基于族群面孔分类的内隐民族刻板印象激活与抑制作用
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摘要
民族刻板印象是影响族群互动和交往的重要心理因素。当前研究从刻板印象动态连续发生的视角出发,揭示民族刻板印象激活效应及其抑制作用。研究1采用系列评价启动范式,以汉族和维吾尔族成员面孔作为族群类别启动项,结果发现:在维族面孔启动条件下,被试刻板印象试次的反应时显著短于非刻板印象试次;在汉族面孔启动条件下,它们之间不存在显著性差异,表明族群面孔分类时内隐性激活了相应的民族刻板印象。研究2采用系列启动范式与"go-stop"信号实验范式相结合,结果发现:在"stop"试次中,维族面孔启动时,刻板印象条件下的错误率显著高于非刻板印象试次,而在汉族面孔启动时,它们之间不存在显著性差异;在"go"试次中的反应时结果与研究1的结果一致,这表明个体在民族刻板印象激活后,产生了相应的抑制行为反应倾向,却出现抑制困难现象。将来应该更加注重民族刻板印象干预策略的研究。
This paper aims to explore ethnic stereotype activation and response inhibition through two experiments from the perspective of the stereotype series processing.Study One used a series of evaluation priming paradigm,and the results showed in Uighur face priming condition,reaction time of stereotype trials was significantly shorter in the non-stereotype trials,and in the Han face priming conditions,there was no significant difference between them,which indicated that ethnic stereotype was activated when the corresponding ethnic face categorized.Study Two used series of priming paradigm unified with "go-stop"signal experimental paradigm,and the results showed that reaction time of non-stereotype trials was significantly longer than the stereotype trials reaction time in the"go"conditions when Uighurs face was priming.In contrast,in the face of Han priming,there was no significant difference between them,which is the significant ethnic stereotype activation.Conversely,in "stop"conditions,when Uighur faces priming,error rate of words trials of stereotype traits was significantly higher than non-stereotypic trait words trials,and there was no significant difference in Han face priming.This study suggested that ethnic group face categorization could produce significant ethnic stereotype activation effect and the individual in the ethnic stereotype after the activation produced a corresponding inhibition behavior reaction tendency,but appeared to suppress the phenomenon of difficulty.Future research should pay more attention to the study of the intervention strategies of ethnic stereotype.
This paper aims to explore ethnic stereotype activation and response inhibition through two experiments from the perspective of the stereotype series processing.Study One used a series of evaluation priming paradigm,and the results showed in Uighur face priming condition,reaction time of stereotype trials was significantly shorter in the non-stereotype trials,and in the Han face priming conditions,there was no significant difference between them,which indicated that ethnic stereotype was activated when the corresponding ethnic face categorized.Study Two used series of priming paradigm unified with "go-stop"signal experimental paradigm,and the results showed that reaction time of non-stereotype trials was significantly longer than the stereotype trials reaction time in the"go"conditions when Uighurs face was priming.In contrast,in the face of Han priming,there was no significant difference between them,which is the significant ethnic stereotype activation.Conversely,in "stop"conditions,when Uighur faces priming,error rate of words trials of stereotype traits was significantly higher than non-stereotypic trait words trials,and there was no significant difference in Han face priming.This study suggested that ethnic group face categorization could produce significant ethnic stereotype activation effect and the individual in the ethnic stereotype after the activation produced a corresponding inhibition behavior reaction tendency,but appeared to suppress the phenomenon of difficulty.Future research should pay more attention to the study of the intervention strategies of ethnic stereotype.
引文
[1]钟毅平.社会认知心理学[M].北京:教育科学出版社,2012.
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[4]Gaunt R.Effects of Intergroup Conflict and Social Contact on Prejudice:The Mediating Role of Stereotypes and Evaluations[J].Journal of Applied Social Psychology,2011,41(6):1340-1355.
[5]管健,柴民权.刻板印象威胁:新议题与新争议[J].心理科学进展,2011,19(12):1842-1850.
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[7]党宝宝,高承海,万明钢.民族刻板印象:形成途径与影响因素[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2016,37(5):202-206.
