黄浦江铅的人体健康水质基准研究
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摘要
铅是我国水环境质量监控的重点污染物之一.我国成人和儿童铅中毒事件时有发生,制定铅的人体健康水质基准在我国有着特殊意义.本文以黄浦江流域为研究对象,采集并分析流域水样和不同营养级的鱼样本中铅含量,结合文献调研,确定了人体暴露参数、生物蓄积系数等相关本土参数,推导出该流域铅的基于人体健康风险水质基准值为13.45μg·L~(-1).虽然该值略高于我国和大部分发达国家的现行饮用水标准(10μg·L~(-1)),但明显低于我国地表三类水环境标准(50μg·L~(-1)),提示黄浦江流域水体铅污染需要进一步加强防控.另外,通过引入铅的敏感人群儿童对基准推导进行了优化,并应用IEUBK模型(The Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model,综合暴露吸收生物动力学模型)对儿童血铅含量进行预测分析.研究发现引入了铅的敏感人群儿童后,推导得出基于人体健康的水质基准值为1.718μg·L~(-1),提示黄浦江流域的儿童在日常饮用水的选择上,应选择铅浓度比饮水标准更低的饮用水.本研究提出本土铅的基于人体健康风险水质基准值,对我国基准技术指南案例研究以及铅相关水质标准修订等具有重要的科学意义和参考价值.
Lead is one of the key pollutants in water environmental quality control in China. It is of special significance to establish the water quality criterion of lead based on human health in the country. In this study, the Huangpu river basin was selected as the research region, in which water samples and fish samples from different nutrient levels in this basin were collected and analyzed for the lead content. Integrating the literature review data, the relevant local parameters such as human exposure and bioaccumulation coefficient were determined. It was successfully deduced that the baseline value of lead water quality based on human health risk in this basin is 13.45 μg·L~(-1). Although this value is slightly higher than the current drinking water standard of China and major developed countries(10 μg·L~(-1)), it is significantly lower than the Class III surface water environmental standards(50 μg·L~(-1)). The result indicates that the water lead pollution in Huangpu river basin needs to be further controlled in terms of human health concern. In addition, the reference derivation was optimized by introducing lead sensitive population i.e. children. The blood lead content of children was predicted and analyzed by IEUBK model. It was deduced that the water quality criterion value of children based human health was 1.718 μg·L~(-1), suggesting that children in Huangpu river basin should choose drinking water with the lower lead concentration than the current drinking water standard. This study develops an aboriginal lead water quality criterion based on human health risk. It provides the important reference for the case study of China′s benchmark technical guide and the revision of lead related water quality standard.
Lead is one of the key pollutants in water environmental quality control in China. It is of special significance to establish the water quality criterion of lead based on human health in the country. In this study, the Huangpu river basin was selected as the research region, in which water samples and fish samples from different nutrient levels in this basin were collected and analyzed for the lead content. Integrating the literature review data, the relevant local parameters such as human exposure and bioaccumulation coefficient were determined. It was successfully deduced that the baseline value of lead water quality based on human health risk in this basin is 13.45 μg·L~(-1). Although this value is slightly higher than the current drinking water standard of China and major developed countries(10 μg·L~(-1)), it is significantly lower than the Class III surface water environmental standards(50 μg·L~(-1)). The result indicates that the water lead pollution in Huangpu river basin needs to be further controlled in terms of human health concern. In addition, the reference derivation was optimized by introducing lead sensitive population i.e. children. The blood lead content of children was predicted and analyzed by IEUBK model. It was deduced that the water quality criterion value of children based human health was 1.718 μg·L~(-1), suggesting that children in Huangpu river basin should choose drinking water with the lower lead concentration than the current drinking water standard. This study develops an aboriginal lead water quality criterion based on human health risk. It provides the important reference for the case study of China′s benchmark technical guide and the revision of lead related water quality standard.
