学生伤害事故案件司法诉讼现状及特征分析——基于517份民事判决文书的实证研究
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摘要
对中国裁判文书网2016年度收录的517份学生伤害事故案件的民事判决文书进行案例实证研究,分析其地域、学段、时空、类型、审级等特点,研究发现:司法诉讼中,学生伤害事故绝大多数是教育机构责任纠纷案件,学校与学生的法律关系是教育管理关系,学校在学生伤害事故过错认定中适用"中等"客观标准,学校担责数量多,比例比其他责任主体高,学校需履行维护学校公共安全、预见注意等职责,甘冒风险可以成为体育伤害案件中的有效抗辩,法律适用主要援引《侵权责任法》等法律法规,但也存在一些争议和错误。应从立法、司法、选聘法律顾问、家校社会联合等方面加强学校安全管理,维护学生的身心健康。
The authors conducted an empirical study using 517 student injury accident cases retrieved from wenshu.court.gov.cn in 2016.They analyzed the characteristics of these cases in the aspects of regions,grades,time and space,types and investigation levels,and the findings are as follows:in the judicial proceedings,most of the student injury accidents were education agency liability dispute cases;the legal relationship between school and students was education and management;school fault in these accidents were considered reaching the"medium"objective standard and school had higher accountability than other parties;that school should implement their obligations such as ensuring public safety,predicting and attending to student can be an effective defense in the sports injury cases;the application of law were mainly based on regulations and laws like Law of Tort,but there were also disputes and mistakes.It is suggested that in order to ensure the physical and mental health of the students,the school safety management should be strengthened in the aspects of legislation,judicature,the selection of legal advisers and the cooperation among schools,families and communities.
The authors conducted an empirical study using 517 student injury accident cases retrieved from wenshu.court.gov.cn in 2016.They analyzed the characteristics of these cases in the aspects of regions,grades,time and space,types and investigation levels,and the findings are as follows:in the judicial proceedings,most of the student injury accidents were education agency liability dispute cases;the legal relationship between school and students was education and management;school fault in these accidents were considered reaching the"medium"objective standard and school had higher accountability than other parties;that school should implement their obligations such as ensuring public safety,predicting and attending to student can be an effective defense in the sports injury cases;the application of law were mainly based on regulations and laws like Law of Tort,but there were also disputes and mistakes.It is suggested that in order to ensure the physical and mental health of the students,the school safety management should be strengthened in the aspects of legislation,judicature,the selection of legal advisers and the cooperation among schools,families and communities.
引文
[1]梁成,韩小雨.基于知识图谱的学校法律治理问题研究可视化分析[J].现代教育管理,2017(8):65-70.
[2]劳凯声.试论中小学校与未成年学生法律关系[J].教育学报,2014(6):30-38.
[3]劳凯声.学校安全与学校对未成年学生安全保障义务[J].中国教育学刊,2013(6):1-10.
[4]陈希.中小学学生伤害事故责任的再分析——以《侵权责任法》的视角[J].首都师范大学学报(社会科学版),2010:(6):53-59.
[5]闫建华.学校体育运动伤害事故的特征、法律归责及风险防控措施研究——基于对58例裁判文书的荟萃分析[J].成都体育学院学报,2017(9):13-19.
[6]杨秀朝.课余学生伤害事故学校过错的实证分析[J].教育科学研究,2009(3):38-42.
[7]靳昊.公开裁判文书透视司法正义——最高人民法院中国裁判文书网上线4年访问量突破100亿次[N].光明日报,2017-09-07(11).
[8]中国裁判文书网.徐某与任某1、王某生命权、健康权、身体权纠纷一审民事判决书[EB/OL].http://wenshu.court.gov.cn/content/content?DocID=31fd62cd-6038-4dc8-a62e-a77e00f04ef9.2017-05-27.
[9]中国裁判文书网.王某1与田某1、田某2教育机构责任纠纷一审民事判决书[EB/OL].http://wenshu.court.gov.cn/content/content?DocID=15924c7a-ef7b-46a6-bd88-a7d501009149.2017-08-21.
