论生态学实验中重复的双重性
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摘要
探讨了生态学实验中重复的双重性及其哲学意义。首先,明确了两种重复的内涵:内部性"重复"是实验设计中的术语,是指同一处理下实验单元的个数,或者处理的重复,对应英文单词为replicate;外部性"重复"是重复一个完整实验,是实验可重复性原则的要求,对应的英文单词有三个:repeat,replicate和reproduce。其次,明确了生态学实验中的内部性"重复"与外部性"重复"之间的区别和联系,区别是:二者所重复的对象不同,前者是处理,后者是整个实验;二者的实验者、实施时间和空间也不同。联系是:二者都是归纳法和祛地方化的反映。在研究中应当破除传统"重复"观念的束缚,肯定非重复性生态学实验的积极意义。
This article discusses the duality of repetition in ecological experiments and its philosophical implications. Firstly, I clarify two meanings of "repetition" internal "repetition", as a term in experimental designs, refers to the number of experimental units in the same process or repetition of operation, corresponding to English word "replicate"; external "repetition" refers to repeat a complete experiment which is the requirement of experimental repeatable principle, corresponding to English word "repeat", "replicate" and "reproduce".Secondly, I clarify the difference and the relationship between internal "repetition" and external "repetition" in ecological experiments. The difference between them includes the different objects of "repetition", the former refers to solving and the later refers to the whole experiment. In addition, there are different experimenters,different implementing time and space between them. The relationship between them is that both are reflections of induction and delocalization. We should get rid of the traditional "repetition" notion in the research and fully approve the positive meaning of non-repetition ecological experiment.
This article discusses the duality of repetition in ecological experiments and its philosophical implications. Firstly, I clarify two meanings of "repetition" internal "repetition", as a term in experimental designs, refers to the number of experimental units in the same process or repetition of operation, corresponding to English word "replicate"; external "repetition" refers to repeat a complete experiment which is the requirement of experimental repeatable principle, corresponding to English word "repeat", "replicate" and "reproduce".Secondly, I clarify the difference and the relationship between internal "repetition" and external "repetition" in ecological experiments. The difference between them includes the different objects of "repetition", the former refers to solving and the later refers to the whole experiment. In addition, there are different experimenters,different implementing time and space between them. The relationship between them is that both are reflections of induction and delocalization. We should get rid of the traditional "repetition" notion in the research and fully approve the positive meaning of non-repetition ecological experiment.
引文
[1]Popper,K.R.The Logic of Scientific Discovery[M].New York:Harper&Row,1959,45.
[2]何华青.新实验主义研究[D].北京:清华大学,2009,135-149.
[3]Radder,H.'Experimental Reproducibility and the Experimenters’Regress'[Z].PSA:Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association,Volume One:Contributed Papers,1992,63-73.
[4]柯林斯.改变秩序--科学实践中的复制与归纳[M].成素梅、张帆译,上海:上海科技教育出版社,2007.
[5]Hurlbert,S.H.'Pseudoreplication and the Design of Ecological Field Experiments'[J].Ecological Monographs,1984,54(2):187-211.
[6]高山林.生物统计学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1994,39-42.
[7]陈希孺.数理统计学简史[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2002,193-194.
[8]奥德姆、巴雷特.生态学基础(第五版)[M].陆健健译,北京:高等教育出版社,2009,478.
[9]Kozlov,M.V.,Hurlbert S.H.'Pseudoreplication,Chatter,and the International Nature of Science:A response to D.V.Tatarnikov'[J].Journal of Fundamental Biology,2006,67(2):128-135.
[10]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局、中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 3358.3-2009/ISO 3534-3:1999.统计学词汇及符号.第三部分:实验设计[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2010,2.
[11]Urquhart,N.S.'The Anatomy of a Study'[J].Hort Science,1981,16:100-116.
[12]Hurlbert,S.H.'Pastor Binocularis:Now We Have No Excuse[Review of Design of Experiments by R.Mead]'[J].Ecology,1990,71:1222-1228.
[13]Hurlbert,S.H.,White M.D.'Experiments With Freshwater Invertebrate Zooplanktivores:Quality of Statistical Analyses'[J].Bulletin of Marine Science,1993,53:128-153.
[14]王钦德、杨坚.高级食品试验设计与统计分析[M].第2版,北京:中国农业大学出版社,2009.
[15]谢邦昌.生物统计学[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2003,153.
[16]余建英、何旭宏.数据统计分析与SPSS应用[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2003,142.
[17]卡尔班、亨辛格.如何做生态学(简明手册)[M].王德华译,北京:高等教育出版社,2010,32.
[18]约瑟夫·劳斯著.知识与权力--走向科学的政治哲学[M].盛晓明、邱慧、孟强译,北京:北京大学出版社,2004,115.
[19]Resetarits,W.J.,Bernardo,J.Experimental Ecology:Issues and Perspectives[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998.
[20]瑟乔·西斯蒙多.科学技术学导论[M].许为民译,上海:上海世纪出版集团,2005,203.
[21]Hawkins,C.P.'Pseudo-understanding of Pseudoreplication:A Cautionary Note'[J].Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America,1986,67(02):184-185.
[22]Hargrove,W.W.,Pickering,J.'Pseudoreplication:A Sine Qua Non for Regional Ecology'[J].1992,6(04):251-258.
[23]Box J.F.,Fisher,R.A.The Life of a Scientist[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons,1978,110-112.
[24]Carpenter,S.R.'Large-Scale Perturbations:Opportunities for Innovation'[J].Ecology,71(6):2038-2043.
