行为意图信息对广义互惠行为的影响
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摘要
广义互惠是指个体以他人对待自己的方式去对待其他陌生人。本研究通过独裁者博弈任务,考察了行为意图信息对广义互惠的影响。结果发现:(1)在慷慨分配情境中,行为有意条件下被试分配给陌生人的金钱显著多于无意图条件,而自私分配情境则相反;(2)只有负性意图条件下的被试,分配的金钱显著少于无意图条件,而后者与正性意图条件分配数额差异不显著。这表明行为意图信息能够调节广义互惠行为,且负性意图作用强于正性意图。
Generalized reciprocity is the phenomenon that individuals treat others in the way that other people previously treat them. By adopting the Dictator's Game in the present study,we investigated the influence of the dictator's intention on responder's generalized reciprocity. We found that(1) when the responder was given money more than half of the total,he would give another stranger more money in the intended-behavior condition than the unintended-behavior condition; otherwise,the results were on the opposite;(2) the responder in the negative intention condition would give less money to the stranger than the positive and no intention conditions,while those in the latter two conditions were not significantly different. The current findings reveal the impact of intention information on generalized reciprocity,specifically negative intention impacts more effectively upon generalized reciprocity than positive intention.
Generalized reciprocity is the phenomenon that individuals treat others in the way that other people previously treat them. By adopting the Dictator's Game in the present study,we investigated the influence of the dictator's intention on responder's generalized reciprocity. We found that(1) when the responder was given money more than half of the total,he would give another stranger more money in the intended-behavior condition than the unintended-behavior condition; otherwise,the results were on the opposite;(2) the responder in the negative intention condition would give less money to the stranger than the positive and no intention conditions,while those in the latter two conditions were not significantly different. The current findings reveal the impact of intention information on generalized reciprocity,specifically negative intention impacts more effectively upon generalized reciprocity than positive intention.
引文
李鹏超,金心怡,孙忠强,何洁.(2018).幼儿对交流过程中信息传递的理解.应用心理学,24(3):243-251.
吴凡,顾全,施壮华,高在峰,沈模卫.(2018)跳出传统假设检验方法的陷阱——贝叶斯因子在心理学研究领域的应用.应用心理学,24(3):195-202.
余俊宣,&寇彧.(2015).自私行为的传递效应.心理科学进展,23(6),1061-1069.
Alvarez,K.,& van Leeuwen,E.(2015).Paying it forward:How helping others can reduce the psychological threat of receiving help.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,45,1-9.
Bartlett,M.Y.,& DeSteno,D.(2006).Gratitude and prosocial behavior:Helping when it costs you.Psychological Science,17,319-325.
Cushman,F.,Sheketoff,R.,Wharton,S.,& Carey,S.(2013).The development of intent-based moral judgment.Cognition,127,6-21.
DeSteno,D.,Bartlett,M.Y.,Baumann,J.,Williams,L.A.,& Dickens,L.(2010).Gratitude as moral sentiment:emotion-guided cooperation in economic exchange.Emotion,10,289.
Dufwenberg,M.,& Kirchsteiger,G.(2004).A theory of sequential reciprocity.Games and Economic Behavior,47,268-298.
Falk,A.,Fehr,E.,& Fischbacher,U.(2003).On the nature of fair behavior.Economic Inquiry,41,20-26.
Falk,A.,& Fischbacher,U.(2006).A theory of reciprocity.Games and Economic Behavior,54,293-315.
Falk,A.,Fehr,E.,& Fischbacher,U.(2008).Testing theories of fairness—Intentions matter.Games and Economic Behavior,62,287-303.
Gray,K.,Ward,A.F.,& Norton,M.I.(2014).Paying it forward:Generalized reciprocity and the limits of generosity.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,143,247-254.
Gummerum,M.,& Chu,M.T.(2014).Outcomes and intentions in children’s,adolescents’,and adults’ second-and third-party punishment behavior.Cognition,133,97-103.
Halali,E.,Kogut,T.,& Ritov,I.(2017).Reciprocating (more) specifically to you:The role of benefactor’s identifiability on direct and upstream reciprocity.Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,30,473-483.
Herne,K.,Lappalainen,O.,& Kestil-Kekkonen,E.(2013).Experimental comparison of direct,general,and indirect reciprocity.The Journal of Socio-Economics,45,38-46.
