浅议意大利环境损害鉴定评估制度
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摘要
意大利环境损害鉴定评估起步较早,在欧盟法律框架下形成了自己独特的环境损害鉴定评估制度。在法律体系上,意大利以欧盟责任指令和国内环境法典为基础,明确了环境损害鉴定评估的主体、对象以及鉴定评估机构的相关职能;在工作机制上,意大利以环境、领土与海洋部为领导监督主体,通过意大利环境保护与研究院形成了政府—机构和中央—地方的管理体系,保证了环境损害鉴定工作的统一协调性;在鉴定评估方法上,意大利采取了欧盟推荐的鉴定评估方法,又积极地参与了欧盟相关数据库与工具包的开发,实现了评估方法的科学和一致性。
Environmental damage assessment in Italy started early, and formed its own unique environmental damage assessment system under the framework of European Union law. In terms of legal system, Italy defines the subject, object and related functions of the appraisal and assessment institution of environmental damage on the basis of the EU Responsibility Directive and the domestic environmental code. In terms of working mechanism, Italy takes the Ministry of Environment, Territory and Oceans as the leading supervisory body and forms government-institution and central-local management through the Italian Institute of Environmental Protection and Research. The system guarantees the unification and coordination of environmental damage assessment. In the assessment methods, Italy has adopted the methods recommended by the European Union, and actively participated in the development of relevant databases and toolkits of the European Union, thus achieving the scientific and consistent assessment methods. By summarizing, we can learn from Italy's beneficial experience in environmental damage assessment, and provide new ideas for exploring and perfecting China's environmental damage assessment system.
Environmental damage assessment in Italy started early, and formed its own unique environmental damage assessment system under the framework of European Union law. In terms of legal system, Italy defines the subject, object and related functions of the appraisal and assessment institution of environmental damage on the basis of the EU Responsibility Directive and the domestic environmental code. In terms of working mechanism, Italy takes the Ministry of Environment, Territory and Oceans as the leading supervisory body and forms government-institution and central-local management through the Italian Institute of Environmental Protection and Research. The system guarantees the unification and coordination of environmental damage assessment. In the assessment methods, Italy has adopted the methods recommended by the European Union, and actively participated in the development of relevant databases and toolkits of the European Union, thus achieving the scientific and consistent assessment methods. By summarizing, we can learn from Italy's beneficial experience in environmental damage assessment, and provide new ideas for exploring and perfecting China's environmental damage assessment system.
引文
[1]张红振,董璟琦.环境损害评估:制度、方法与实例[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2016:3.
[2]王轩译,戴萍校.欧盟《关于预防和补救环境损害的环境责任指令》[J].国际商法论丛,2008(9):402-403.
[3][16]於方,刘倩,齐霁,等.借他山之石完善我国环境污染损害鉴定评估与赔偿制度[J].环境经济,2013,119(11).
[4]http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-8-2017-0297_EN.htmlredirect,2019-2-22.
[5][10][18]刘倩,季林云,於方,等.环境损害鉴定评估与赔偿法律体系研究[M].北京:中国环境出版社,201:86,91,164.
[6][25]张红振,董璟琦.环境损害评估:制度、方法与实例[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2016:11.
[7]竺效.论生态损害综合预防与救济的立法路径——以法国民法典侵权责任条款修改法案为借鉴[J].比较法研究,2016(3).
[8]意大利环境、领土与海洋部官方网站.https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/competenze,2019-2-26.
[9]中意合作《环境污染事故损失核定技术与鉴定机制》项目培训团.学习意大利经验建立环境损害评估体系[N].中国环境报,2009 -7-21(4).
[11]http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/ISPRA/the-institute,2019-2-18.
[12]ISPRA官方网站.http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/files/notizie-ispra/regolamento-ispra.pdf,2019-2-18.
[13]http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/ISPRA/the-institute,2019-2-18.
[14]https://www.minambiente.it/comunicati/question-time-le-risposte-del-ministro-galletti-su-ispra-e-rischio-idrogeologico,2019-2-20.
[15]斯蒂法诺·拉波尔塔.国家环境保护网络:中央和地方政府实施环境治理的新范例[J].中国机构改革与管理,2017(3).
[17]张红振,王金南,牛坤玉,等.环境损害评估:构建中国制度框架[J].环境科学,2014(10).
