凡纳滨对虾循环水养殖系统应用研究
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摘要
以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)室内工厂化流水养殖(IIFA)为对照组,通过养殖场凡纳滨对虾循环水养殖(RAS)试验(85 d)比较不同养殖模式对凡纳滨对虾的生长性能、养殖水体水质影响,探究循环水养殖系统(RAS)的硝化效率变化。结果显示:RAS的凡纳滨对虾存活率(74.58%±1.74%)、饲料转化率(70.56%±3.82%)、产量(3.91±0.49 kg/m~3)显著高于IIFA的凡纳滨对虾存活率(66.90%±3.80%)、饲料转化率(67.14%±3.25%)、产量(3.47±0.42 kg/m~3)(P<0.05)。对虾RAS可以将养殖水体化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)和亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)质量浓度稳定在较低水平(5.92、0.60和1.14 mg/L);对照组的COD呈现上升趋势,最高升至15.37 mg/L,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N质量浓度在较大范围(0.20～2.90 mg/L和0.19～6.97 mg/L)内波动。然而,对虾RAS养殖水体NO_3~--N和总氮呈现逐渐上升的趋势,最高分别升至25.98和33.55 mg/L;对照组养殖水体NO_3~--N(0.94～2.85 mg/L)和总氮(5.95～14.01 mg/L)质量浓度变化则相对较小。对虾RAS对养殖水体硝化作用发挥着至关重要的作用,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N去除率分别为23.78%～91.43%和0～27.76%,NO_3~--N累积率则稳定在一定范围(0.57%～4.30%)。研究表明,对虾RAS的应用可有效控制凡纳滨对虾养殖水体关键水质指标,有利于对虾存活率的提高和养殖产量的增加。
With Litopenaeus vannamei of indoor industrial flow-through aquaculture(IIFA) as control group,an experiment on Litopenaeus vannamei of recirculating aquaculture in the farm(85 d) was conducted to compare the effects of different aquaculture models on the growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei and the aquaculture water quality,and investigate the change in nitrification efficiency of recirculating aquaculture system(RAS).The results indicate that the survival rate(74.58%±1.74%),feed conversion rate(70.56%±3.82%) and production(3.91±0.49 kg/m~3) of Litopenaeus vannamei of RAS are significantly higher than the survival rate(66.90%±3.80%),feed conversion rate(67.14%±3.25%) and production(3.47±0.42 kg/m~3) of Litopenaeus vannamei of IIFA(P < 0.05).For Litopenaeus vannamei of RAS,the mass concentrations of COD,NH_4~+-N and NO_2~--N are stabilized at a lower level(5.92,0.60 and 1.14 mg/L).For the control group,the mass concentration of COD presents an upward trend,and the highest value is up to 15.37 mg/L,while the mass concentrations of NH_4~+-N and NO_2~--N fluctuate in a comparatively wide range(0.20-2.90 mg/L and 0.19-6.97 mg/L).However,for Litopenaeus vannamei of RAS,the mass concentrations of NO_3~--N and TAN in aquaculture water present a gradual upward trend,and the highest values are up to 25.98 and 33.55 mg/L respectively; for the control group,the mass concentrations of NO_3~--N(0.94-2.85 mg/L) and TN(5.95-14.01 mg/L) in aquaculture water vary in a comparatively small range.RAS for Litopenaeus vannamei plays a vital role in nitrification of aquaculture water; the removal rate of NH_4~+-N and NO_2~--N is 23.78%-91.43% and 0%-27.76% respectively,and the accumulation rate of nitrate is stabilized in a certain range(0.57%-4.30%).The study shows that the application of RAS can effectively control the key water quality indexes of aquaculture water for Litopenaeus vannamei,which is beneficial to the improvement of survival rate and the increase of aquaculture production.