Horita,Y.,Takezawa,M.,Kinjo,T.,Nakawake,Y.,& Masuda,N.(2016).Transient nature of cooperation by pay-it-forward reciprocity.Scientific Reports,6,19471.
Liu,P.P.,Safin,V.,Yang,B.,& Luhmann,C.C.(2015).Direct and indirect influence of altruistic behavior in a social network.PloS ONE,10,e0140357.
Ma,Q.,Meng,L.,Zhang,Z.,Xu,Q.,Wang,Y.,& Shen,Q.(2015).You did not mean it:Perceived good intentions alleviate sense of unfairness.International Journal of Psychophysiology,96,183-190.
Nowak,M.A.,& Sigmund,K.(2005).Evolution of indirect reciprocity.Nature,437,1291-1298.
Offerman,T.(2002).Hurting hurts more than helping helps.European Economic Review,46,1423-1437.
?hman,A.,& Mineka,S.(2001).Fears,phobias,and preparedness:Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning.Psychological Review,108(3),483-522.
Rabin,M.(1993).Incorporating fairness into game theory and economics.The American Economic Review,1281-1302.
Rankin,D.J.,& Taborsky,M.(2009).Assortment and the evolution of generalized reciprocity.Evolution:International Journal of Organic Evolution,63,1913-1922.
Simpson,B.,Harrell,A.,Melamed,D.,Heiserman,N.,& Negraia,D.V.(2018).The Roots of Reciprocity:Gratitude and Reputation in Generalized Exchange Systems.American Sociological Review,83,88-110.
Strang,S.,Grote,X.,Kuss,K.,Park,S.Q.,& Weber,B.(2016).Generalized Negative Reciprocity in the Dictator Game–How to Interrupt the Chain of Unfairness.Scientific Reports,6,22316.
Vaish,A.,Hepach,R.,& Tomasello,M.(2018).The specificity of reciprocity:Young children reciprocate more generously to those who intentionally benefit them.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,167,336-353.
Van’t Wout,M.,Kahn,R.S.,Sanfey,A.G.,& Aleman,A.(2006).Affective state and decision-making in the ultimatum game.Experimental Brain Research,169(4),564-568.
Wang,C.S.,Galinsky,A.D.,& Murnighan,J.K.(2009).Bad drives psychological reactions,but good propels behavior:Responses to honesty and deception.Psychological Science,20,634-644.
Watanabe,T.,Takezawa,M.,Nakawake,Y.,Kunimatsu,A.,Yamasue,H.,Nakamura,M.,Miyashita,Y.,& Masuda.N (2014).Two distinct neural mechanisms underlying indirect reciprocity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111,3990-3995.
Yiend,J.(2010).The effects of emotion on attention:A review of attentional processing of emotional information.Cognition and Emotion,24(1),3-47.
Yu,H.,Cai,Q.,Shen,B.,Gao,X.,& Zhou,X.(2017).Neural substrates and social consequences of interpersonal gratitude:Intention matters.Emotion,17(4),589-601.
Zitek,E.M.,Jordan,A.H.,Monin,B.,& Leach,F.R.(2010).Victim entitlement to behave selfishly.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,98(2),245-255.
吴凡,顾全,施壮华,高在峰,沈模卫.(2018)跳出传统假设检验方法的陷阱——贝叶斯因子在心理学研究领域的应用.应用心理学,24(3):195-202.
余俊宣,&寇彧.(2015).自私行为的传递效应.心理科学进展,23(6),1061-1069.
Alvarez,K.,& van Leeuwen,E.(2015).Paying it forward:How helping others can reduce the psychological threat of receiving help.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,45,1-9.
Bartlett,M.Y.,& DeSteno,D.(2006).Gratitude and prosocial behavior:Helping when it costs you.Psychological Science,17,319-325.
Cushman,F.,Sheketoff,R.,Wharton,S.,& Carey,S.(2013).The development of intent-based moral judgment.Cognition,127,6-21.
DeSteno,D.,Bartlett,M.Y.,Baumann,J.,Williams,L.A.,& Dickens,L.(2010).Gratitude as moral sentiment:emotion-guided cooperation in economic exchange.Emotion,10,289.
Dufwenberg,M.,& Kirchsteiger,G.(2004).A theory of sequential reciprocity.Games and Economic Behavior,47,268-298.
