黑土区坡耕地横坡垄作措施防治土壤侵蚀的土槽试验
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摘要
为了研究黑土区坡耕地横坡垄作防治坡面土壤侵蚀的效应,该文利用8 m×1.5 m的试验土槽,设计3个降雨强度(50、75和100 mm/h)、1个典型坡度(5°)以及横坡垄作和无垄作(平坡裸地对照试验)的试验处理进行模拟降雨试验,研究东北黑土区横坡垄作坡面在不同降雨强度下的防治坡面侵蚀效应。结果表明:横坡垄作在50 mm/h降雨强度下坡面基本不发生土壤侵蚀,但在75和100 mm/h降雨强度下会发生断垄,造成防蚀效应急剧降低。横坡垄作坡面的径流和侵蚀过程均明显存在以断垄时间为界的突变,在3个降雨强度下,横坡垄作断垄前可使坡面径流量和侵蚀量分别减少97.7%和99.1%以上,坡面蓄渗率达到97.2%以上;而断垄后坡面径流量和侵蚀量分别增加23.3~25.9倍和136.8~171.5倍,蓄渗率下降至50%以下。试验研究表明横坡垄作在≤50 mm/h的降雨强度下具有很好的坡面防治侵蚀效应,但当遇到强降雨时易发生断垄,防蚀效应急剧降低。
Ridge tillage is the most common tillage method in Mollisol region of Northeast China, and contour ridge tillage is one of the practices to promote soil and water conservation on the farmland. However, the effects of contour ridge tillage for controlling hillslope soil erosion and its erosion process under different rainfall intensities have not been fully investigated. Studying the hillslope soil erosion controlling effects of contour ridge can provide basic information for designing hillslope soil conservation practices. A simulated rainfall experiment was designed to study the effects of contour ridge tillage for controlling hillslope soil erosion in balck soil region of northeast China, three rainfall intensities(50, 75 and 100 mm/h), one slope gradient(5°), two surface treatments of contour ridge tillage and flat tillage were conducted, and a soil box with 8 m long and 3 m wide was used in this study. The results showed that contour ridge tillage has a significant effect on erosion prevention under rainfall intensity of 50 mm/h, and there was almost no runoff and soil loss compared with flat hillslope. In 75 and 100 mm/h treatments, the runoff and soil loss processes on contour ridge hillslope obviously had abrupt changes before and after the ridge failure. Compared with the flat tillage hillslope, before contour ridges failure, the contour ridge tillage reduced more than 97.7% of runoff and soil loss, runoff intensities and erosion rates were 0.01-0.06 times and 0.01-0.02 times lower than that of flat hillslope, respectively, and water storage capacities for contour ridge hillslope under three rainfall intensities were greater than 97.2%, which indicated that contour ridge tillage had a satisfactory effect for controlling hillslope soil erosion. However, when contour ridges failure occurred, soil loss greatly increased and correspondingly effects of contour ridge tillage for controlling hillslope sharply decreased. Hillslope soil loss was closely responding to runoff rate after ridges failure. The runoff and soil loss after ridges failure increased by 23.3-25.9 and 136.8-171.5 times than that before ridges failure, respectively; and water storage capacity respectively decreased 50% and 10% under 75 and 100 mm/h rainfall intensities, while soil loss increased by 63.7% and 35.8%. Hillslope soil loss of the treatment with contour ridge tillage was 2.7-3.6 times higher than the flat tillage under the rainfall intensities of 75 and 100 mm/h. Contour ridge tillage might have a better effects for controlling hillslope soil erosion under the rainfall intensities less than 50 mm/h, but contour ridges failure occurred frequently under the high rainfall intensities, resulting in a dramatic decrease of the erosion control effect. Although ridge failure occurred under large rainfall intensity treatments, the water volume intercepted(including infiltration and impoundment) was still remarkable. It was found that the ridge stability improved in wide-ridge tillage system in field survey, and the popularization of the wide-ridge tillage was expected to further improve the effect of erosion control. Therefore, the future work should be focused on the improvement of contour ridge tillage to better control the hillslope erosion in Mollisol region of northeast China, and more research should be conducted on contour ridges failure to better understand and predict this process in ridge tillage systems of the balck soil region.