With Litopenaeus vannamei of indoor industrial flow-through aquaculture(IIFA) as control group,an experiment on Litopenaeus vannamei of recirculating aquaculture in the farm(85 d) was conducted to compare the effects of different aquaculture models on the growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei and the aquaculture water quality,and investigate the change in nitrification efficiency of recirculating aquaculture system(RAS).The results indicate that the survival rate(74.58%±1.74%),feed conversion rate(70.56%±3.82%) and production(3.91±0.49 kg/m~3) of Litopenaeus vannamei of RAS are significantly higher than the survival rate(66.90%±3.80%),feed conversion rate(67.14%±3.25%) and production(3.47±0.42 kg/m~3) of Litopenaeus vannamei of IIFA(P < 0.05).For Litopenaeus vannamei of RAS,the mass concentrations of COD,NH_4~+-N and NO_2~--N are stabilized at a lower level(5.92,0.60 and 1.14 mg/L).For the control group,the mass concentration of COD presents an upward trend,and the highest value is up to 15.37 mg/L,while the mass concentrations of NH_4~+-N and NO_2~--N fluctuate in a comparatively wide range(0.20-2.90 mg/L and 0.19-6.97 mg/L).However,for Litopenaeus vannamei of RAS,the mass concentrations of NO_3~--N and TAN in aquaculture water present a gradual upward trend,and the highest values are up to 25.98 and 33.55 mg/L respectively; for the control group,the mass concentrations of NO_3~--N(0.94-2.85 mg/L) and TN(5.95-14.01 mg/L) in aquaculture water vary in a comparatively small range.RAS for Litopenaeus vannamei plays a vital role in nitrification of aquaculture water; the removal rate of NH_4~+-N and NO_2~--N is 23.78%-91.43% and 0%-27.76% respectively,and the accumulation rate of nitrate is stabilized in a certain range(0.57%-4.30%).The study shows that the application of RAS can effectively control the key water quality indexes of aquaculture water for Litopenaeus vannamei,which is beneficial to the improvement of survival rate and the increase of aquaculture production.
引文
[1] 农业部渔业渔政管理局.2017中国渔业统计年鉴[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2017.
[2] 董双林,潘克厚.海水养殖对沿岸生态环境影响的研究进展[J].青岛海洋大学学报,2000,30(4):575-582.
[3] 王克行.虾蟹类增养殖学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1997:110-111.
[4] SAMOCHA T M,LAWRENCE A L,COLLINS C A,et al.Production of the Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,in high-density greenhouse-enclosed raceways using low salinity groundwater[J].Journal of Applied Aquaculture,2004,15(3/4):1-19.
[5] PIEDRAHITA R H.Reducing the potential environmental impact of tank aquaculture effluents through intensification and recirculation[J].Aquaculture,2003,226(1/4):35-44.
[6] VERDEGEM M C J,BOSMA R H,VERRETH J A J.Reducing water use for animal production through aquaculture[J].International Journal of Water Resources Development,2006,22(1):101-113.
[7] SUMMERFELT S T,SHARRER M J,TSUKUDA S M,et al.Process requirements for achieving full-flow disinfection of recirculating water using ozonation and UV irradiation[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2009,40(1):17-27.
[8] TAL Y,SCHREIER H J,SOWERS K R,et al.Environmentally sustainable land-based marine aquaculture[J].Aquaculture,2009,286(1-2):28-35.
[9] 祁真,杨京平,刘鹰.封闭循环水养殖南美白对虾的水质动态研究[J].水利渔业,2004,24(3):37-39.
[10]臧维玲,戴习林,徐嘉波,等.室内凡纳滨对虾工厂化养殖循环水调控技术与模式[J].水产学报,2008,32(5):749-757.
[11]徐如卫,杨福生,俞奇力,等.凡纳滨对虾循环水养殖可行性研究[J].河北渔业,2015,43(3):25-28.
[12]GB 17678.4-2007海洋调查规范第 4 部分:海水化学要素调查[S].
[13]RAY A J,LOTZ J M.Shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei) production and stable isotope dynamics in clear‐water recirculating aquaculture systems versus biofloc systems[J].Aquaculture Research,2017,48(8):4390-4398.
[14]索建杰,王玉玮,姜玉声,等.三种凡纳滨对虾养殖模式的水质特征及养殖效果[J].水产学杂志,2015,28(5):12-17.
[15]OTOSHI,C A,STEVE M A,SHAUN M M.Growth and reproductive performance of broodstock shrimp reared in a biosecure recirculating aquaculture system versus a flow-through pond[J].Aquacultural engineering,2003,29(3/4):93-107.
