李家河水库污染物来源及水体分层对水质的影响
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摘要
对污染物来源和水质演变规律的深入认识是水源水库水质污染控制的前提.李家河水库是西安市的重要水源地,为加强李家河水库水源地保护工作,于2016年12月～2017年12月逐月对李家河水库进行水质监测.结果表明,李家河水库的主要污染物来源是上游来水,其对高锰酸盐指数、TN和TP的贡献率分别达99. 52%、99. 41%和99. 23%;上游东采峪葛牌小学河段和草坪服务区以上河段污染负荷较高,西采峪主要污染源汇入点为养鸡场和渔场.夏秋季水库会形成热分层,水体稳定分层期,在外源污染汇入和底部厌氧释放双重作用下水体中TN、TP、高锰酸盐指数、TOC、Fe和Mn的质量浓度分别高达3. 32、0. 177、5. 21、3. 01、0. 21和0. 235 mg·L-1,其中TN、TP、Fe和Mn质量浓度均超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅲ类水限值;较高的营养盐水平促进了藻类的大量繁殖,水体稳定分层期表层水体藻密度最高达到2. 18×108个·L-1,优势藻种为蓝藻门的铜绿微囊藻和束丝藻,对水质安全威胁较大.因此李家河水库水质污染控制的首要任务是采取有效措施控制藻类繁殖,同时加强水库上游污染源治理,降低污染物输入负荷.
An in-depth understanding of the source of pollutants and the evolution of water quality is a prerequisite for water pollution control in source water reservoirs. Lijiahe Reservoir is an important water source for Xi'an. To strengthen the protection of Lijiahe Reservoir,water quality monitoring was carried out monthly from December 2016 to December 2017. The results showed that the main pollutant source was upstream water,and its percentage contribution to the bulk pollutants was 99. 52% for permanganate index,99. 41% for TN,and 99. 23% for TP. The main source of pollution in the upstream Dongcaiyu was the upper reach with Gepai Primary School and the turf service area. The main source of pollution in Xicaiyu was the upper reach with a chicken farm and fishery. In summer and autumn, Lijiahe Reservoir exhibited thermal stratification. During the stable stratification period, the maximum concentrations of TN,TP,permanganate index,TOC,Fe,and Mn in the water body were as high as 3. 32,0. 177,5. 21,3. 01,0. 21,0. 235 mg·L-1,respectively,under the dual effects of exogenous pollution and bottom anaerobic release. The maximum concentrations of TN,TP,Fe,and Mn exceeded the Class Ⅲ water limit of Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards( GB 3838-2002). The higher nutrient levels promoted large-scale reproduction of algae. The density of algae in the upper water reached 2. 18 ×108 cells·L-1,and the dominant algae species were Microcystis aeruginosa and Aphanizomenon flosaquae,which pose a significant threat to water quality. Therefore,the primary goal for water pollution control in Lijiahe Reservoir is to take effective measures to control algae blooms,and at the same time,reduce the input of upstream pollutants.
An in-depth understanding of the source of pollutants and the evolution of water quality is a prerequisite for water pollution control in source water reservoirs. Lijiahe Reservoir is an important water source for Xi'an. To strengthen the protection of Lijiahe Reservoir,water quality monitoring was carried out monthly from December 2016 to December 2017. The results showed that the main pollutant source was upstream water,and its percentage contribution to the bulk pollutants was 99. 52% for permanganate index,99. 41% for TN,and 99. 23% for TP. The main source of pollution in the upstream Dongcaiyu was the upper reach with Gepai Primary School and the turf service area. The main source of pollution in Xicaiyu was the upper reach with a chicken farm and fishery. In summer and autumn, Lijiahe Reservoir exhibited thermal stratification. During the stable stratification period, the maximum concentrations of TN,TP,permanganate index,TOC,Fe,and Mn in the water body were as high as 3. 32,0. 177,5. 21,3. 01,0. 21,0. 235 mg·L-1,respectively,under the dual effects of exogenous pollution and bottom anaerobic release. The maximum concentrations of TN,TP,Fe,and Mn exceeded the Class Ⅲ water limit of Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards( GB 3838-2002). The higher nutrient levels promoted large-scale reproduction of algae. The density of algae in the upper water reached 2. 18 ×108 cells·L-1,and the dominant algae species were Microcystis aeruginosa and Aphanizomenon flosaquae,which pose a significant threat to water quality. Therefore,the primary goal for water pollution control in Lijiahe Reservoir is to take effective measures to control algae blooms,and at the same time,reduce the input of upstream pollutants.
