冬季北黄海溶解态CH_4和N_2O的浓度分布及海-气交换通量
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摘要
2014年1月开展了北黄海表层海水中溶解态甲烷(CH_4)和氧化亚氮(N_2O)浓度及海水温盐等参数的观测研究.结果显示,冬季北黄海表层海水溶解态CH_4和N_2O的浓度范围分别为4.3—7.3 nmol·L-1和12.8—14.9 nmol·L-1,饱和度范围分别为150%—255%和128%—149%,是大气CH_4和N_2O的源.通过针对性开展温盐数据校正,区域和全球尺度大气CH_4和N_2O摩尔分数参考值的对比计算等关键过程的研究,优化提高了溶解态CH_4和N_2O饱和度及海-气交换通量计算方法和结果的准确度,得出1月份海-气CH_4和N_2O交换通量分别为6.3±5.1μmol·m-2·d-1和9.4±8.0μmol·m-2·d-1(W2014).并结合文献报道的春、夏、秋季节观测结果,将北黄海N_2O年释放量修订为1.02×10-2Tg.
Concentrations of dissolved methane(CH_4) and nitrous oxide(N_2O) and related parameters in surface seawater of the northern Yellow Sea were monitored in January,2014. The concentrations of dissolved CH_4 and N_2O ranged from 4. 3 nmol·L-1 to 7. 3 nmol·L-1 and12.8 nmol·L-1 to 14.9 nmol·L-1,respectively. And their saturations ranged from 150% to 255% and128% to 149%,respectively,suggesting that the North Yellow Sea was a net source of atmospheric CH_4 and N_2O in winter. Based on the calibration of in-situ seawater temperature and salinity and the study of calculation processes by using the regional and global mean mole fractions of atmospheric CH_4 and N_2O,the calculation methods of saturation and air-sea flux were optimized for better accuracy.Finally,the air-sea fluxes of CH_4 and N_2O were 6.3±5.1 μmol·m-2·d-1 and 9.4±8.0 μmol·m-2·d-1,respectively,calculated using the Wannikhof equations of 2014. Combined with the previous research results,the annual N_2O emission was recalculated to be 1.02×10-2 Tg.
Concentrations of dissolved methane(CH_4) and nitrous oxide(N_2O) and related parameters in surface seawater of the northern Yellow Sea were monitored in January,2014. The concentrations of dissolved CH_4 and N_2O ranged from 4. 3 nmol·L-1 to 7. 3 nmol·L-1 and12.8 nmol·L-1 to 14.9 nmol·L-1,respectively. And their saturations ranged from 150% to 255% and128% to 149%,respectively,suggesting that the North Yellow Sea was a net source of atmospheric CH_4 and N_2O in winter. Based on the calibration of in-situ seawater temperature and salinity and the study of calculation processes by using the regional and global mean mole fractions of atmospheric CH_4 and N_2O,the calculation methods of saturation and air-sea flux were optimized for better accuracy.Finally,the air-sea fluxes of CH_4 and N_2O were 6.3±5.1 μmol·m-2·d-1 and 9.4±8.0 μmol·m-2·d-1,respectively,calculated using the Wannikhof equations of 2014. Combined with the previous research results,the annual N_2O emission was recalculated to be 1.02×10-2 Tg.
引文
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[25]WIESENBURG D A,GUINASSO NORMAN L.Equilibrium solubilities of methane,carbon monoxide,and hydrogen in water and seawater[J].Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data,1979,24(4):356-360.
[26]WEISS R F,PRICE B A.Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater[J].Marine Chemistry,1980,8:347-359.
[27]WANNINKHOF R.Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean revisited[J].Limnology and Oceanography:Methods,2014,12:351-362.
[28]KAREN B B,GLEN W S,THOMSS S,et al.Large-scale distribution of CH4in the western North Pacific:Sources and transport from the Asian continent[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(D20):GTE28-1-GTE28-20.
[29]FANG S X,ZHOU L X,MASARIE K A,et al.Study of atmospheric CH4mole fractions at three WMO/GAW stations in China[J].Journal of Geophycical Research:Atmospheres,2013,118:1-13.
[30]WMO Global Atmosphere Watch.World Data Center for Greenhouse Gases[DB].[2017-11-15].http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/wdcgg/.
[31]WMO Greenhouse Gases Bulletin 2015.The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2014[EB].[2017-11-15].http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/ghg/ghgbull06_en.html.
[2]王明星,张仁健,郑循华.温室气体的源与汇[J].气候与环境研究,2000,5(1):75-79.WANG M X,ZHANG R J,ZHENG X H.Sources and sinks of greenhouse gases[J].Cliamate and Environmental Research.2000,5(1):75-79(in Chinese).
[3]BOUSQUET P,RINGEVAL B,PISON I,et al.Source attribution of the changes in atmospheric methane for 2006-2008[J].Atmospheric Chemistry Physics,2011,11:3689-3700.
[4]LAW C S,BREVIERE E,LEEUW G,et al.Evolving research directions in surface ocean-lower atmosphere(SOLAS)science[J].Environmental Chemistry,2013,10:1-16.
[5]BATES T S,KELLY K C,JOHNSON J E,et al.A revaluation of the open ocean source of methane to the atmosphere[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1996,101:6953-6961.
[6]NEVISION C D,WEISS R F,ERICKSON D J,et al.Global oceanic emissions of nitrous oxide[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1995,100(C8):15809-15820.