[16]VLASCO M,LAWRENCE A L,NEILL W H.Comparison of survival and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei(Crustacea:Decapoda) postlarvae reared in static and recirculating culture systems[J].TEXAS JOURNAL OF SCIENCE,2001,53(3):227-238.
[17]DAVIS D A,ARNOLD C R.The design,management and production of a recirculating raceway system for the production of marine shrimp [J].Aquacultural Engineering,1998,17(3):193-211.
[18]REID B,ARNOLD C R.The intensive culture of the penaeid shrimp Penaeus vannamei boone in a recirculating raceway system[J].Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,1992,23(2):146-153.
[19]邱德全,杨世平.对虾高密度养殖水体中有机物含量的变化[J].水产科学,2005,24(10):12-14.
[20]马建新,刘爱英,宋爱芹.对虾病毒病与化学需氧量相关关系研究[J].海洋科学,2002,26(3):68-71.
[21]张龙,陈钊,汪鲁,等.放养密度对凡纳滨对虾苗种中间培育效果的影响[J].渔业科学进展,2019,40(1):76-83.
[22]BOOPATHY R.Biological treatment of shrimp production wastewater[J].Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology,2009,36(7):989.
[23]姚庆祯,徐桂荣.亚硝酸盐和氨对凡纳对虾和日本对虾幼体的毒性作用[J].上海海洋大学学报,2002,11(1):21-26.
[24]CRAB R,AVNIMELECH Y,DEFOIRDT T,et al.Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production[J].Aquaculture,2007,270(1/4):1-14.
[25]CHEN S,LING J,BLANCHETON J P.Nitrification kinetics of biofilm as affected by water quality factors[J].Aquacultural engineering,2006,34(3):179-197.
[26]KUHN D D,DRAHOS D D,MARSH L,et al.Evaluation of nitrifying bacteria product to improve nitrification efficacy in recirculating aquaculture systems[J].Aquacultural engineering,2010,43(2):78-82.
[27]HOLL C M,GLAZER C T,MOSS S M.Nitrogen stable isotopes in recirculating aquaculture for super-intensive shrimp production:tracing the effects of water filtration on microbial nitrogen cycling[J].Aquaculture,2011,311(1/4):146-154.
[28]GUERDATT C,LOSORDO T M,CLASSEN J J,et al.An evaluation of commercially available biological filters for recirculating aquaculture systems[J].Aquacultural engineering,2010,42(1):38-49.
[29]SUHR K I,PEDERSEN P B.Nitrification in moving bed and fixed bed biofilters treating effluent water from a large commercial outdoor rainbow trout RAS[J].Aquacultural engineering,2010,42(1):31-37.
[30]PFEIFFER T J,WILLS P S.Evaluation of three types of structured floating plastic media in moving bed biofilters for total ammonia nitrogen removal in a low salinity hatchery recirculating aquaculture system[J].Aquacultural engineering,2011,45(2):51-59.
[2] 董双林,潘克厚.海水养殖对沿岸生态环境影响的研究进展[J].青岛海洋大学学报,2000,30(4):575-582.
[3] 王克行.虾蟹类增养殖学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1997:110-111.
[4] SAMOCHA T M,LAWRENCE A L,COLLINS C A,et al.Production of the Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,in high-density greenhouse-enclosed raceways using low salinity groundwater[J].Journal of Applied Aquaculture,2004,15(3/4):1-19.
[5] PIEDRAHITA R H.Reducing the potential environmental impact of tank aquaculture effluents through intensification and recirculation[J].Aquaculture,2003,226(1/4):35-44.
[6] VERDEGEM M C J,BOSMA R H,VERRETH J A J.Reducing water use for animal production through aquaculture[J].International Journal of Water Resources Development,2006,22(1):101-113.
[7] SUMMERFELT S T,SHARRER M J,TSUKUDA S M,et al.Process requirements for achieving full-flow disinfection of recirculating water using ozonation and UV irradiation[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2009,40(1):17-27.
[8] TAL Y,SCHREIER H J,SOWERS K R,et al.Environmentally sustainable land-based marine aquaculture[J].Aquaculture,2009,286(1-2):28-35.