Falk,A.,Fehr,E.,& Fischbacher,U.(2003).On the nature of fair behavior.Economic Inquiry,41,20-26.
Falk,A.,& Fischbacher,U.(2006).A theory of reciprocity.Games and Economic Behavior,54,293-315.
Falk,A.,Fehr,E.,& Fischbacher,U.(2008).Testing theories of fairness—Intentions matter.Games and Economic Behavior,62,287-303.
Gray,K.,Ward,A.F.,& Norton,M.I.(2014).Paying it forward:Generalized reciprocity and the limits of generosity.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,143,247-254.
Gummerum,M.,& Chu,M.T.(2014).Outcomes and intentions in children’s,adolescents’,and adults’ second-and third-party punishment behavior.Cognition,133,97-103.
Halali,E.,Kogut,T.,& Ritov,I.(2017).Reciprocating (more) specifically to you:The role of benefactor’s identifiability on direct and upstream reciprocity.Journal of Behavioral Decision Making,30,473-483.
Herne,K.,Lappalainen,O.,& Kestil-Kekkonen,E.(2013).Experimental comparison of direct,general,and indirect reciprocity.The Journal of Socio-Economics,45,38-46.
Horita,Y.,Takezawa,M.,Kinjo,T.,Nakawake,Y.,& Masuda,N.(2016).Transient nature of cooperation by pay-it-forward reciprocity.Scientific Reports,6,19471.
Liu,P.P.,Safin,V.,Yang,B.,& Luhmann,C.C.(2015).Direct and indirect influence of altruistic behavior in a social network.PloS ONE,10,e0140357.
Ma,Q.,Meng,L.,Zhang,Z.,Xu,Q.,Wang,Y.,& Shen,Q.(2015).You did not mean it:Perceived good intentions alleviate sense of unfairness.International Journal of Psychophysiology,96,183-190.
Nowak,M.A.,& Sigmund,K.(2005).Evolution of indirect reciprocity.Nature,437,1291-1298.
Offerman,T.(2002).Hurting hurts more than helping helps.European Economic Review,46,1423-1437.
?hman,A.,& Mineka,S.(2001).Fears,phobias,and preparedness:Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning.Psychological Review,108(3),483-522.
Rabin,M.(1993).Incorporating fairness into game theory and economics.The American Economic Review,1281-1302.
Rankin,D.J.,& Taborsky,M.(2009).Assortment and the evolution of generalized reciprocity.Evolution:International Journal of Organic Evolution,63,1913-1922.
Simpson,B.,Harrell,A.,Melamed,D.,Heiserman,N.,& Negraia,D.V.(2018).The Roots of Reciprocity:Gratitude and Reputation in Generalized Exchange Systems.American Sociological Review,83,88-110.
Strang,S.,Grote,X.,Kuss,K.,Park,S.Q.,& Weber,B.(2016).Generalized Negative Reciprocity in the Dictator Game–How to Interrupt the Chain of Unfairness.Scientific Reports,6,22316.
Vaish,A.,Hepach,R.,& Tomasello,M.(2018).The specificity of reciprocity:Young children reciprocate more generously to those who intentionally benefit them.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology,167,336-353.
Van’t Wout,M.,Kahn,R.S.,Sanfey,A.G.,& Aleman,A.(2006).Affective state and decision-making in the ultimatum game.Experimental Brain Research,169(4),564-568.
Wang,C.S.,Galinsky,A.D.,& Murnighan,J.K.(2009).Bad drives psychological reactions,but good propels behavior:Responses to honesty and deception.Psychological Science,20,634-644.
Watanabe,T.,Takezawa,M.,Nakawake,Y.,Kunimatsu,A.,Yamasue,H.,Nakamura,M.,Miyashita,Y.,& Masuda.N (2014).Two distinct neural mechanisms underlying indirect reciprocity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111,3990-3995.
Yiend,J.(2010).The effects of emotion on attention:A review of attentional processing of emotional information.Cognition and Emotion,24(1),3-47.
Yu,H.,Cai,Q.,Shen,B.,Gao,X.,& Zhou,X.(2017).Neural substrates and social consequences of interpersonal gratitude:Intention matters.Emotion,17(4),589-601.
Zitek,E.M.,Jordan,A.H.,Monin,B.,& Leach,F.R.(2010).Victim entitlement to behave selfishly.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,98(2),245-255.