[25]缪世利.生态系统生态学和恢复生态学面临的一些理论和实践的挑战与解决方法[A],韩兴国、伍业钢:生态学未来之展望--挑战、对策与战略[M].高等教育出版社,2012,52-54.
[26]刘华杰.博物学论纲[J].广西民族大学学报,2011,33:(6):2-11.
(1)詹姆斯·D·沃森认为费希尔是种群遗传学的三大缔造者之一,其1930年发表的《自然选择的遗传理论》,调和了生物统计学派和孟德尔主义者的观点。见:查尔斯·达尔文.不可磨灭的印记之贝格尔号航海志[M].湖南科学技术出版社,2014,IV.
(2)“Control”有控制的意思,在实验中对应的是“control group”,通常按照意思被翻译为“对照”和“对照组”(偶尔也有翻译为“控制组”的),与之相对应的是“experimental group”,即“实验组”。
(1)最常见的是简单伪重复(simple pseudoreplication),即每个处理只有一个实验单元,但是对这单个实验单元进行了多个测量,这些测量在统计处理时被看作了多个重复(replication)。在大型的生态学野外实验中,由于尺度太大,难以设置重复(replication),所以常见这种伪重复。
[2]何华青.新实验主义研究[D].北京:清华大学,2009,135-149.
[3]Radder,H.'Experimental Reproducibility and the Experimenters’Regress'[Z].PSA:Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association,Volume One:Contributed Papers,1992,63-73.
[4]柯林斯.改变秩序--科学实践中的复制与归纳[M].成素梅、张帆译,上海:上海科技教育出版社,2007.
[5]Hurlbert,S.H.'Pseudoreplication and the Design of Ecological Field Experiments'[J].Ecological Monographs,1984,54(2):187-211.
[6]高山林.生物统计学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1994,39-42.
[7]陈希孺.数理统计学简史[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2002,193-194.
[8]奥德姆、巴雷特.生态学基础(第五版)[M].陆健健译,北京:高等教育出版社,2009,478.
[9]Kozlov,M.V.,Hurlbert S.H.'Pseudoreplication,Chatter,and the International Nature of Science:A response to D.V.Tatarnikov'[J].Journal of Fundamental Biology,2006,67(2):128-135.
[10]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局、中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 3358.3-2009/ISO 3534-3:1999.统计学词汇及符号.第三部分:实验设计[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2010,2.
[11]Urquhart,N.S.'The Anatomy of a Study'[J].Hort Science,1981,16:100-116.
[12]Hurlbert,S.H.'Pastor Binocularis:Now We Have No Excuse[Review of Design of Experiments by R.Mead]'[J].Ecology,1990,71:1222-1228.
[13]Hurlbert,S.H.,White M.D.'Experiments With Freshwater Invertebrate Zooplanktivores:Quality of Statistical Analyses'[J].Bulletin of Marine Science,1993,53:128-153.
[14]王钦德、杨坚.高级食品试验设计与统计分析[M].第2版,北京:中国农业大学出版社,2009.
[15]谢邦昌.生物统计学[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2003,153.
[16]余建英、何旭宏.数据统计分析与SPSS应用[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2003,142.
[17]卡尔班、亨辛格.如何做生态学(简明手册)[M].王德华译,北京:高等教育出版社,2010,32.
[18]约瑟夫·劳斯著.知识与权力--走向科学的政治哲学[M].盛晓明、邱慧、孟强译,北京:北京大学出版社,2004,115.
[19]Resetarits,W.J.,Bernardo,J.Experimental Ecology:Issues and Perspectives[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998.
[20]瑟乔·西斯蒙多.科学技术学导论[M].许为民译,上海:上海世纪出版集团,2005,203.
[21]Hawkins,C.P.'Pseudo-understanding of Pseudoreplication:A Cautionary Note'[J].Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America,1986,67(02):184-185.
[22]Hargrove,W.W.,Pickering,J.'Pseudoreplication:A Sine Qua Non for Regional Ecology'[J].1992,6(04):251-258.
[23]Box J.F.,Fisher,R.A.The Life of a Scientist[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons,1978,110-112.
[24]Carpenter,S.R.'Large-Scale Perturbations:Opportunities for Innovation'[J].Ecology,71(6):2038-2043.
[25]缪世利.生态系统生态学和恢复生态学面临的一些理论和实践的挑战与解决方法[A],韩兴国、伍业钢:生态学未来之展望--挑战、对策与战略[M].高等教育出版社,2012,52-54.
[26]刘华杰.博物学论纲[J].广西民族大学学报,2011,33:(6):2-11.
(1)詹姆斯·D·沃森认为费希尔是种群遗传学的三大缔造者之一,其1930年发表的《自然选择的遗传理论》,调和了生物统计学派和孟德尔主义者的观点。见:查尔斯·达尔文.不可磨灭的印记之贝格尔号航海志[M].湖南科学技术出版社,2014,IV.
(2)“Control”有控制的意思,在实验中对应的是“control group”,通常按照意思被翻译为“对照”和“对照组”(偶尔也有翻译为“控制组”的),与之相对应的是“experimental group”,即“实验组”。
(1)最常见的是简单伪重复(simple pseudoreplication),即每个处理只有一个实验单元,但是对这单个实验单元进行了多个测量,这些测量在统计处理时被看作了多个重复(replication)。在大型的生态学野外实验中,由于尺度太大,难以设置重复(replication),所以常见这种伪重复。