消极刻板印象和群际焦虑:阻碍群际交往的重要因素
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摘要
消极刻板印象和群际焦虑是阻碍群际交往的重要因素。基于群际接触理论和群际焦虑理论模型,测量了少数民族和汉族交往时的群际焦虑水平、彼此持有的刻板印象和外群体态度等变量,考查了这些变量的特征及关系。结果表明:(1)汉族在群际交往过程中的群际焦虑水平显著高于少数民族;(2)女性比男性持有更积极的外群体态度;(3)消极刻板印象是产生群际焦虑和偏见态度的重要原因。减少消极刻板印象、降低群际焦虑是促进群际交往的重要途径。
Based on the theoretical model of intergroup anxiety,598 college students in a mixed University of a provincial capital city in the northwest of China were selected as the research subjects. The intergroup anxiety level of minority and Han students,the stereotype and the out-group attitude are measured,and the characteristics and relationships of these variables are examined. The results showed that: There were obvious intergroup anxiety in the interaction process of minority and Han students,and the intergroup anxiety of the majority group Han is higher than minority ethnic group members; women had more positive out-group attitude than men; negative stereotype was the important cause of intergroup anxiety and prejudice attitude. Therefore,in the practice of promoting cross group interaction,by creating the opportunity of intergroup contact,reducing negative stereotype and reducing intergroup anxiety,the intergroup interaction can be promoted and the intergroup relationship can be improved.
Based on the theoretical model of intergroup anxiety,598 college students in a mixed University of a provincial capital city in the northwest of China were selected as the research subjects. The intergroup anxiety level of minority and Han students,the stereotype and the out-group attitude are measured,and the characteristics and relationships of these variables are examined. The results showed that: There were obvious intergroup anxiety in the interaction process of minority and Han students,and the intergroup anxiety of the majority group Han is higher than minority ethnic group members; women had more positive out-group attitude than men; negative stereotype was the important cause of intergroup anxiety and prejudice attitude. Therefore,in the practice of promoting cross group interaction,by creating the opportunity of intergroup contact,reducing negative stereotype and reducing intergroup anxiety,the intergroup interaction can be promoted and the intergroup relationship can be improved.
引文
高承海.(2015).民族接触促进民族交往:民族本质论和刻板印象的作用(博士学位论文).西北师范大学.
高承海,党宝宝,万明钢.(2013).汉族与少数民族的民族刻板印象之比较.西北师大学报(社会科学版),(04),106-110.
高承海,侯玲,万明钢.(2014).民族接触促进跨民族互动的心理机制.西北师大学报(社会科学版),(06),30-35.
高承海,万明钢.(2013).民族本质论对民族认同和刻板印象的影响.心理学报,(02),231-242.
高承海,万明钢.(2015).民族认同、宗教认同和国家认同的关系-基于大学生数据实证研究.中国民族学,(1),85-97.
管健.(2017).群际焦虑的因果关系模型与影响变量.西北师大学报(社会科学版),(04),104-111.
彭聃龄.(2012).普通心理学(第4版).北京师范大学出版社.
杨金花,王兴宇,吴南.(2016).想象接触对男同性恋态度干预的有效性:助人的作用.社会心理科学,(10),33-38.
Amodio,D.M.(2009).Intergroup anxiety effects on the control of racial stereotypes:A psychoneuroendocrine analysis.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(1),60-67.
Amodio,D.M.,&Hamilton,H.K.(2012).Intergroup anxiety effects on implicit racial evaluation and stereotyping.Emotion,12(6),1273-1280.
Castiglione,C.,Licciardello,O.,Rampullo,A.,&Campione,C.(2013).Intergroup anxiety,empathy and cross-group friendship:Effects on attitudes towards gay men.3rd World Conference on Learning,Teaching and Educational Leadership,93,969-973.
Delgado,N.,Arino,E.,Betancor,V.,&Rodriguez-Perez,A.(2018).Intergroup trust and anxiety:The two sides of stigma towards people with Down syndrome.Anales De Psicologia,34(1),117-122.
Haddock,G.,Zanna,M.P.,&Esses,V.M.(1993).Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes:The case of attitudes toward homosexuals.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,65(6),1105-1118.
Mak,A.S.,Brown,P.M.,&Wadey,D.(2014).Contact and attitudes toward international students in australia intergroup anxiety and intercultural communication emotions as mediators.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,45(3),491-504.
Mereish,E.,&Poteat,V.P.(2015).Effects of heterosexuals’direct and extended friendships with sexual minorities on their attitudes and behaviors:Intergroup anxiety and attitude strength as mediators and moderators.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,45(3),147-157.
Miles,E.,&Crisp,R.J.(2014).A meta-analytic test of the imagined contact hypothesis.Group Processes&Intergroup Relations,17(1),3-26.
Pettigrew,T.F.,&Tropp,L.R.(2006).A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,90(5),751-783.
Price-Blackshear,M.A.,Kamble,S.V.,Mudhol,V.,Sheldon,K.M.,&Bettencourt,B.A.(2017).Mindfulness practices moderate the association between intergroup anxiety and outgroup attitudes.Mindfulness,8(5),1172-1183.
Stephan,W.G.(2014).Intergroup anxiety:Theory,research,and practice.Personality and Social Psychology Review,18(3),239-255.
Tumer,R.N.,Hewstone,M.,&Voci,A.(2007).Reducing explicit and implicit outgroup prejudice via direct and extended contact:The mediating role of self-disclosure and intergroup anxiety.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,93(3),369-388.