[8]周晓虹.现代社会心理学[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,1991.
[9]Elion A A,Wang K T,Slaney R B,et al.Perfectionism in African American students:relationship to racial identity,GPA,self-esteem,and depression[J].Cultural Diversity&Ethnic Minority Psychology,2012,18(2):118-127.
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[13]Wheeler S C,Petty R E.The effects of stereotype activation on behavior:a review of possible mechanisms[J].Psychological Bulletin,2001,127(6):797-826.
[14]Bodenhausen G V,Mussweiler T,Gabriel S,et al.Affective influences on stereotyping and intergroup relations[J].Handbook of affect and social cognition,2001,pp.319-343.
[15]贾磊.民族刻板印象研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2010.
[16]Moskowitz G B,Li P.Egalitarian goals trigger stereotype inhibition:A proactive form of stereotype control[J].Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,2011,47(1):103-116.
[17]Moskowitz,Gordon B.On the Control Over Stereotype Activation and Stereotype Inhibition[J].Social&Personality Psychology Compass,2010,4(2):140-158.
[18]Mendoza S A,Gollwitzer P M,Amodio D M.Reducing the expression of implicit stereotypes:reflexive control through implementation intentions[J].Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,2010,36(4):512-523.
[19]White K R,Jr S L C,Taylor J H,et al.Wait,what?Assessing stereotype incongruities using the N400 ERP component[J].Social Cognitive&Affective Neuroscience,2009,4(2):191-198.
[20]王沛,杨亚平,赵仑.刻板印象的激活效应:行为和ERPs证据[J].心理学报,2010,42(5):607-617.
[21]王沛,陈学锋.刻板印象的意识性抑制[J].心理学报,2003,35(3):358-361.
[22]Hehman E,Volpert H I,Simons R F.The N400as an index of racial stereotype accessibility[J].Social Cognitive&Affective Neuroscience,2013,9(4):544-552.
[23]孙桂香.新疆维吾尔族大学生民族认同心理研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2009.
[24]Bartholow B D,Dickter C L,Sestir M A.Stereotype activation and control of race bias:cognitive control of inhibition and its impairment by alcohol[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,2006,90(2):272-287.
[25]Kray L J,Reb J,Galinsky A D,et al.The effect of stereotype activation on claiming and creating value in mixed-gender negotiations[J].Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2004,30(4):399-411.
[26]Jr A R,Nelson A J,Soto J A,et al.Emotion in the neutral face:a mechanism for impression formation?[J].Cognition&Emotion,2012,26(3):431-441.
[27]Banton M.A Theory of Social Categories[J].Sociology,2011,45(2):187-201.
[28]Bartholow B D.On the role of conflict and control in social cognition:Event-related brain potential investigations[J].Psychophysiology,2010,47(2):201-212.
[29]Rd M D A,Cohen J D,Stenger V A,et al.Dissociating the Role of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal and Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Cognitive Control[J].Science,2000,288(5472):1835-1838.
[30]Lambert A J,Payne B K,Jacoby L L,et al.Stereotypes as dominant responses:on the“social facilitation”of prejudice in anticipated public contexts[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,2003,84(2):277-295.
[31]Kerns J G,Cohen J D,Cho R Y,et al.Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control[J].Science,2004,303(5660):1023-1026.
[2]Fiske S T,Taylor S E.Social cognition:From brains to culture[M].Sage,2013,pp.1-24.
[3]Myers C,Abrams D,Rosenthal H E S,et al.Threat,prejudice,and stereotyping in the context of Japanese,North Korean,and South Korean intergroup relations[J].Current Research in Social Psychology,2013,20(7):76-85.
[4]Gaunt R.Effects of Intergroup Conflict and Social Contact on Prejudice:The Mediating Role of Stereotypes and Evaluations[J].Journal of Applied Social Psychology,2011,41(6):1340-1355.
[5]管健,柴民权.刻板印象威胁:新议题与新争议[J].心理科学进展,2011,19(12):1842-1850.