[7]BANGE H W.New directions:The importance of the oceanic nitrous oxide emissions[J].Atmospheric Environmental,2006,40(1):198-199.
[8]BANGE H W,DAHLKE S,RAMECH R,et al.Seasonal study of methane and nitrous in the coastal waters of the southern Baltic Sea[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,1998,47:807-817.
[9]LAL S,PATRA P K.Variabilities in the fluxes and annual emissions of nitrous oxide from the Arabian Sea[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1998,12(2):321-327.
[10]CLARK J F,WASHBURN L,HORNAFIUS J S,et al.Dissolved hydrocarbon flux from natural marine seeps to the southern California Bight[J].Journal of Geophycical Research,2000,105:11509-11522.
[11]REHDER G,COLLIER R W,HEESCHEN K.Enhanced marine CH4emissions to the atmosphere off orgen caused by coastal upwelling[J].Global Biogeochemcal Cycles,2002,16(DOI:10.1029/2000GB001391).
[12]MAU S,VALENTINE D L,CLARK J F,et al.Dissolved methane distributions and air-sea flux in the plume of a massive seep field,Coal Oil Point,California[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2007,34.L22603.DOI:10.1029/2007GL031344.
[13]ZHANG Y,ZHAO H D,ZHAI W D,et al.Enhanced methane emissions from oil and gas exploration areas to the atmosphere-The central Bohai Sea[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,81(1):157-165.
[14]SCHMALE O,GREINERT J,REHDER G.Methane emission from high-intensity marine gas seeps in the Black Sea into the atmosphere[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32:L07609.
[15]NAQVI S W A,BANGE H W,FARIAS L,et al.Coastal hypoxia/anoxia as a source of CH4and N2O[J].Biogeosciences Discussions,2009,(6):9455-9523.
[16]KESSLER J D,VALENTINE D L,REDMOND M C,et al.A persistent oxygen anomaly reveals the fate of spilled methane in the deep gulf of Mexico[J].Science,2011,31:312-316.
[17]REHDER G,SUESS E.Methane and p CO2in the Kuroshio and the South China Sea during maximum summer surface temperature[J].Marine Chemistry,2001,75:89-108.
[18]鲍献文,宋军,姚志刚,等.北黄海潮流、余流垂直结构及其季节变化[J].中国海洋大学学报,2010,40(11):11-18.BAO X W,SONG J,YAO Z G,et al.The vertical structure and seasonal variation of the tide current and residual current in the North Yellow Sea[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China.2010.40(11):11-18(in Chinese).
[19]杨晶,张桂玲,郑立晓,等.北黄海溶解态氧化亚氮的分布与通量的季节变化[J].环境科学,2009,30(3):656-662.YANG J,ZHANG G L,ZHENG L X,et al.Seasonal variations of fluxes and distributions of dissolved N2O in the North Yellow Sea[J].Environmental Science.2009,30(3):656-662(in Chinese).
[20]YANG J,ZHANGE G L,ZHENG L X,et al.Seasonal variation of fluxes and distributions of dissolved methane in the North Yellow Sea[J].Continental Shelf Research,2010,30:187-192.
[21]ZHANGE G L,ZHANGE J,REN J L,et al.Distributions and sea to air fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide in the North East China Sea in summer[J].Marine Chemistry,2008,110:42-55.
[22]臧昆鹏,王菊英,赵化德,等.顶空平衡-双通道气相色谱法测定海水中溶解态CH4和N2O[J].环境化学,2014,33(12):2094-2101.ZANG K P,WANG J Y,ZHAO H D,et al.Simultaneous determination of dissolved CH4and N2O in seawater using head space-dual channel GC system[J].Environmental Chemistry.2014,33(12):2094-2101(in Chinese).
[23]JOHSON K M,HUGHES JEFFERY E,DONAGHAY P L,et al.Bottle-calibration static head space method for the determination of methane dissolved in seawater[J].Analytical Chemistry,1990,62(21):2408-2412.
[24]徐继荣,王友绍,殷建平,等.静态顶空气相色谱法测定海水中溶解的N2O[J].海洋环境科学,2005,24(4):59-62.XU J R,WANG Y S,YIN J P,et al.Determination of nitrous oxide dissolved in seawater by static headspace gas chromatographer[J].Marine Environmental Science.2005,24(4):59-62(in Chinese).
[25]WIESENBURG D A,GUINASSO NORMAN L.Equilibrium solubilities of methane,carbon monoxide,and hydrogen in water and seawater[J].Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data,1979,24(4):356-360.
[26]WEISS R F,PRICE B A.Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater[J].Marine Chemistry,1980,8:347-359.
[27]WANNINKHOF R.Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean revisited[J].Limnology and Oceanography:Methods,2014,12:351-362.
[28]KAREN B B,GLEN W S,THOMSS S,et al.Large-scale distribution of CH4in the western North Pacific:Sources and transport from the Asian continent[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2003,108(D20):GTE28-1-GTE28-20.
[29]FANG S X,ZHOU L X,MASARIE K A,et al.Study of atmospheric CH4mole fractions at three WMO/GAW stations in China[J].Journal of Geophycical Research:Atmospheres,2013,118:1-13.
[30]WMO Global Atmosphere Watch.World Data Center for Greenhouse Gases[DB].[2017-11-15].http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/wdcgg/.
[31]WMO Greenhouse Gases Bulletin 2015.The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Based on Global Observations through 2014[EB].[2017-11-15].http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/ghg/ghgbull06_en.html.