从碳到氢能源:昨天、今天、明天
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摘要
简述了近期能源的发展动向,特别以氢能源为重点,就产氢、储氢及利用氢三个方面进行阐述。氢气作为高能量密度的燃料载体在提供能量的过程中可实现或接近实现无碳排放。作者及团队发现,将分散式电解水产氢技术应用在燃料电池模型汽车上,模型车的运行速度及里程可提高30%以上。
This paper briefly outlined the development of the modern energy, with a focus on hydrogen as alternative fuels. Three key fields, production, storage and application are discussed. Being high energy carrier, the hydrogen can provide high energy density as a fuel, with zero or near-zero emission of carbon to the atmosphere. The authors found that the de-centralized hydrogen technique can improve the velocity and mileage of a fuel-cell-driven model car by more than 30%.
This paper briefly outlined the development of the modern energy, with a focus on hydrogen as alternative fuels. Three key fields, production, storage and application are discussed. Being high energy carrier, the hydrogen can provide high energy density as a fuel, with zero or near-zero emission of carbon to the atmosphere. The authors found that the de-centralized hydrogen technique can improve the velocity and mileage of a fuel-cell-driven model car by more than 30%.
引文
[1]SUGANTHI L,SAMUEL A A.Energy models for demand forecasting-A review[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2012,16(2):1223-1240.
[2]JACOBSON M Z.Review of solutions to global warming,air pollution,and energy security[J].Energy&Environmental Science,2009,2(2):148-173.
[3]OWEN N A,INDERWILDI O R,KING D A.The status of conventional world oil reserves-Hype or cause for concern?[J].Energy Policy,2010,38(8):4743-4749.
[4]MIDILLI A,AY M,DINCER I,et al.On hydrogen and hydrogen energy strategies:I:current status and needs[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2005,9(3):255-271.
[5]NICOLETTI G.The hydrogen option for energy:a review of technical,environmental and economic aspects[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,1995,20(10):759-765.
[6]GANLEY J C,SEEBAUER E G,MASEL R I.Porous anodic alumina microreactors for production of hydrogen from ammonia[J].AIChEJournal,2004,50(4):829-834.
[7]SWINNEN S,NGUYEN V S,NGUYEN M T.Catalytic generation of molecular hydrogen from hydrazine using lithium and beryllium hydrides[J].Chemical Physics Letters,2010,496(1):25-31.
[8]DE WILD P J,VERHAAK M J F M.Catalytic production of hydrogen from methanol[J].Catalysis Today,2000,60(1):3-10.
[9]NEAVEL R C.Liquefaction of coal in hydrogen-donor and non-donor vehicles[J].Fuel,1976,55(3):237-242.
[10]BENTLEY R W.Global oil&gas depletion:an overview[J].Energy Policy,2002,30(3):189-205.
[11]WIDéN J,LUNDH M,VASSILEVA I,et al.Constructing load profiles for household electricity and hot water from time-use data-modelling approach and validation[J].Energy and Buildings,2009,41(7):753-768.
[12]HADLEY S W,TSVETKOVA A A.Potential impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on regional power generation[J].The Electricity Journal,2009,22(10):56-68.
[13]PACALA S,SOCOLOW R.Stabilization wedges:solving the climate problem for the next 50 years with current technologies[J].Science,2004,305(5686):968-972.
[14]LAZARIDES T,MCCORMICK T,DU P,et al.Making hydrogen from water using a homogeneous system without noble metals[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2009,131(26):9192-9194.
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[29]LACKNER K S.A guide to CO2 sequestration[J].Science,2003,300(5626):1677-1678.
[30]HERZOG H,CALDEIRA K,ADAMS E.Carbon sequestration via direct injection[J].Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences,2001,1:408-414.
[31]YAMASAKI A.An overview of CO2 mitigation options for global warming-emphasizing CO2 sequestration options[J].Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan,2003,36(4):361-375.
[32]BéARAT H,MCKELVY M J,CHIZMESHYA A V,et al.Carbon sequestration via aqueous olivine mineral carbonation:role of passivating layer formation[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(15):4802-4808.
[33]HOFFERT M I,CALDEIRA K,BENFORD G,et al.Advanced technology paths to global climate stability:energy for a greenhouse planet[J].Science,2002,298(5595):981-987.