Ridge tillage is the most common tillage method in Mollisol region of Northeast China, and contour ridge tillage is one of the practices to promote soil and water conservation on the farmland. However, the effects of contour ridge tillage for controlling hillslope soil erosion and its erosion process under different rainfall intensities have not been fully investigated. Studying the hillslope soil erosion controlling effects of contour ridge can provide basic information for designing hillslope soil conservation practices. A simulated rainfall experiment was designed to study the effects of contour ridge tillage for controlling hillslope soil erosion in balck soil region of northeast China, three rainfall intensities(50, 75 and 100 mm/h), one slope gradient(5°), two surface treatments of contour ridge tillage and flat tillage were conducted, and a soil box with 8 m long and 3 m wide was used in this study. The results showed that contour ridge tillage has a significant effect on erosion prevention under rainfall intensity of 50 mm/h, and there was almost no runoff and soil loss compared with flat hillslope. In 75 and 100 mm/h treatments, the runoff and soil loss processes on contour ridge hillslope obviously had abrupt changes before and after the ridge failure. Compared with the flat tillage hillslope, before contour ridges failure, the contour ridge tillage reduced more than 97.7% of runoff and soil loss, runoff intensities and erosion rates were 0.01-0.06 times and 0.01-0.02 times lower than that of flat hillslope, respectively, and water storage capacities for contour ridge hillslope under three rainfall intensities were greater than 97.2%, which indicated that contour ridge tillage had a satisfactory effect for controlling hillslope soil erosion. However, when contour ridges failure occurred, soil loss greatly increased and correspondingly effects of contour ridge tillage for controlling hillslope sharply decreased. Hillslope soil loss was closely responding to runoff rate after ridges failure. The runoff and soil loss after ridges failure increased by 23.3-25.9 and 136.8-171.5 times than that before ridges failure, respectively; and water storage capacity respectively decreased 50% and 10% under 75 and 100 mm/h rainfall intensities, while soil loss increased by 63.7% and 35.8%. Hillslope soil loss of the treatment with contour ridge tillage was 2.7-3.6 times higher than the flat tillage under the rainfall intensities of 75 and 100 mm/h. Contour ridge tillage might have a better effects for controlling hillslope soil erosion under the rainfall intensities less than 50 mm/h, but contour ridges failure occurred frequently under the high rainfall intensities, resulting in a dramatic decrease of the erosion control effect. Although ridge failure occurred under large rainfall intensity treatments, the water volume intercepted(including infiltration and impoundment) was still remarkable. It was found that the ridge stability improved in wide-ridge tillage system in field survey, and the popularization of the wide-ridge tillage was expected to further improve the effect of erosion control. Therefore, the future work should be focused on the improvement of contour ridge tillage to better control the hillslope erosion in Mollisol region of northeast China, and more research should be conducted on contour ridges failure to better understand and predict this process in ridge tillage systems of the balck soil region.
引文
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[2]黑龙江省土地管理局.黑龙江土壤[M].北京:农业出版社,1992.
[3]刘宝元,阎百兴,沈波,等.东北黑土区农地水土流失现状与综合治理对策[J].中国水土保持科学,2008,6(1):1-8.Liu Baoyuan,Yan Baixing,Shen Bo,et al.Current status and comprehensive control strategies of soil erosion for cultivated land in the Northeastern black soil area of China[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,6(1):1-8.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]胡刚,伍永秋,刘宝元,等.东北漫岗黑土区切沟侵蚀发育特征[J].地理学报,2007,62(11):1165-1173.Hu G,Wu Y Q,Liu B Y,et al.The growth characteristics of gully erosion over rolling hilly black soil area of Northeast China[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2007.
[5]Nunes A N,Almeida A C D,Coelho C O A.Impacts of land use and cover type on runoff and soil erosion in a marginal area of Portugal[J].Applied Geography,2011,31(2):687-699.
[6]赵鹏志,陈祥伟,王恩姮.东北黑土区典型坡面耕作侵蚀定量分析[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(12):151-157.Zhao Pengzhi,Chen Xiangwei,Wang Enheng.Quantitative assessment of tillage erosion on typical sloping field in black soil area of northeast China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(12):151-157.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]郑粉莉,边锋,卢嘉,等.雨型对东北典型黑土区顺坡垄作坡面土壤侵蚀的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(2):90-97.Zheng Fenli,Bian Feng,Lu Jia,et al.Effects of rainfall patterns on hillslope erosion with longitudinal ridge in typical black soil region of Northeast China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(2):90-97.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]Liu X B,Burras C L,Kravchenko Y S,et al.Overview of Mollisols in the world:Distribution,land use and management[J].Revue Canadienne De La Science Du Sol,2012,92(3):383-402.