[9] 祁真,杨京平,刘鹰.封闭循环水养殖南美白对虾的水质动态研究[J].水利渔业,2004,24(3):37-39.
[10]臧维玲,戴习林,徐嘉波,等.室内凡纳滨对虾工厂化养殖循环水调控技术与模式[J].水产学报,2008,32(5):749-757.
[11]徐如卫,杨福生,俞奇力,等.凡纳滨对虾循环水养殖可行性研究[J].河北渔业,2015,43(3):25-28.
[12]GB 17678.4-2007海洋调查规范第 4 部分:海水化学要素调查[S].
[13]RAY A J,LOTZ J M.Shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei) production and stable isotope dynamics in clear‐water recirculating aquaculture systems versus biofloc systems[J].Aquaculture Research,2017,48(8):4390-4398.
[14]索建杰,王玉玮,姜玉声,等.三种凡纳滨对虾养殖模式的水质特征及养殖效果[J].水产学杂志,2015,28(5):12-17.
[15]OTOSHI,C A,STEVE M A,SHAUN M M.Growth and reproductive performance of broodstock shrimp reared in a biosecure recirculating aquaculture system versus a flow-through pond[J].Aquacultural engineering,2003,29(3/4):93-107.
[16]VLASCO M,LAWRENCE A L,NEILL W H.Comparison of survival and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei(Crustacea:Decapoda) postlarvae reared in static and recirculating culture systems[J].TEXAS JOURNAL OF SCIENCE,2001,53(3):227-238.
[17]DAVIS D A,ARNOLD C R.The design,management and production of a recirculating raceway system for the production of marine shrimp [J].Aquacultural Engineering,1998,17(3):193-211.
[18]REID B,ARNOLD C R.The intensive culture of the penaeid shrimp Penaeus vannamei boone in a recirculating raceway system[J].Journal of the World Aquaculture Society,1992,23(2):146-153.
[19]邱德全,杨世平.对虾高密度养殖水体中有机物含量的变化[J].水产科学,2005,24(10):12-14.
[20]马建新,刘爱英,宋爱芹.对虾病毒病与化学需氧量相关关系研究[J].海洋科学,2002,26(3):68-71.
[21]张龙,陈钊,汪鲁,等.放养密度对凡纳滨对虾苗种中间培育效果的影响[J].渔业科学进展,2019,40(1):76-83.
[22]BOOPATHY R.Biological treatment of shrimp production wastewater[J].Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology,2009,36(7):989.
[23]姚庆祯,徐桂荣.亚硝酸盐和氨对凡纳对虾和日本对虾幼体的毒性作用[J].上海海洋大学学报,2002,11(1):21-26.
[24]CRAB R,AVNIMELECH Y,DEFOIRDT T,et al.Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production[J].Aquaculture,2007,270(1/4):1-14.
[25]CHEN S,LING J,BLANCHETON J P.Nitrification kinetics of biofilm as affected by water quality factors[J].Aquacultural engineering,2006,34(3):179-197.
[26]KUHN D D,DRAHOS D D,MARSH L,et al.Evaluation of nitrifying bacteria product to improve nitrification efficacy in recirculating aquaculture systems[J].Aquacultural engineering,2010,43(2):78-82.
[27]HOLL C M,GLAZER C T,MOSS S M.Nitrogen stable isotopes in recirculating aquaculture for super-intensive shrimp production:tracing the effects of water filtration on microbial nitrogen cycling[J].Aquaculture,2011,311(1/4):146-154.
[28]GUERDATT C,LOSORDO T M,CLASSEN J J,et al.An evaluation of commercially available biological filters for recirculating aquaculture systems[J].Aquacultural engineering,2010,42(1):38-49.
[29]SUHR K I,PEDERSEN P B.Nitrification in moving bed and fixed bed biofilters treating effluent water from a large commercial outdoor rainbow trout RAS[J].Aquacultural engineering,2010,42(1):31-37.
[30]PFEIFFER T J,WILLS P S.Evaluation of three types of structured floating plastic media in moving bed biofilters for total ammonia nitrogen removal in a low salinity hatchery recirculating aquaculture system[J].Aquacultural engineering,2011,45(2):51-59.