引文
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[2]陈小锋,揣小明,杨柳燕.中国典型湖区湖泊富营养化现状、历史演变趋势及成因分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2014,30(4):438-443.Chen X F, Chuai X M, Yang L Y. Status quo, historical evolution and causes of eutrophication in lakes in typical lake regions of China[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2014,30(4):438-443.
[3]邓焕广,张菊.东昌湖水体富营养化评价及N、P平衡研究[J].环境科学与管理,2008,33(8):178-180.Deng H G,Zhang J. Assessment of eutrophication and balance of N and P in Dongchang Lake[J]. Environmental Science and Management,2008,33(8):178-180.
[4]苟婷,马千里,王振兴,等.龟石水库夏季富营养化状况与蓝藻水华暴发特征[J].环境科学,2017,38(10):4141-4150.Gou T, Ma Q L, Wang Z X, et al. Eutrophication and characteristics of cyanobacteria bloom in the summer in Guishi Reservoir[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(10):4141-4150.
[5]黄廷林,曾明正,邱晓鹏.周村水库季节性热分层消亡期水质响应特性[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(10):5695-5702.Huang T L,Zeng M Z,Qiu X P. Response of water quality of Zhoucun Reservoir during the disappearance of seasonal thermal stratification[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2016,10(10):5695-5702.
[6] Ma J Z,Ding Z Y,Wei G X,et al. Sources of water pollution and evolution of water quality in the Wuwei basin of Shiyang River, Northwest China[J]. Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(2):1168-1177.
[7] Ma X,Li Y,Zhang M,et al. Assessment and analysis of nonpoint source nitrogen and phosphorus loads in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Hubei Province,China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2011,412-413:154-161.
[8] Li Y,Cao W Z,Su C X,et al. Nutrient sources and composition of recent algal blooms and eutrophication in the northern Jiulong River,Southeast China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,63(5-12):249-254.
[9]黄廷林,章武首,柴蓓蓓.大水深水库内源污染特征及控制技术[J].环境污染与防治,2010,32(3):1-4.Huang T L,Zhang W S,Chai B B. Study on the characteristics and control of endogenous pollution in source water reservoir with great depth[J]. Environmental Pollution and Control,2010,32(3):1-4.
[10]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].(第四版).北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[11]胡鸿钧,魏印心.中国淡水藻类:系统、分类及生态[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[12]黄廷林,秦昌海,李璇.石砭峪水库氮、磷营养盐季节变化及其收支分析[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),2013,45(1):111-116.Huang T L,Qin C H,Li X. Studies on the seasonal variation and budget of nitrogen,phosphorus of the Shibianyu reservoir[J]. Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture&Technology,2013,45(1):111-116.
[13]周子振,黄廷林,章武首,等.柘林水库污染物来源及水体分层对水质的影响[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2016,48(2):93-99.Zhou Z Z,Huang T L,Zhang W S,et al. Pollution sources and the stratification effects on water quality of Zhelin Reservoir[J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2016,48(2):93-99.
[14]夏品华,林陶,李存雄,等.贵州高原红枫湖水库季节性分层的水环境质量响应[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(9):1477-1485.Xia P H,Lin T,Li C X,et al. Features of the water column stratification and the response of water quality of Hongfeng Reservoir in Guizhou,China[J]. China Environmental Science,2011,31(9):1477-1485.