[9]Arnhold S,Ruidisch M,Bartsch S,et al.Simulation of runoff patterns and soil erosion on mountainous farmland with and without plastic-covered ridge-furrow cultivation in South Korea[J].Transactions of the Asabe,2013,56(2):667-679.
[10]Gebreegziabher T,Nyssen J,Govaerts B,et al.Contour furrows for in situ soil and water conservation,Tigray,Northern Ethiopia[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2009,103(2):257-264.
[11]Liu Q J,Zhang H Y,An J,et al.Soil erosion processes on row sideslopes within contour ridging systems[J].Catena,2014,115(4):11-18.
[12]张少良,张兴义,刘晓冰,等.典型黑土侵蚀区不同耕作措施的水土保持功效研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(3):11-15.Zhang Shaoliang,Zhang Xingyi,Liu Xiaobing,et al.Tillage Effect on Soil Erosion in Typical Black Soil Region[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,23(3):11-15.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]Chambers B J,Garwood T W D,Unwin R.J.,et al.Controlling soil water erosion and phosphorus losses from arable land in England and Wales[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2000,29(1):145-150.
[14]Stevens C J,Quinton J N,Bailey A P,et al.The effects of minimal tillage,contour cultivation and in-field vegetative barriers on soil erosion and phosphorus loss[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2009,106(1):145-151.
[15]Gupta S C,Radke J K,Swan J B,et al.Predicting soil temperatures under a ridge-furrow system in the U.S.Corn Belt.[J].Soil&Tillage Research,1990,18(2-3):145-165.
[16]Hatfield J L,Allmaras R R,Rehm G W,et al.Ridge tillage for corn and soybean production:Environmental quality impacts[J].Soil&Tillage Research,1998,48(3):145-154.
[17]Lal R.Ridge-tillage[J].Soil&Tillage Research,1990,18(2):107-111.
[18]范昊明,蔡强国,王红闪.中国东北黑土区土壤侵蚀环境[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(2):66-70.Fan Haoming,Cai Qiangguo,Wang Hongshan.Condition of soil erosion in phaeozem region of Northeast China[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,18(2):66-70.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]温磊磊,郑粉莉,杨青森,等.雨型对东北黑土区坡耕地土壤侵蚀影响的试验研究[J].水利学报,2012,43(9):1084-1091.Wen Leilei,Zheng Fenli,Yang Qingsen,et al.Effects of rainfall patterns on hillslope farmland erosion in black soil region of Northeast China[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2012,43(9):1084-1091.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]An J,Liu Q J.Soil aggregate breakdown in response to wetting rate during the inter-rill and rill stages of erosion in a contour ridge system[J].Catena,2017,157:241-249.
[21]Griffith D R,Parsons S D,Mannering J V.Mechanics and adaptability of ridge-planting for corn and soya bean[J].Soil&Tillage Research,1990,18(2):113-126.
[22]林艺,秦凤,郑子成,等.不同降雨条件下垄作坡面地表微地形及土壤侵蚀变化特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(3):32-38.Lin Yi,Qin Feng,Zheng Zicheng,et al.Characteristics of variations in soil surface micro-topography and soil erosion on the cross ridge slope under different rainfall conditions[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,13(3):32-38.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Foster Georg R,Yoder Danile C,Weesies Glenn A,et al.User's Guide-Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(Draft)[Z].2003.
[24]Müller E,Wildhagen H,Quintern M,et al.Spatial patterns of soil biological and physical properties in a ridge tilled and a ploughed Luvisol[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2009,105(1):88-95.
[25]寇江涛,师尚礼,王琦,等.垄沟集雨对紫花苜蓿草地土壤水分、容重和孔隙度的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(6):1336-1342.Kou Jiangtao,Shi Shangli,Wang Qi,et al.Effect of ridge/furrow rain harvesting on soil moisture,bulk density and porosity in Medicago sativa field[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2011,19(6):1336-1342.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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