[34]MURADOV N Z,VEZIRO?LU T N.“Green”path from fossil-based to hydrogen economy:an overview of carbon-neutral technologies[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2008,33(23):6804-6839.
[35]STEELE B C.Fuel-cell technology:running on natural gas[J].Nature,1999,400(6745):619-621.
[36]PIAO L,LI Y,CHEN J,et al.Methane decomposition to carbon nanotubes and hydrogen on an alumina supported nickel aerogel catalyst[J].Catalysis Today,2002,74(1):145-155.
[37]TANG P,ZHU Q,WU Z,et al.Methane activation:the past and future[J].Energy&Environmental Science,2014,7(8):2580-2591.
[38]FULCHERI L,SCHWOB Y.From methane to hydrogen,carbon black and water[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,1995,20(3):197-202.
[39]FITZER E.The future of carbon-carbon composites[J].Carbon,1987,25(2):163-190.
[40]WORRELL E,PRICE L,MARTIN N,et al.Carbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industry[J].Annual Review of Energy and the Environment,2001,26(1):303-329.
[41]MEIER U.Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers:modern materials in bridge engineering[J].Structural Engineering International,1992,2(1):7-12.
[42]LE GOFF A,ARTERO V,JOUSSELME B,et al.From hydrogenases to noble metal-free catalytic nanomaterials for H2 production and uptake[J].Science,2009,326(5958):1384-1387.
[43]GUNASEELAN V N.Anaerobic digestion of biomass for methane production:a review[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,1997,13(1):83-114.
[44]URBANIEC K,FRIEDL A,HUISINGH D,et al.Hydrogen for a sustainable global economy[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2010,18:S1-S3.
[45]JOENSEN F,ROSTRUP-NIELSEN J R.Conversion of hydrocarbons and alcohols for fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,2002,105(2):195-201.
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[47]OZARSLAN A.Large-scale hydrogen energy storage in salt caverns[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2012,37(19):14265-14277.
[48]ROSI N L,ECKERT J,EDDAOUDI M,et al.Hydrogen storage in microporous metal-organic frameworks[J].Science,2003,300(5622):1127-1129.
[49]RUBIN E S,MANTRIPRAGADA H,MARKS A,et al.The outlook for improved carbon capture technology[J].Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2012,38(5):630-671.
[50]BLACK JR C C.Photosynthetic carbon fixation in relation to net CO2uptake[J].Annual Review of Plant Physiology,1973,24(1):253-286.
[51]GLASER B,LEHMANN J,ZECH W.Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal-a review[J].Biology and fertility of soils,2002,35(4):219-230.
[52]CONDON A G,RICHARDS R A,REBETZKE G J,et al.Improving intrinsic water-use efficiency and crop yield[J].Crop Science,2002,42(1):122-131.
[53]STEINBEISS S,GLEIXNER G,ANTONIETTI M.Effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon balance and soil microbial activity[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(6):1301-1310.
[54]BLOK K,WILLIAMS R H,KATOFSKY R E,et al.Hydrogen production from natural gas,sequestration of recovered CO2 in depleted gas wells and enhanced natural gas recovery[J].Energy,1997,22(2):161-168.
[55]ABBAS H F,DAUD W W.Hydrogen production by methane decomposition:a review[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2010,35(3):1160-1190.
[56]KORONEOS C,DOMPROS A,ROUMBAS G,et al.Life cycle assessment of hydrogen fuel production processes[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2004,29(14):1443-1450.
[57]SHAFIEE S,TOPAL E.When will fossil fuel reserves be diminished?[J].Energy Policy,2009,37(1):181-189.
[58]HOLLADAY J D,HU J,KING D L,et al.An overview of hydrogen production technologies[J].Catalysis Today,2009,139(4):244-260.
[59]KEMP R.Technology and the transition to environmental sustainability:the problem of technological regime shifts[J].Futures,1994,26(10):1023-1046.
[60]PORPATHAM E,RAMESH A,NAGALINGAM B.Investigation on the effect of concentration of methane in biogas when used as a fuel for a spark ignition engine[J].Fuel,2008,87(8):1651-1659.
[61]ZAITLIN S.Landfill:gas to energy[J].Maine Policy Review,2008,17(2):105-106.
