日光温室番茄-西瓜轮作系统不同水氮处理氨挥发特征
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摘要
为探究黄土高原地区日光温室果蔬栽培中氨挥发特征,在陕西省杨凌区选择当地典型的日光温室,设置4个不同的水氮处理,采用密闭式间歇抽气法监测番茄-西瓜轮作季的氨挥发特征.结果表明:日光温室栽培土壤氮素转化快,施氮处理施肥后第1～2天氨挥发出现峰值,氨挥发峰值为0.26～2.02 kg N·hm~(-2)·d~(-1),7 d左右各处理氨挥发通量相近;施氮处理间氨累积排放量无显著差异;相同施氮量条件下,降低灌溉量氨累积排放量两季平均增加了46.7%;不同种植季氨平均排放通量和累积排放量均表现为西瓜季高于番茄季,西瓜季高温促进了氨排放;土壤铵态氮含量、土壤孔隙含水量、0～5 cm地温和温室气温均对氨排放通量有极显著影响,而土壤pH值与氨挥发通量呈显著负相关关系.不同种植季氨挥发通量和累积排放量存在差异,降低施氮量可减少氨排放,相同施氮量条件下降低灌溉量增加了氨排放.
To understand the characteristics of ammonia volatilization in Losses Plateau, an experiment was conducted in a typical solar greenhouse involving four treatments. Intermittent ventilation chamber method was used to measure NH_3 volatilization over the period of tomato-watermelon rotation. The results showed that nitrogen transformation was rapid in solar greenhouse system. The peak NH_3 volatilization rate appeared one to two days after fertilization with the range from 0.26 to 2.02 kg N·hm~(-2)·d~(-1). The NH_3 volatilization lasted for about one week in all treatments. No significant differences were recorded in terms of cumulative NH_3 volatilization among all nitrogen fertilizer input treatments. The cumulative NH_3 losses further increased about 46.7% in two seasons under the same nitrogen application rate, however when irrigation application was decreased. The average NH_3 vola-tilization rate and cumulative NH_3 losses in watermelon season were higher compared to tomato season, which might be attributed to high temperature during watermelon season. Soil NH_4~+-N content, water filled pore space, soil temperature of 0-5 cm layer and air temperature all had extremely significant effect on NH_3 volatilization rate, while a negative correlation was observed between soil pH and NH_3 volatilization rate. Between the different cropping seasons, the rate of NH_3 volatilization and cumulative NH_3 losses were different, and decreased with decreases in nitrogen input, while reduced irrigation volume increased NH_3 volatilization under the same nitrogen application rate.
To understand the characteristics of ammonia volatilization in Losses Plateau, an experiment was conducted in a typical solar greenhouse involving four treatments. Intermittent ventilation chamber method was used to measure NH_3 volatilization over the period of tomato-watermelon rotation. The results showed that nitrogen transformation was rapid in solar greenhouse system. The peak NH_3 volatilization rate appeared one to two days after fertilization with the range from 0.26 to 2.02 kg N·hm~(-2)·d~(-1). The NH_3 volatilization lasted for about one week in all treatments. No significant differences were recorded in terms of cumulative NH_3 volatilization among all nitrogen fertilizer input treatments. The cumulative NH_3 losses further increased about 46.7% in two seasons under the same nitrogen application rate, however when irrigation application was decreased. The average NH_3 vola-tilization rate and cumulative NH_3 losses in watermelon season were higher compared to tomato season, which might be attributed to high temperature during watermelon season. Soil NH_4~+-N content, water filled pore space, soil temperature of 0-5 cm layer and air temperature all had extremely significant effect on NH_3 volatilization rate, while a negative correlation was observed between soil pH and NH_3 volatilization rate. Between the different cropping seasons, the rate of NH_3 volatilization and cumulative NH_3 losses were different, and decreased with decreases in nitrogen input, while reduced irrigation volume increased NH_3 volatilization under the same nitrogen application rate.