[19][21][22][23]REMEDE官网文件.http://www.envliability.eu/docs/REMEDE_D7_Ecologic_DRAFT_140907.pdf,2019-3-24.
[20] 於方,张衍燊,赵丹,等.环境损害鉴定评估技术研究综述[J].中国司法鉴定,2017(5).
[24]Ecologic官方网站.https://www.ecologic.eu/2699,2019-3-20.
[26]REMEDE官网.http://www.envliability.eu/about.html,2019-3-25.
① Directive 2004/35/CE (OJ2004 L143/56 21/4/2004) (Directive 2004/35/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage).
(1)意大利的立法机构是国家议会与地方议会,有关环境保护的立法权归国家议会所有,各地区可根据国家议会颁布的法律法规,制定相应的实施细则,以地方性立法的方式执行。
(2)这一法令最终以修正案的方式于2008年8月21日正式成为法律(编号133号法律)。
(3)欧盟委员会委托了美国与欧盟环境智库Ecologic来制定这一计划,该智库是独立且非营利性质的组织,由来自欧盟成员国和美国的专家学者组成,主要负责基于国际和欧盟事务中的环境问题发表独立的、建设性的意见,并提供科学的政策分析和咨询。
[2]王轩译,戴萍校.欧盟《关于预防和补救环境损害的环境责任指令》[J].国际商法论丛,2008(9):402-403.
[3][16]於方,刘倩,齐霁,等.借他山之石完善我国环境污染损害鉴定评估与赔偿制度[J].环境经济,2013,119(11).
[4]http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-8-2017-0297_EN.htmlredirect,2019-2-22.
[5][10][18]刘倩,季林云,於方,等.环境损害鉴定评估与赔偿法律体系研究[M].北京:中国环境出版社,201:86,91,164.
[6][25]张红振,董璟琦.环境损害评估:制度、方法与实例[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2016:11.
[7]竺效.论生态损害综合预防与救济的立法路径——以法国民法典侵权责任条款修改法案为借鉴[J].比较法研究,2016(3).
[8]意大利环境、领土与海洋部官方网站.https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/competenze,2019-2-26.
[9]中意合作《环境污染事故损失核定技术与鉴定机制》项目培训团.学习意大利经验建立环境损害评估体系[N].中国环境报,2009 -7-21(4).
[11]http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/ISPRA/the-institute,2019-2-18.
[12]ISPRA官方网站.http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/files/notizie-ispra/regolamento-ispra.pdf,2019-2-18.
[13]http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/en/ISPRA/the-institute,2019-2-18.
[14]https://www.minambiente.it/comunicati/question-time-le-risposte-del-ministro-galletti-su-ispra-e-rischio-idrogeologico,2019-2-20.
[15]斯蒂法诺·拉波尔塔.国家环境保护网络:中央和地方政府实施环境治理的新范例[J].中国机构改革与管理,2017(3).
[17]张红振,王金南,牛坤玉,等.环境损害评估:构建中国制度框架[J].环境科学,2014(10).
[19][21][22][23]REMEDE官网文件.http://www.envliability.eu/docs/REMEDE_D7_Ecologic_DRAFT_140907.pdf,2019-3-24.
[20] 於方,张衍燊,赵丹,等.环境损害鉴定评估技术研究综述[J].中国司法鉴定,2017(5).
[24]Ecologic官方网站.https://www.ecologic.eu/2699,2019-3-20.
[26]REMEDE官网.http://www.envliability.eu/about.html,2019-3-25.
① Directive 2004/35/CE (OJ2004 L143/56 21/4/2004) (Directive 2004/35/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage).
(1)意大利的立法机构是国家议会与地方议会,有关环境保护的立法权归国家议会所有,各地区可根据国家议会颁布的法律法规,制定相应的实施细则,以地方性立法的方式执行。
(2)这一法令最终以修正案的方式于2008年8月21日正式成为法律(编号133号法律)。
(3)欧盟委员会委托了美国与欧盟环境智库Ecologic来制定这一计划,该智库是独立且非营利性质的组织,由来自欧盟成员国和美国的专家学者组成,主要负责基于国际和欧盟事务中的环境问题发表独立的、建设性的意见,并提供科学的政策分析和咨询。