[62]COLLETT T S.Energy resource potential of natural gas hydrates[J].AAPG Bulletin,2002,86(11):1971-1992.
[63]CAO D,SUN Y,WANG G.Direct carbon fuel cell:fundamentals and recent developments[J].Journal of Power Sources,2007,167(2):250-257.
[64]LI X,ZHU Z H,MARCO R D,et al.Factors that determine the performance of carbon fuels in the direct carbon fuel cell[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2008,47(23):9670-9677.
[65]CARRETTE L,FRIEDRICH K A,STIMMING U.Fuel cells:principles,types,fuels,and applications[J].Chem Phys Chem,2000,1(4):162-193.
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[69]LI X,ZHU Z,CHEN J,et al.Surface modification of carbon fuels for direct carbon fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,2009,186(1):1-9.
[70]HERMANN A,CHAUDHURI T,SPAGNOL P.Bipolar plates for PEM fuel cells:a review[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2005,30(12):1297-1302.
[71]AZAR C,LINDGREN K,ANDERSSON B A.Global energy scenarios meeting stringent CO2 constraints-cost-effective fuel choices in the transportation sector[J].Energy Policy,2003,31(10):961-976.
[72]DINCER I,ROSEN M A.A worldwide perspective on energy,environment and sustainable development[J].International Journal of Energy Research,1998,22(15):1305-1321.
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[2]JACOBSON M Z.Review of solutions to global warming,air pollution,and energy security[J].Energy&Environmental Science,2009,2(2):148-173.
[3]OWEN N A,INDERWILDI O R,KING D A.The status of conventional world oil reserves-Hype or cause for concern?[J].Energy Policy,2010,38(8):4743-4749.
[4]MIDILLI A,AY M,DINCER I,et al.On hydrogen and hydrogen energy strategies:I:current status and needs[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2005,9(3):255-271.
[5]NICOLETTI G.The hydrogen option for energy:a review of technical,environmental and economic aspects[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,1995,20(10):759-765.
[6]GANLEY J C,SEEBAUER E G,MASEL R I.Porous anodic alumina microreactors for production of hydrogen from ammonia[J].AIChEJournal,2004,50(4):829-834.
[7]SWINNEN S,NGUYEN V S,NGUYEN M T.Catalytic generation of molecular hydrogen from hydrazine using lithium and beryllium hydrides[J].Chemical Physics Letters,2010,496(1):25-31.
[8]DE WILD P J,VERHAAK M J F M.Catalytic production of hydrogen from methanol[J].Catalysis Today,2000,60(1):3-10.
[9]NEAVEL R C.Liquefaction of coal in hydrogen-donor and non-donor vehicles[J].Fuel,1976,55(3):237-242.
[10]BENTLEY R W.Global oil&gas depletion:an overview[J].Energy Policy,2002,30(3):189-205.
[11]WIDéN J,LUNDH M,VASSILEVA I,et al.Constructing load profiles for household electricity and hot water from time-use data-modelling approach and validation[J].Energy and Buildings,2009,41(7):753-768.
[12]HADLEY S W,TSVETKOVA A A.Potential impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on regional power generation[J].The Electricity Journal,2009,22(10):56-68.
[13]PACALA S,SOCOLOW R.Stabilization wedges:solving the climate problem for the next 50 years with current technologies[J].Science,2004,305(5686):968-972.
[14]LAZARIDES T,MCCORMICK T,DU P,et al.Making hydrogen from water using a homogeneous system without noble metals[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society,2009,131(26):9192-9194.
[15]BOLTON J R.Solar photoproduction of hydrogen:a review[J].Solar Energy,1996,57(1):37-50.
[16]TURNER J A.Sustainable hydrogen production[J].Science,2004,305(5686):972-974.
[17]LEVIN D B,PITT L,LOVE M.Biohydrogen production:prospects and limitations to practical application[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2004,29(2):173-185.
[18]CORMOS C C.Evaluation of energy integration aspects for IGCC-based hydrogen and electricity co-production with carbon capture and storage[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2010,35(14):7485-7497.
[19]MURADOV N,CHEN Z,SMITH F.Fossil hydrogen with reduced CO2 emission:modeling thermocatalytic decomposition of methane in a fluidized bed of carbon particles[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2005,30(10):1149-1158.