[10]赖长春.试论民办幼儿园与家长的教育合同——幼儿园伤害事故中责任认定的合同法基础[J].学前教育研究,2003(10):33-35.
[11]佟柔.中国民法[M].北京:法律出版社,1990:569-570.
[12]方益权.学生伤害事故中学校的法律责任及其认定标准[J].政法论坛(中国政法大学学报),2004(7):146-149.
[13]张琦.简论侵权法上的风险自负原则[D/OL].江苏苏州:苏州大学,2011.
[14]许杰.美国公立学校学生伤害事故中过失侵权的责任认定[J],比较教育研究,2004(5):37-42.
[15]中国裁判文书网.郭垚诉曹卓生命权、健康权、身体权纠纷一案二审民事判决书[EB/OL].http://wenshu.court.gov.cn/content/content?DocID=1706bbde-166a-4a46-ae48-62372677472a.2016-09-28.
[16]朱伯玉,范晶晶.高校校园安全风险及其防范[J].青少年犯罪研究,2013(5):7.
(1)本文中民事行为能力的划分仍然按照2016年适用的民事年龄划分,即10周岁以下的为无民事行为能力人,10周岁以上不满18周岁的为限制民事行为能力人,18周岁以上的为完全民事行为能力人。
(1)在多因一果的伤害事故中,通过致害原因力大小比较确定责任的大小。
[2]劳凯声.试论中小学校与未成年学生法律关系[J].教育学报,2014(6):30-38.
[3]劳凯声.学校安全与学校对未成年学生安全保障义务[J].中国教育学刊,2013(6):1-10.
[4]陈希.中小学学生伤害事故责任的再分析——以《侵权责任法》的视角[J].首都师范大学学报(社会科学版),2010:(6):53-59.
[5]闫建华.学校体育运动伤害事故的特征、法律归责及风险防控措施研究——基于对58例裁判文书的荟萃分析[J].成都体育学院学报,2017(9):13-19.
[6]杨秀朝.课余学生伤害事故学校过错的实证分析[J].教育科学研究,2009(3):38-42.
[7]靳昊.公开裁判文书透视司法正义——最高人民法院中国裁判文书网上线4年访问量突破100亿次[N].光明日报,2017-09-07(11).
[8]中国裁判文书网.徐某与任某1、王某生命权、健康权、身体权纠纷一审民事判决书[EB/OL].http://wenshu.court.gov.cn/content/content?DocID=31fd62cd-6038-4dc8-a62e-a77e00f04ef9.2017-05-27.
[9]中国裁判文书网.王某1与田某1、田某2教育机构责任纠纷一审民事判决书[EB/OL].http://wenshu.court.gov.cn/content/content?DocID=15924c7a-ef7b-46a6-bd88-a7d501009149.2017-08-21.
[10]赖长春.试论民办幼儿园与家长的教育合同——幼儿园伤害事故中责任认定的合同法基础[J].学前教育研究,2003(10):33-35.
[11]佟柔.中国民法[M].北京:法律出版社,1990:569-570.
[12]方益权.学生伤害事故中学校的法律责任及其认定标准[J].政法论坛(中国政法大学学报),2004(7):146-149.
[13]张琦.简论侵权法上的风险自负原则[D/OL].江苏苏州:苏州大学,2011.
[14]许杰.美国公立学校学生伤害事故中过失侵权的责任认定[J],比较教育研究,2004(5):37-42.
[15]中国裁判文书网.郭垚诉曹卓生命权、健康权、身体权纠纷一案二审民事判决书[EB/OL].http://wenshu.court.gov.cn/content/content?DocID=1706bbde-166a-4a46-ae48-62372677472a.2016-09-28.
[16]朱伯玉,范晶晶.高校校园安全风险及其防范[J].青少年犯罪研究,2013(5):7.
(1)本文中民事行为能力的划分仍然按照2016年适用的民事年龄划分,即10周岁以下的为无民事行为能力人,10周岁以上不满18周岁的为限制民事行为能力人,18周岁以上的为完全民事行为能力人。
(1)在多因一果的伤害事故中,通过致害原因力大小比较确定责任的大小。