引文
曹文杰. 2016. 基于人体健康的湘江砷、铅水质基准研究[D]. 湘潭:湘潭大学
董兆敏, 吴世闽, 胡建英. 2011. 中国部分地区铅暴露儿童健康风险评价[J]. 中国环境科学, 31(11):1910-1916
冯承莲, 吴丰昌, 赵晓丽,等. 2012. 水质基准研究与进展[J]. 中国科学:地球科学, 2012(5):21-31
郭海娟, 龚雪, 马放. 2017. 我国水质基准现状及发展趋势研究[J]. 环境保护科学, 43(4):32-35
国家环境保护总局. 2002. GB3838-2002地表水环境质量标准[S]. 北京:中国标准出版社
国家环境保护总局. 2016. GB5749-2006生活饮用水卫生标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社
Han L, Gao B, Hao H, et al. 2018. Lead contamination in sediments in the past 20 years: A challenge for China.[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 640-641:746
环境保护部. 2012. 环境空气质量标准GB3095—2012[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社
环境保护部. 2013. 中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社
环境保护部. 2016. 中国人群暴露参数手册(儿童卷)[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社
IARC. 1987. Lead and lead compounds: lead and inorganic lead compounds (Group 2B) and organolead compounds (Group 3)[R]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 230-232
李宗来, 宋兰合. 2012. WHO《饮用水水质准则》第四版解读[J]. 给水排水, 2012(7):9-13
刘则华, 佘沛阳, 韦雪柠,等. 2016. 日本最新饮用水水质标准及启示[J]. 中国给水排水, 2016(8):8-10
Lopes A C, Peixe T S, Mesas A E, et al. 2016. Lead Exposure and Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review.[J]. Reviews of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, 236:193
路浩, 张浩, 赵宝玉,等. 2011. 铅镉与细胞凋亡研究最新进展[J]. 中国兽医学报, 31(5):763-768
National Water Quality Management Strategy. 2011. Australian Drinking Water Guideline[M]. Australian Goverment: National Health and Medical Research Council
欧盟. 2004. 欧盟饮用水水质指令(98/83/EC)[J]. 净水技术, 2004(s1):44
Reuben A. 2018. Childhood lead exposure and adult neurodegenerative disease[J]. Journal of Alzheimers Disease Jad, 64(1):1-26
Sanders A E, Slade G D. 2018. Blood lead levels and dental caries in U.S. children who do not drink tap water[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54(2):157-163
Skerfving S, Löfmark L, Lundh T, et al. 2015. Late effects of low blood lead concentrations in children on school performance and cognitive functions[J]. Neurotoxicology, 49(1): 114-120
Sobin C, Parisi N, Schaub T, et al. 2011. A bland-altman comparison of the lead care® system and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for detecting low-level lead in child whole blood samples[J]. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 7(1):24-32
陶征楷. 2014. 上海市地表水体中微量金属分布特征及其生态风险评价[D]. 上海:华东师范大学
涂白杰, 程淑群, 胡雪原. 2004. 苯并[a]芘与铅联合神经毒性的细胞学研究[J]. 中国公共卫生, 20(10):1203-1204
USEPA. 2010. Integrated Risk Information System [EB /OL]. http: // cfpub. Epa. Gov /ncea /iris /index. Cfm, 2010-08-23
USEPA. 2012. National Recommended Water Quality Criteria[R]. Washington DC: Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology
王冰, 张金良, 张衍燊,等.2013. 中国儿童铅暴露健康风险评估[J]. 环境科学学报, 33(6):1771-1779
杨珂玲, 张宏志, 张志刚,等. 2016. 铅暴露的环境健康风险评估模型的本土化研究[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 26(2):163-169
杨彦, 李晓芳, 王琼,等. 2014. 基于人体健康模型(IEUBK、ALM)的温岭地区土壤环境铅基准值研究[J]. 环境科学学报, 34(7):1808-1817
张红振, 骆永明, 章海波,等. 2009. 基于人体血铅指标的区域土壤环境铅基准值[J]. 环境科学, 30(10):3036-3042
郑和辉. 2014. 中国饮用水标准的现状[J]. 卫生研究, 43(1):166-169
中华人民共和国生态环境部. 2017. 国家环境保护“十三五”环境与健康工作规划[S/OL]. 中华人民共和国生态环境部, [2017-3-02]. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-03/02/content_5172530.htm
中华人民共和国卫生部. 2004. 中国居民营养与健康现状[J]. 中国保健营养,2(11):8-11