[20]LEROY R L,BOWEN C T,LEROY D J.The thermodynamics of aqueous water electrolysis[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1980,127(9):1954-1962.
[21]ONDA K,KYAKUNO T,HATTORI K,et al.Prediction of production power for high-pressure hydrogen by high-pressure water electrolysis[J].Journal of Power Sources,2004,132(1):64-70.
[22]URSUA A,GANDIA L M,SANCHIS P.Hydrogen production from water electrolysis:current status and future trends[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,2012,100(2):410-426.
[23]FUNK J E,REINSTROM R M.Energy requirements in production of hydrogen from water[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development,1966,5(3):336-342.
[24]SCHUG C A.Operational characteristics of high-pressure,highefficiency water-hydrogen-electrolysis[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,1998,23(12):1113-1120.
[25]LICHT S.Solar water splitting to generate hydrogen fuel:photothermal electrochemical analysis[J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry B,2003,107(18):4253-4260.
[26]SIMPSON A P,LUTZ A E.Exergy analysis of hydrogen production via steam methane reforming[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2007,32(18):4811-4820.
[27]SWANENBERG H E C.Phase equilibria in carbonic systems,and their application to freezing studies of fluid inclusions[J].Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,1979,68(3):303-306.
[28]AUDIGANE P,GAUS I,CZERNICHOWSKI-LAURIOL I,et al.Twodimensional reactive transport modeling of CO2 injection in a saline aquifer at the Sleipner site,North Sea[J].American Journal of Science,2007,307(7):974-1008.
[29]LACKNER K S.A guide to CO2 sequestration[J].Science,2003,300(5626):1677-1678.
[30]HERZOG H,CALDEIRA K,ADAMS E.Carbon sequestration via direct injection[J].Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences,2001,1:408-414.
[31]YAMASAKI A.An overview of CO2 mitigation options for global warming-emphasizing CO2 sequestration options[J].Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan,2003,36(4):361-375.
[32]BéARAT H,MCKELVY M J,CHIZMESHYA A V,et al.Carbon sequestration via aqueous olivine mineral carbonation:role of passivating layer formation[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(15):4802-4808.
[33]HOFFERT M I,CALDEIRA K,BENFORD G,et al.Advanced technology paths to global climate stability:energy for a greenhouse planet[J].Science,2002,298(5595):981-987.
[34]MURADOV N Z,VEZIRO?LU T N.“Green”path from fossil-based to hydrogen economy:an overview of carbon-neutral technologies[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2008,33(23):6804-6839.
[35]STEELE B C.Fuel-cell technology:running on natural gas[J].Nature,1999,400(6745):619-621.
[36]PIAO L,LI Y,CHEN J,et al.Methane decomposition to carbon nanotubes and hydrogen on an alumina supported nickel aerogel catalyst[J].Catalysis Today,2002,74(1):145-155.
[37]TANG P,ZHU Q,WU Z,et al.Methane activation:the past and future[J].Energy&Environmental Science,2014,7(8):2580-2591.
[38]FULCHERI L,SCHWOB Y.From methane to hydrogen,carbon black and water[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,1995,20(3):197-202.
[39]FITZER E.The future of carbon-carbon composites[J].Carbon,1987,25(2):163-190.
[40]WORRELL E,PRICE L,MARTIN N,et al.Carbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industry[J].Annual Review of Energy and the Environment,2001,26(1):303-329.
[41]MEIER U.Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers:modern materials in bridge engineering[J].Structural Engineering International,1992,2(1):7-12.
[42]LE GOFF A,ARTERO V,JOUSSELME B,et al.From hydrogenases to noble metal-free catalytic nanomaterials for H2 production and uptake[J].Science,2009,326(5958):1384-1387.
[43]GUNASEELAN V N.Anaerobic digestion of biomass for methane production:a review[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,1997,13(1):83-114.
[44]URBANIEC K,FRIEDL A,HUISINGH D,et al.Hydrogen for a sustainable global economy[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2010,18:S1-S3.
[45]JOENSEN F,ROSTRUP-NIELSEN J R.Conversion of hydrocarbons and alcohols for fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,2002,105(2):195-201.