引文
[1] Zhu Z-L (朱兆良), Jin J-Y (金继运). Fertilizer use and food security in China. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2013, 19(2): 259-273 (in Chinese)
[2] National Bureau of Statistics of China (中华人民共和国国家统计局). National Statistical Yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2017 (in Chinese)
[3] Guo JH, Liu XJ, Zhang Y, et al. Significat acidification in major Chinese croplands. Science, 2010, 327: 1008-1010
[4] Cui SH, Shi YL, Groffman PM, et al. Centennial-scale analysis of the creation and fate of reactive nitrogen in China (1910-2010). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013, 110: 2052-2057
[5] Zhang RY. Getting to the critical nucleus of aerosol formation. Science, 2010, 328: 1366-1367
[6] Wang GH, Zhang RY, Gomez ME, et al. Persistent sulfate formation from London fog to Chinese haze. Procee-dings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016, 113: 13630-13635
[7] Wu YY, Gu BJ, Erisman JW, et al. PM2.5 pollution is substantially affected by ammonia emissions in China. Environmental Pollution, 2016, 218: 86-94
[8] Huang X, Song Y, Li MM, et al. A high-resolution ammonia emission inventory in China. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2012, 26: 1-14
[9] Liu XJ, Zhang Y, Han WX, et al. Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China. Nature, 2013, 494: 459-462
[10] Pan YP, Tian SL, Zhao YH, et al. Identifying ammonia hotspots in China using a national observation network. Environmental Science and Technology, 2018, 52: 3926-3934
[11] Jiang W-J (蒋卫杰), Deng J (邓杰), Yu H-J (余宏军). Development situation, problems and suggestions on industrial development of protected horticulture. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2015, 48(17): 3515-3523 (in Chinese)
[12] Ju XT, Kou CL, Zhang FS, et al. Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate contamination: Comparison among three intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain. Environmental Pollution, 2006, 143: 117-125
[13] Cai H-M (蔡红明), Wang S-C (王士超), Liu Y (刘岩), et al. Nutrient balance and accumulation in soil of solar greenhouse in Shanxi. Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science) (西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版), 2016, 44(9): 83-91 (in Chinese)
[14] Wang X-Y (王小英), Chen Z-F (陈占飞), Hu F (胡凡), et al. Study on the excessive and insufficient of chemical fertilizer inputs on farmland in Shaanxi Pro-vince. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas (干旱地区农业研究), 2017, 35(6): 159-165 (in Chinese)
[15] Zhang F-S (张福锁). Guidelines for Fertilization of Major Crops in China. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2009 (in Chinese)
[16] Zhou JY, Gu BJ, Schlesinger WH, et al. Significant accumulation of nitrate in Chinese semi-humid croplands. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 25088
[17] Liu H-B (刘宏斌), Zhang Y-G (张云贵), Li Z-H (李志宏), et al. Nitrate contamination of deep groundwater in rural plain areas of Beijing. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2005, 42(3): 411-418 (in Chinese)
[18] Shan N (山楠), Zhao T-K (赵同科), Bi X-Q (毕晓庆), et al. Ammonia volatilization from wheat soil under different nitrogen rates. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报), 2014, 33(9): 1858-1865 (in Chinese)
[19] Shangguan Y-X (上官宇先), Shi R-P (师日鹏), Li N (李娜), et al. Factors influencing ammonia volati-lization in a winter wheat field with plastic film mulched ridges and unmulched furrows. Environmental Science (环境科学), 2012, 33(6): 1987-1993 (in Chinese)
[20] Tian Y-H (田玉华), Yin B (尹斌), He F-Y (贺发云), et al. Recovery by crop and loss of nitrogen ferti-lizer applied in rice season in Taihu Lake region. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2009, 15(1): 55-61 (in Chinese)
[21] Min J, Shi W, Xing G, et al. Nitrous oxide emissions from vegetables grown in a polytunnel treated with high rates of applied nitrogen fertilizers in Southern China. Soil Use and Management, 2012, 28: 70-77
[22] Nie W-J (聂文静), Li B-W (李博文), Guo Y-J (郭艳杰), et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and DCD application on ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission from soil with cucumber growing in greenhouse. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae (环境科学学报), 2012, 32(10): 2500-2508 (in Chinese)
[23] Yin X (尹兴), Zhang L-J (张丽娟), Li B-W (李博文), et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and dicyandiamide application on tomato growth and reactive nitrogen emissions in greenhouse. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2018, 51(9): 1725-1734 (in Chinese)