[15]王煜,戴会超.大型水库水温分层影响及防治措施[J].三峡大学学报(自然科学版),2009,31(6):11-14,28.Wang Y,Dai H C. Effects of water temperature delamination in large-scale reserviors and protection methods[J]. Journal of China Three Gorges University(Natural Sciences),2009,31(6):11-14,28.
[16]邱晓鹏,黄廷林,曾明正.溶解氧对湖库热分层和富营养化的响应———以枣庄周村水库为例[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(5):1547-1553.Qiu X P,Huang T L,Zeng M Z. Responses of dissolved oxygen on thermal stratification and eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs—An example in Zhoucun Reservoir in Zaozhuang city[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(5):1547-1553.
[17]董春颖,虞左明,吴志旭,等.千岛湖湖泊区水体季节性分层特征研究[J].环境科学,2013,34(7):2574-2581.Dong C Y, Yu Z M, Wu Z X, et al. Study on seasonal characteristics of thermal stratification in lacustrine zone of Lake Qiandao[J]. Environmental Science,2013,34(7):2574-2581.
[18] Stramski D,Sciandra A,Claustre H. Effects of temperature,nitrogen,and light limitation on the optical properties of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana[J]. Limnology and Oceanography,2002,47(2):392-403.
[19]殷燕,张运林,王明珠,等.光照强度对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliqnus)生长及吸收特性的影响[J].湖泊科学,2012,24(5):755-764.Yin Y,Zhang Y L,Wang M Z,et al. Effects of different irradiation intensity on the growth and absorption properties of Microcystis aeruginosa and Scenedesmus obliqnus[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2012,24(5):755-764.
[20]黄廷林,秦昌海,李璇.峡谷型水源水库的氮、磷季节变化及其来源分析[J].环境科学,2013,34(9):3423-3429.Huang T L,Qin C H,Li Y. Studies on seasonal variation and sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in a canyon reservoir used as water source[J]. Environmental Science,2013,34(9):3423-3429.
[21]段木春,肖海丰,藏淑英.西大海湖沉积物营养盐垂直分布特征变化分析[J].环境科学,2015,36(7):2472-2479.Duan M C, Xiao H F, Zang S Y. Vertical distribution characteristics and analysis in sediments of Xidahai Lake[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(7):2472-2479.
[22]张春华,黄廷林,方开凯,等.周村水库主库区热分层初期氮素降低的驱动因子分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(11):4187-4193.Zhang C H,Huang T L,Fang K K,et al. Analysis of driving factors on the nitrogen decrease in the early stage of the thermal stratification in main area of Zhoucun Reservoir[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(11):4187-4193.
[23]李洁,张思凡,肖琳.微囊藻水华对水体中氮转化及微生物的影响[J].环境科学,2016,37(6):2164-2170.Li J,Zhang S F,Xiao L. Effect of water bloom on the nitrogen transformation and the relevant bacteria[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(6):2164-2170.
[24]刘树元,郑晨,袁琪,等.台州长潭水库铁锰质量浓度变化特征及其成因分析[J].环境科学,2014,35(10):3702-3708.Liu S Y,Zheng C,Yuan Q,et al. Analysis on the variation characteristics of iron and manganese concentration and its genesis in Changtan Reservoir in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province[J]. Environmental Science,2014,35(10):3702-3708.
[25] Smith V H, Sieber-Denlinger J, Denoyelles Jr F, et al.Managing taste and odor problems in a eutrophic drinking water reservoir[J]. Lake and Reservoir Management,2002,18(4):319-323.
[26] Yang J,Yu X Q,Liu L M,et al. Algae community and trophic state of subtropical reservoirs in southeast Fujian,China[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2012,19(5):1432-1442.
[27] Nguyen M L,Westerhoff P,Baker L,et al. Characteristics and reactivity of algae-produced dissolved organic carbon[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering,2005,131(11):1574-1582.
[28] Chen S N,Chen X L,Peng Y,et al. A mathematical model of the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the growth of blue-green algae population[J]. Applied Mathematical Modelling,2009,33(2):1097-1106.
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