碳动态[J].应用生态学报,16(9):1655-1660.]
YUAN DX,DAI AD,CAI WT,et al.,1996.Karst water system of a peak cluster catchment in South China’s bare karst region and its mathematic model:A case study in Guilin Yaji Station[M].Guilin:Guangxi Normal University Press:88-118.[袁道先,戴爱德,蔡五田,等,1996.中国南方裸露型岩溶峰山区岩溶水系统及其数学模型的研究:以桂林丫吉为例[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社:88-118.]
ZHANG C,WANG JL,PU JB,2015.Diel aqueous chemical cycling in a typical karst spring-fed stream:Controls of biogeochemical processes[J].Acta Geosci Sin,36(2):197-203.[章程,汪进良,蒲俊兵,2015.地下河出口河流水化学昼夜动态变化---生物地球化学过程的控制[J].地球学报,36(2):197-203.]
ZHANG CL,HUANG F,YANG H,et al.,2013.Characteristics of carbon cycle and the effect of carbon sink in karst ecosystem[J].Earth Environ,41(4):378-387.[张春来,黄芬,杨慧,等,2013.岩溶生态系统中的碳循环特征与碳汇效应[J].地球与环境,41(4):378-387.]