章佳琳. 2014. 上海港变迁对城市空间形态的影响[D]. 杭州:浙江大学
董兆敏, 吴世闽, 胡建英. 2011. 中国部分地区铅暴露儿童健康风险评价[J]. 中国环境科学, 31(11):1910-1916
冯承莲, 吴丰昌, 赵晓丽,等. 2012. 水质基准研究与进展[J]. 中国科学:地球科学, 2012(5):21-31
郭海娟, 龚雪, 马放. 2017. 我国水质基准现状及发展趋势研究[J]. 环境保护科学, 43(4):32-35
国家环境保护总局. 2002. GB3838-2002地表水环境质量标准[S]. 北京:中国标准出版社
国家环境保护总局. 2016. GB5749-2006生活饮用水卫生标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社
Han L, Gao B, Hao H, et al. 2018. Lead contamination in sediments in the past 20 years: A challenge for China.[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 640-641:746
环境保护部. 2012. 环境空气质量标准GB3095—2012[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社
环境保护部. 2013. 中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社
环境保护部. 2016. 中国人群暴露参数手册(儿童卷)[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社
IARC. 1987. Lead and lead compounds: lead and inorganic lead compounds (Group 2B) and organolead compounds (Group 3)[R]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 230-232
李宗来, 宋兰合. 2012. WHO《饮用水水质准则》第四版解读[J]. 给水排水, 2012(7):9-13
刘则华, 佘沛阳, 韦雪柠,等. 2016. 日本最新饮用水水质标准及启示[J]. 中国给水排水, 2016(8):8-10
Lopes A C, Peixe T S, Mesas A E, et al. 2016. Lead Exposure and Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review.[J]. Reviews of Environmental Contamination & Toxicology, 236:193
路浩, 张浩, 赵宝玉,等. 2011. 铅镉与细胞凋亡研究最新进展[J]. 中国兽医学报, 31(5):763-768
National Water Quality Management Strategy. 2011. Australian Drinking Water Guideline[M]. Australian Goverment: National Health and Medical Research Council
欧盟. 2004. 欧盟饮用水水质指令(98/83/EC)[J]. 净水技术, 2004(s1):44
Reuben A. 2018. Childhood lead exposure and adult neurodegenerative disease[J]. Journal of Alzheimers Disease Jad, 64(1):1-26
Sanders A E, Slade G D. 2018. Blood lead levels and dental caries in U.S. children who do not drink tap water[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54(2):157-163
Skerfving S, Löfmark L, Lundh T, et al. 2015. Late effects of low blood lead concentrations in children on school performance and cognitive functions[J]. Neurotoxicology, 49(1): 114-120
Sobin C, Parisi N, Schaub T, et al. 2011. A bland-altman comparison of the lead care® system and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for detecting low-level lead in child whole blood samples[J]. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 7(1):24-32
陶征楷. 2014. 上海市地表水体中微量金属分布特征及其生态风险评价[D]. 上海:华东师范大学
涂白杰, 程淑群, 胡雪原. 2004. 苯并[a]芘与铅联合神经毒性的细胞学研究[J]. 中国公共卫生, 20(10):1203-1204
USEPA. 2010. Integrated Risk Information System [EB /OL]. http: // cfpub. Epa. Gov /ncea /iris /index. Cfm, 2010-08-23
USEPA. 2012. National Recommended Water Quality Criteria[R]. Washington DC: Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology
王冰, 张金良, 张衍燊,等.2013. 中国儿童铅暴露健康风险评估[J]. 环境科学学报, 33(6):1771-1779
杨珂玲, 张宏志, 张志刚,等. 2016. 铅暴露的环境健康风险评估模型的本土化研究[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 26(2):163-169
杨彦, 李晓芳, 王琼,等. 2014. 基于人体健康模型(IEUBK、ALM)的温岭地区土壤环境铅基准值研究[J]. 环境科学学报, 34(7):1808-1817
张红振, 骆永明, 章海波,等. 2009. 基于人体血铅指标的区域土壤环境铅基准值[J]. 环境科学, 30(10):3036-3042
郑和辉. 2014. 中国饮用水标准的现状[J]. 卫生研究, 43(1):166-169
中华人民共和国生态环境部. 2017. 国家环境保护“十三五”环境与健康工作规划[S/OL]. 中华人民共和国生态环境部, [2017-3-02]. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-03/02/content_5172530.htm
中华人民共和国卫生部. 2004. 中国居民营养与健康现状[J]. 中国保健营养,2(11):8-11
章佳琳. 2014. 上海港变迁对城市空间形态的影响[D]. 杭州:浙江大学