[46]TAYLOR J B,ALDERSON J E A,KALYANAM K M,et al.Technical and economic assessment of methods for the storage of large quantities of hydrogen[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,1986,11(1):5-22.
[47]OZARSLAN A.Large-scale hydrogen energy storage in salt caverns[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2012,37(19):14265-14277.
[48]ROSI N L,ECKERT J,EDDAOUDI M,et al.Hydrogen storage in microporous metal-organic frameworks[J].Science,2003,300(5622):1127-1129.
[49]RUBIN E S,MANTRIPRAGADA H,MARKS A,et al.The outlook for improved carbon capture technology[J].Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,2012,38(5):630-671.
[50]BLACK JR C C.Photosynthetic carbon fixation in relation to net CO2uptake[J].Annual Review of Plant Physiology,1973,24(1):253-286.
[51]GLASER B,LEHMANN J,ZECH W.Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal-a review[J].Biology and fertility of soils,2002,35(4):219-230.
[52]CONDON A G,RICHARDS R A,REBETZKE G J,et al.Improving intrinsic water-use efficiency and crop yield[J].Crop Science,2002,42(1):122-131.
[53]STEINBEISS S,GLEIXNER G,ANTONIETTI M.Effect of biochar amendment on soil carbon balance and soil microbial activity[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(6):1301-1310.
[54]BLOK K,WILLIAMS R H,KATOFSKY R E,et al.Hydrogen production from natural gas,sequestration of recovered CO2 in depleted gas wells and enhanced natural gas recovery[J].Energy,1997,22(2):161-168.
[55]ABBAS H F,DAUD W W.Hydrogen production by methane decomposition:a review[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2010,35(3):1160-1190.
[56]KORONEOS C,DOMPROS A,ROUMBAS G,et al.Life cycle assessment of hydrogen fuel production processes[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2004,29(14):1443-1450.
[57]SHAFIEE S,TOPAL E.When will fossil fuel reserves be diminished?[J].Energy Policy,2009,37(1):181-189.
[58]HOLLADAY J D,HU J,KING D L,et al.An overview of hydrogen production technologies[J].Catalysis Today,2009,139(4):244-260.
[59]KEMP R.Technology and the transition to environmental sustainability:the problem of technological regime shifts[J].Futures,1994,26(10):1023-1046.
[60]PORPATHAM E,RAMESH A,NAGALINGAM B.Investigation on the effect of concentration of methane in biogas when used as a fuel for a spark ignition engine[J].Fuel,2008,87(8):1651-1659.
[61]ZAITLIN S.Landfill:gas to energy[J].Maine Policy Review,2008,17(2):105-106.
[62]COLLETT T S.Energy resource potential of natural gas hydrates[J].AAPG Bulletin,2002,86(11):1971-1992.
[63]CAO D,SUN Y,WANG G.Direct carbon fuel cell:fundamentals and recent developments[J].Journal of Power Sources,2007,167(2):250-257.
[64]LI X,ZHU Z H,MARCO R D,et al.Factors that determine the performance of carbon fuels in the direct carbon fuel cell[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2008,47(23):9670-9677.
[65]CARRETTE L,FRIEDRICH K A,STIMMING U.Fuel cells:principles,types,fuels,and applications[J].Chem Phys Chem,2000,1(4):162-193.
[66]STEELE B C,HEINZEL A.Materials for fuel-cell technologies[J].Nature,2001,414(6861):345-352.
[67]FRENI S,CALOGERO G,CAVALLARO S.Hydrogen production from methane through catalytic partial oxidation reactions[J].Journal of Power Sources,2000,87(1):28-38.
[68]CHEREPY N J,KRUEGER R,FIET K J,et al.Direct conversion of carbon fuels in a molten carbonate fuel cell[J].Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2005,152(1):A80-A87.
[69]LI X,ZHU Z,CHEN J,et al.Surface modification of carbon fuels for direct carbon fuel cells[J].Journal of Power Sources,2009,186(1):1-9.
[70]HERMANN A,CHAUDHURI T,SPAGNOL P.Bipolar plates for PEM fuel cells:a review[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2005,30(12):1297-1302.
[71]AZAR C,LINDGREN K,ANDERSSON B A.Global energy scenarios meeting stringent CO2 constraints-cost-effective fuel choices in the transportation sector[J].Energy Policy,2003,31(10):961-976.
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