[24] Cheng D-J (程东娟). Guidance of Soil Physics Experiment. Beijing: China WaterPower Press, 2012 (in Chinese)
[25] Tian GM, Cao JL, Cai ZC, et al. Ammonia volatilization from winter wheat field top-dressed with urea. Pedosphere, 1998, 8: 331-336
[26] Bao S-D (鲍士旦). Soil and Agrochemical Analysis. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2000 (in Chinese)
[27] Li Y-K (李银坤), Chen M-P (陈敏鹏), Xia X (夏旭), et al. Dynamics of soil respiration and carbon balance of summer-maize field under different nitrogen addition. Ecology and Environmental Sciences (生态环境学报), 2013, 22(1): 18-24 (in Chinese)
[28] Xi B (习斌), Zhang J-Z (张继宗), Zuo Q (左强), et al. Study on the losing of ammonia volatilization and its influencing factors on the protected vegetable fields soil. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2010, 16(2): 327-333 (in Chinese)
[29] Zhang L (张琳), Sun Z-L (孙卓玲), Ma L (马理), et al. Effects of dicyandiamide on nitrogen loss from cucumber planting soil in intensive greenhouse under different irrigation and nitrogen conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(1): 128-137 (in Chinese)
[30] Ahmed M, Yu WJ, Lei M, et al. Mitigation of ammonia volatilization with application of urease and nitrification inhibitors from summer maize at the Loess Plateau. Plant, Soil and Environment, 2018, 64: 164-172
[31] Jing J-Y (景建元), Sun X (孙晓), Yang Y (杨阳), et al. Ammonia volatilization of winter wheat canopy under different nitrogen rates. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报), 2017, 36(2): 401-408 (in Chinese)
[32] Li X (李鑫), Ju X-T (巨晓棠), Zhang L-J (张丽娟), et al. Effects of different fertilization modes on soil ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2008, 19(1): 99-104 (in Chinese)
[33] Wang Z-H (王朝辉), Liu X-J (刘学军), Ju X-T (巨晓棠), et al. In situ determination of ammonia volatilization from wheat-maize rotation system field in North China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2002, 22(3): 359-365 (in Chinese)
[34] Zhai X-X (翟学旭), Wang Z-L (王振林), Dai Z-M (戴忠民), et al. Ammonia volatilization loss in Huang Huai winter wheat cultivation areas under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Ferti-lizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2013, 19(1): 54-64 (in Chinese)
[35] Li Y-K (李银坤), Mei X-R (梅旭荣), Wu X-P (武雪萍), et al. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on ammonia volatilization in solar greenhouse soils in winter-spring cucumber cultivation. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture (中国生态农业学报), 2012, 20(11): 1413-1419 (in Chinese)
[36] Wang L (王磊), Dong S-T (董树亭), Liu P (刘鹏), et al. The interactive effects of water and nitrogen addition on ammonia volatilization loss and yield of winter wheat. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(6): 1919-1927 (in Chinese)
[37] Ma Y-L (马银丽), Ji Y-Z (吉艳芝), Li X (李鑫), et al. Effects of N fertilization rates on the NH3 volatilization and N2O emissions from the wheat-maize rotation system in North China Plain. Ecology and Environmental Sciences (生态环境学报), 2012, 21(2): 225-230 (in Chinese)
[38] Ju XT, Xing GX, Chen XP, et al. Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009, 106: 3041-3046
[39] Zhang C (张翀), Han X-Y (韩晓阳), Li X-Q (李雪倩), et al. Ammonia volatilization in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system of purple soil in hilly area of Central Sichuan Basin. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture (中国生态农业学报), 2015, 23(11): 1359-1366 (in Chinese)
[40] Guo YJ, Li BW, Di HJ, et al. Effects of dicyandiamide (DCD) on nitrate leaching, gaseous emissions of ammonia and nitrous oxide in a greenhouse vegetable production system in northern China. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2012, 58: 647-658
[41] Cao B (曹兵), Jin X-X (金雪霞), Cai G-X (蔡贵信), et al. Effects of low rate nitrogen application on Brassica chinensis growth and N losses. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2005, 11(4): 519-523 (in Chinese)
[42] Dong W-X (董文旭), Hu C-S (胡春胜), Chen S-Y (陈素英), et al. Effects of conservation tillage on ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat-summer maize cropping system. Scientia Agricul-tura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2013, 46(11): 2278-2284 (in Chinese)
[43] Boaretto R, Mattos D, Quaggio J, et al. Absorption of 15NH3 volatilized from urea by citrus trees. Plant and Soil, 2013, 365: 283-290
[44] Schoninger EL, González VHA, Bendassolli JA, et al. Fertilizer nitrogen and corn plants: Not all volatilized ammonia is lost. Agronomy Journal, 2018, 110: 1111-1118