Turner,R.N.,Hewstone,M.,Voci,A.,&Vonofakou,C.(2008).A test of the extended intergroup contact hypothesis:The mediating role of intergroup anxiety,perceived ingroup and outgroup norms,and inclusion of the outgroup in the self.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,95(4),843-860.
Turner,R.N.,Hewstone,M.,Voci,A.,&Vonofakou,C.(2008).A test of the extended intergroup contact hypothesis:The mediating role of intergroup anxiety,perceived ingroup and outgroup norms,and inclusion of the outgroup in the self.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,95(4),843-860.
Turner,R.N.,West,K.,&Christie,Z.(2013).Out-group trust,intergroup anxiety,and out-group attitude as mediators of the effect of imagined intergroup contact on intergroup behavioral tendencies.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,43,E196-E205.
Whitley,B.E.,&Kite,M.E.(2009).The psychology of prejudice and discrimination.Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Zagefka,H.,Gonzalez,R.,Brown,R.,Lay,S.,Manzi,J.,&Didier,N.(2017).To know you is to love you:Effects of intergroup contact and knowledge on intergroup anxiety and prejudice among indigenous chileans.International Journal of Psychology,52(4),308-315.
高承海,党宝宝,万明钢.(2013).汉族与少数民族的民族刻板印象之比较.西北师大学报(社会科学版),(04),106-110.
高承海,侯玲,万明钢.(2014).民族接触促进跨民族互动的心理机制.西北师大学报(社会科学版),(06),30-35.
高承海,万明钢.(2013).民族本质论对民族认同和刻板印象的影响.心理学报,(02),231-242.
高承海,万明钢.(2015).民族认同、宗教认同和国家认同的关系-基于大学生数据实证研究.中国民族学,(1),85-97.
管健.(2017).群际焦虑的因果关系模型与影响变量.西北师大学报(社会科学版),(04),104-111.
彭聃龄.(2012).普通心理学(第4版).北京师范大学出版社.
杨金花,王兴宇,吴南.(2016).想象接触对男同性恋态度干预的有效性:助人的作用.社会心理科学,(10),33-38.
Amodio,D.M.(2009).Intergroup anxiety effects on the control of racial stereotypes:A psychoneuroendocrine analysis.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(1),60-67.
Amodio,D.M.,&Hamilton,H.K.(2012).Intergroup anxiety effects on implicit racial evaluation and stereotyping.Emotion,12(6),1273-1280.
Castiglione,C.,Licciardello,O.,Rampullo,A.,&Campione,C.(2013).Intergroup anxiety,empathy and cross-group friendship:Effects on attitudes towards gay men.3rd World Conference on Learning,Teaching and Educational Leadership,93,969-973.
Delgado,N.,Arino,E.,Betancor,V.,&Rodriguez-Perez,A.(2018).Intergroup trust and anxiety:The two sides of stigma towards people with Down syndrome.Anales De Psicologia,34(1),117-122.
Haddock,G.,Zanna,M.P.,&Esses,V.M.(1993).Assessing the structure of prejudicial attitudes:The case of attitudes toward homosexuals.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,65(6),1105-1118.
Mak,A.S.,Brown,P.M.,&Wadey,D.(2014).Contact and attitudes toward international students in australia intergroup anxiety and intercultural communication emotions as mediators.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,45(3),491-504.
Mereish,E.,&Poteat,V.P.(2015).Effects of heterosexuals’direct and extended friendships with sexual minorities on their attitudes and behaviors:Intergroup anxiety and attitude strength as mediators and moderators.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,45(3),147-157.
Miles,E.,&Crisp,R.J.(2014).A meta-analytic test of the imagined contact hypothesis.Group Processes&Intergroup Relations,17(1),3-26.
Pettigrew,T.F.,&Tropp,L.R.(2006).A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,90(5),751-783.
Price-Blackshear,M.A.,Kamble,S.V.,Mudhol,V.,Sheldon,K.M.,&Bettencourt,B.A.(2017).Mindfulness practices moderate the association between intergroup anxiety and outgroup attitudes.Mindfulness,8(5),1172-1183.
Stephan,W.G.(2014).Intergroup anxiety:Theory,research,and practice.Personality and Social Psychology Review,18(3),239-255.
Tumer,R.N.,Hewstone,M.,&Voci,A.(2007).Reducing explicit and implicit outgroup prejudice via direct and extended contact:The mediating role of self-disclosure and intergroup anxiety.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,93(3),369-388.
Turner,R.N.,Hewstone,M.,Voci,A.,&Vonofakou,C.(2008).A test of the extended intergroup contact hypothesis:The mediating role of intergroup anxiety,perceived ingroup and outgroup norms,and inclusion of the outgroup in the self.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,95(4),843-860.
Turner,R.N.,Hewstone,M.,Voci,A.,&Vonofakou,C.(2008).A test of the extended intergroup contact hypothesis:The mediating role of intergroup anxiety,perceived ingroup and outgroup norms,and inclusion of the outgroup in the self.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,95(4),843-860.
Turner,R.N.,West,K.,&Christie,Z.(2013).Out-group trust,intergroup anxiety,and out-group attitude as mediators of the effect of imagined intergroup contact on intergroup behavioral tendencies.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,43,E196-E205.
Whitley,B.E.,&Kite,M.E.(2009).The psychology of prejudice and discrimination.Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Zagefka,H.,Gonzalez,R.,Brown,R.,Lay,S.,Manzi,J.,&Didier,N.(2017).To know you is to love you:Effects of intergroup contact and knowledge on intergroup anxiety and prejudice among indigenous chileans.International Journal of Psychology,52(4),308-315.
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