[6]Rudman L A,Fairchild K.Reactions to counterstereotypic behavior:the role of backlash in cultural stereotype maintenance[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,2004,87(2):157-176.
[7]党宝宝,高承海,万明钢.民族刻板印象:形成途径与影响因素[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2016,37(5):202-206.
[8]周晓虹.现代社会心理学[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,1991.
[9]Elion A A,Wang K T,Slaney R B,et al.Perfectionism in African American students:relationship to racial identity,GPA,self-esteem,and depression[J].Cultural Diversity&Ethnic Minority Psychology,2012,18(2):118-127.
[10]高承海,党宝宝,万明钢.汉族与少数民族的民族刻板印象之比较[J].西北师大学报(社会科学版),2013,50(4):106-110.
[11]苏昊.维、汉大学生的民族刻板印象:外显和内隐[J].中国青年研究,2014(12):21-24.
[12]Forbes C E,Cox C L,Schmader T,et al.Negative stereotype activation alters interaction between neural correlates of arousal,inhibition and cognitive control[J].Social Cognitive&Affective Neuroscience,2011,7(7):771-781.
[13]Wheeler S C,Petty R E.The effects of stereotype activation on behavior:a review of possible mechanisms[J].Psychological Bulletin,2001,127(6):797-826.
[14]Bodenhausen G V,Mussweiler T,Gabriel S,et al.Affective influences on stereotyping and intergroup relations[J].Handbook of affect and social cognition,2001,pp.319-343.
[15]贾磊.民族刻板印象研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2010.
[16]Moskowitz G B,Li P.Egalitarian goals trigger stereotype inhibition:A proactive form of stereotype control[J].Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,2011,47(1):103-116.
[17]Moskowitz,Gordon B.On the Control Over Stereotype Activation and Stereotype Inhibition[J].Social&Personality Psychology Compass,2010,4(2):140-158.
[18]Mendoza S A,Gollwitzer P M,Amodio D M.Reducing the expression of implicit stereotypes:reflexive control through implementation intentions[J].Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,2010,36(4):512-523.
[19]White K R,Jr S L C,Taylor J H,et al.Wait,what?Assessing stereotype incongruities using the N400 ERP component[J].Social Cognitive&Affective Neuroscience,2009,4(2):191-198.
[20]王沛,杨亚平,赵仑.刻板印象的激活效应:行为和ERPs证据[J].心理学报,2010,42(5):607-617.
[21]王沛,陈学锋.刻板印象的意识性抑制[J].心理学报,2003,35(3):358-361.
[22]Hehman E,Volpert H I,Simons R F.The N400as an index of racial stereotype accessibility[J].Social Cognitive&Affective Neuroscience,2013,9(4):544-552.
[23]孙桂香.新疆维吾尔族大学生民族认同心理研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2009.
[24]Bartholow B D,Dickter C L,Sestir M A.Stereotype activation and control of race bias:cognitive control of inhibition and its impairment by alcohol[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,2006,90(2):272-287.
[25]Kray L J,Reb J,Galinsky A D,et al.The effect of stereotype activation on claiming and creating value in mixed-gender negotiations[J].Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2004,30(4):399-411.
[26]Jr A R,Nelson A J,Soto J A,et al.Emotion in the neutral face:a mechanism for impression formation?[J].Cognition&Emotion,2012,26(3):431-441.
[27]Banton M.A Theory of Social Categories[J].Sociology,2011,45(2):187-201.
[28]Bartholow B D.On the role of conflict and control in social cognition:Event-related brain potential investigations[J].Psychophysiology,2010,47(2):201-212.
[29]Rd M D A,Cohen J D,Stenger V A,et al.Dissociating the Role of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal and Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Cognitive Control[J].Science,2000,288(5472):1835-1838.
[30]Lambert A J,Payne B K,Jacoby L L,et al.Stereotypes as dominant responses:on the“social facilitation”of prejudice in anticipated public contexts[J].Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,2003,84(2):277-295.
[31]Kerns J G,Cohen J D,Cho R Y,et al.Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control[J].Science,2004,303(5660):1023-1026.
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