[2] National Bureau of Statistics of China (中华人民共和国国家统计局). National Statistical Yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2017 (in Chinese)
[3] Guo JH, Liu XJ, Zhang Y, et al. Significat acidification in major Chinese croplands. Science, 2010, 327: 1008-1010
[4] Cui SH, Shi YL, Groffman PM, et al. Centennial-scale analysis of the creation and fate of reactive nitrogen in China (1910-2010). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013, 110: 2052-2057
[5] Zhang RY. Getting to the critical nucleus of aerosol formation. Science, 2010, 328: 1366-1367
[6] Wang GH, Zhang RY, Gomez ME, et al. Persistent sulfate formation from London fog to Chinese haze. Procee-dings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016, 113: 13630-13635
[7] Wu YY, Gu BJ, Erisman JW, et al. PM2.5 pollution is substantially affected by ammonia emissions in China. Environmental Pollution, 2016, 218: 86-94
[8] Huang X, Song Y, Li MM, et al. A high-resolution ammonia emission inventory in China. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2012, 26: 1-14
[9] Liu XJ, Zhang Y, Han WX, et al. Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China. Nature, 2013, 494: 459-462
[10] Pan YP, Tian SL, Zhao YH, et al. Identifying ammonia hotspots in China using a national observation network. Environmental Science and Technology, 2018, 52: 3926-3934
[11] Jiang W-J (蒋卫杰), Deng J (邓杰), Yu H-J (余宏军). Development situation, problems and suggestions on industrial development of protected horticulture. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2015, 48(17): 3515-3523 (in Chinese)
[12] Ju XT, Kou CL, Zhang FS, et al. Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate contamination: Comparison among three intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain. Environmental Pollution, 2006, 143: 117-125
[13] Cai H-M (蔡红明), Wang S-C (王士超), Liu Y (刘岩), et al. Nutrient balance and accumulation in soil of solar greenhouse in Shanxi. Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science) (西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版), 2016, 44(9): 83-91 (in Chinese)
[14] Wang X-Y (王小英), Chen Z-F (陈占飞), Hu F (胡凡), et al. Study on the excessive and insufficient of chemical fertilizer inputs on farmland in Shaanxi Pro-vince. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas (干旱地区农业研究), 2017, 35(6): 159-165 (in Chinese)
[15] Zhang F-S (张福锁). Guidelines for Fertilization of Major Crops in China. Beijing: China Agricultural University Press, 2009 (in Chinese)
[16] Zhou JY, Gu BJ, Schlesinger WH, et al. Significant accumulation of nitrate in Chinese semi-humid croplands. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 25088
[17] Liu H-B (刘宏斌), Zhang Y-G (张云贵), Li Z-H (李志宏), et al. Nitrate contamination of deep groundwater in rural plain areas of Beijing. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2005, 42(3): 411-418 (in Chinese)
[18] Shan N (山楠), Zhao T-K (赵同科), Bi X-Q (毕晓庆), et al. Ammonia volatilization from wheat soil under different nitrogen rates. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报), 2014, 33(9): 1858-1865 (in Chinese)
[19] Shangguan Y-X (上官宇先), Shi R-P (师日鹏), Li N (李娜), et al. Factors influencing ammonia volati-lization in a winter wheat field with plastic film mulched ridges and unmulched furrows. Environmental Science (环境科学), 2012, 33(6): 1987-1993 (in Chinese)
[20] Tian Y-H (田玉华), Yin B (尹斌), He F-Y (贺发云), et al. Recovery by crop and loss of nitrogen ferti-lizer applied in rice season in Taihu Lake region. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2009, 15(1): 55-61 (in Chinese)
[21] Min J, Shi W, Xing G, et al. Nitrous oxide emissions from vegetables grown in a polytunnel treated with high rates of applied nitrogen fertilizers in Southern China. Soil Use and Management, 2012, 28: 70-77
[22] Nie W-J (聂文静), Li B-W (李博文), Guo Y-J (郭艳杰), et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and DCD application on ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission from soil with cucumber growing in greenhouse. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae (环境科学学报), 2012, 32(10): 2500-2508 (in Chinese)
[23] Yin X (尹兴), Zhang L-J (张丽娟), Li B-W (李博文), et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and dicyandiamide application on tomato growth and reactive nitrogen emissions in greenhouse. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2018, 51(9): 1725-1734 (in Chinese)
[24] Cheng D-J (程东娟). Guidance of Soil Physics Experiment. Beijing: China WaterPower Press, 2012 (in Chinese)
