自动驾驶汽车的“道德算法”困境
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摘要
当前自动驾驶汽车发展所面临伦理困境的一个核心问题是:是否应该将道德规范嵌入算法结构以及应当以何种方式嵌入。在面对未来可能的交通事故时,屏蔽信息而依靠"道德运气"进行随机选择和基于完全信息的人工智能系统自主抉择都存在严重困难,因此应当为自动驾驶汽车预设"道德算法"。而对于如何决定"道德算法"的问题,鉴于现有道德原则间的相互冲突、道德决策的复杂性以及人类道德判断的情境化特点,基于某种人类既定的道德原则或道德规范是不现实的。
One of the core issues facing the current ethical dilemma of autonomous vehicles is: whether ethics should be embedded in the structure of the algorithm and how it should be embedded. In the face of possible traffic accidents in the future,there are serious difficulties in screening information and relying on " moral luck" to make random choices and independent information systems based on artificial intelligence. Therefore,a " moral algorithm" should be preset for autonomous vehicles. And for how to decide the problem of " moral algorithm",in view of the conflict between existing moral principles,the complexity of moral decision-making and the contextualization of human moral judgment,it is unrealistic to base on some kind of ethical principle set by mankind,so we can try to simulate the realization of human moral decision in the same situation.
One of the core issues facing the current ethical dilemma of autonomous vehicles is: whether ethics should be embedded in the structure of the algorithm and how it should be embedded. In the face of possible traffic accidents in the future,there are serious difficulties in screening information and relying on " moral luck" to make random choices and independent information systems based on artificial intelligence. Therefore,a " moral algorithm" should be preset for autonomous vehicles. And for how to decide the problem of " moral algorithm",in view of the conflict between existing moral principles,the complexity of moral decision-making and the contextualization of human moral judgment,it is unrealistic to base on some kind of ethical principle set by mankind,so we can try to simulate the realization of human moral decision in the same situation.
引文
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[2] Lin P. Why ethics matters for autonomous cars[A].Maurer M,Gerdes J C,Lenz B,et al. Autonomous Driving:Technical,Legal and Social Aspects[C].Springer Publishing Company,Incorporated,2016.
[3] Nyholm S,Smids J. The ethics of accident-algorithms for self-driving cars:An applied trolley problem?[J].Ethical Theory and Moral Practice,2016,19(5):1275-1289.
[4] Coca-Vila I. Self-driving cars in dilemmatic situations:An approach based on the theory of justification in criminal law[J]. Criminal Law and Philosophy,2017:1-24.
[5] Wallach W,Allen C. Moral Machine:Teaching Robots Right from Wrong[M]. New York:Oxford University Press,2009.
[6] Mcbride N. The ethics of driverless cars[J]. ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society,2016,45(3):179-184.
[7] Li J,Zhao X,Cho M J,et al. From trolley to autonomous vehicle:Perceptions of responsibility and moral norms in traffic accidents with self-driving cars[D].SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-0164,2016.
[8] Gless S,Silveman E,Weigend T. If robots cause harm,who is to blame? Self-driving cars and criminal liability[J]. New Criminal Law Review,2016,19(3):412-436.
[9] Bonnefon J F,Shariff A,Rahwan I. The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles[J]. Science, 2016, 352(6293):1573-1576.
[10]段伟文.机器人伦理的进路及其内涵[J].科学与社会,2015,(2):35-45.
[11] Greene J D,Sommerville R B,Nystrom L E,et al. An f MRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment[J]. Science,2001,293:2105-2108.
[12] Sütfeld L R,Gast R,K9nig P,et al. Using virtual reality to assess ethical decisions in road traffic scenarios:Applicability of value-of-life-based models and influences of time pressure[J]. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience,2017,11(7):1-13.