[25] Tian GM, Cao JL, Cai ZC, et al. Ammonia volatilization from winter wheat field top-dressed with urea. Pedosphere, 1998, 8: 331-336
[26] Bao S-D (鲍士旦). Soil and Agrochemical Analysis. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2000 (in Chinese)
[27] Li Y-K (李银坤), Chen M-P (陈敏鹏), Xia X (夏旭), et al. Dynamics of soil respiration and carbon balance of summer-maize field under different nitrogen addition. Ecology and Environmental Sciences (生态环境学报), 2013, 22(1): 18-24 (in Chinese)
[28] Xi B (习斌), Zhang J-Z (张继宗), Zuo Q (左强), et al. Study on the losing of ammonia volatilization and its influencing factors on the protected vegetable fields soil. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2010, 16(2): 327-333 (in Chinese)
[29] Zhang L (张琳), Sun Z-L (孙卓玲), Ma L (马理), et al. Effects of dicyandiamide on nitrogen loss from cucumber planting soil in intensive greenhouse under different irrigation and nitrogen conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(1): 128-137 (in Chinese)
[30] Ahmed M, Yu WJ, Lei M, et al. Mitigation of ammonia volatilization with application of urease and nitrification inhibitors from summer maize at the Loess Plateau. Plant, Soil and Environment, 2018, 64: 164-172
[31] Jing J-Y (景建元), Sun X (孙晓), Yang Y (杨阳), et al. Ammonia volatilization of winter wheat canopy under different nitrogen rates. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报), 2017, 36(2): 401-408 (in Chinese)
[32] Li X (李鑫), Ju X-T (巨晓棠), Zhang L-J (张丽娟), et al. Effects of different fertilization modes on soil ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2008, 19(1): 99-104 (in Chinese)
[33] Wang Z-H (王朝辉), Liu X-J (刘学军), Ju X-T (巨晓棠), et al. In situ determination of ammonia volatilization from wheat-maize rotation system field in North China. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2002, 22(3): 359-365 (in Chinese)
[34] Zhai X-X (翟学旭), Wang Z-L (王振林), Dai Z-M (戴忠民), et al. Ammonia volatilization loss in Huang Huai winter wheat cultivation areas under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Ferti-lizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2013, 19(1): 54-64 (in Chinese)
[35] Li Y-K (李银坤), Mei X-R (梅旭荣), Wu X-P (武雪萍), et al. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on ammonia volatilization in solar greenhouse soils in winter-spring cucumber cultivation. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture (中国生态农业学报), 2012, 20(11): 1413-1419 (in Chinese)
[36] Wang L (王磊), Dong S-T (董树亭), Liu P (刘鹏), et al. The interactive effects of water and nitrogen addition on ammonia volatilization loss and yield of winter wheat. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(6): 1919-1927 (in Chinese)
[37] Ma Y-L (马银丽), Ji Y-Z (吉艳芝), Li X (李鑫), et al. Effects of N fertilization rates on the NH3 volatilization and N2O emissions from the wheat-maize rotation system in North China Plain. Ecology and Environmental Sciences (生态环境学报), 2012, 21(2): 225-230 (in Chinese)
[38] Ju XT, Xing GX, Chen XP, et al. Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009, 106: 3041-3046
[39] Zhang C (张翀), Han X-Y (韩晓阳), Li X-Q (李雪倩), et al. Ammonia volatilization in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system of purple soil in hilly area of Central Sichuan Basin. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture (中国生态农业学报), 2015, 23(11): 1359-1366 (in Chinese)
[40] Guo YJ, Li BW, Di HJ, et al. Effects of dicyandiamide (DCD) on nitrate leaching, gaseous emissions of ammonia and nitrous oxide in a greenhouse vegetable production system in northern China. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2012, 58: 647-658
[41] Cao B (曹兵), Jin X-X (金雪霞), Cai G-X (蔡贵信), et al. Effects of low rate nitrogen application on Brassica chinensis growth and N losses. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2005, 11(4): 519-523 (in Chinese)
[42] Dong W-X (董文旭), Hu C-S (胡春胜), Chen S-Y (陈素英), et al. Effects of conservation tillage on ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat-summer maize cropping system. Scientia Agricul-tura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2013, 46(11): 2278-2284 (in Chinese)
[43] Boaretto R, Mattos D, Quaggio J, et al. Absorption of 15NH3 volatilized from urea by citrus trees. Plant and Soil, 2013, 365: 283-290
[44] Schoninger EL, González VHA, Bendassolli JA, et al. Fertilizer nitrogen and corn plants: Not all volatilized ammonia is lost. Agronomy Journal, 2018, 110: 1111-1118
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