地基雷达与TRMM/PR的一致性分析
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摘要
天气雷达对中小尺度灾害性天气具有较强的监测预警能力,对研究中小尺度对流系统的云雨结构、理解降水内部的热力学和动力学过程有很大的帮助。单站点地基雷达受到诸如电磁波衰减、地物干扰等影响,在探测上存在一些限制。为了扩大天气雷达探测区域,需要采用多部天气雷达组网联合探测。然而雷达组网的各雷达之间没有进行统一标定,影响雷达网资料一致性、组网拼图,以及使雷达资料在数值模式同化的应用中受到限制。本文以TRMM(Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission)卫星搭载的经过精确标定的测雨雷达PR(Precipitation Radar)数据产品作为标准参照源,订正地基雷达GR(Ground-based Radar)的反射率因子偏差。为了减小PR与GR之间观测值对比的不一致性,利用最佳配对数据对比法(ABCD, Available Best Comparable Dataset法),对2008年1月至2014年9月间,江苏省六部地基雷达(南京、常州、连云港、南通、徐州、盐城)的反射率因子值进行订正。最后对方法的应用范围、存在的问题及未来展望进行了讨论。
The weather radar has a strong ability of monitoring and early warning for small and medium-scale disastrous weather, which is of great help to study the cloud-rain structure of small and medium-scale convective systems and understand the thermodynamics and dynamics processes inside the precipitation. The single-site ground-based radars are subject to such effects as the attenuation of electromagnetic waves and the interference of ground objects, and there are some limitations in detection. In order to extend the weather radar detection area, multiple weather radar networks are needed for joint detection. However, there is no uniform calibration among radars of the radar network, which affects the data consistency of radar network, the networking mosaic, and limits the application of radar data in numerical model assimilation. In this paper, the accurately calibrated Precipitation Radar(PR) data product on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) satellite is used as a standard reference source to correct the reflectivity factor deviation of the Ground-based Radar(GR). In order to reduce the inconsistency between the observed values of PR and GR, the Available Best Comparable Dataset(ABCD) method is used to correct the reflectivity factor deviation of six GRs in Jiangsu Province(Nanjing, Changzhou, Lianyungang, Nantong, Xuzhou, Yancheng) from January 2008 to September 2014. Finally, the application scope, existing problems and future prospects of the method are discussed.
The weather radar has a strong ability of monitoring and early warning for small and medium-scale disastrous weather, which is of great help to study the cloud-rain structure of small and medium-scale convective systems and understand the thermodynamics and dynamics processes inside the precipitation. The single-site ground-based radars are subject to such effects as the attenuation of electromagnetic waves and the interference of ground objects, and there are some limitations in detection. In order to extend the weather radar detection area, multiple weather radar networks are needed for joint detection. However, there is no uniform calibration among radars of the radar network, which affects the data consistency of radar network, the networking mosaic, and limits the application of radar data in numerical model assimilation. In this paper, the accurately calibrated Precipitation Radar(PR) data product on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) satellite is used as a standard reference source to correct the reflectivity factor deviation of the Ground-based Radar(GR). In order to reduce the inconsistency between the observed values of PR and GR, the Available Best Comparable Dataset(ABCD) method is used to correct the reflectivity factor deviation of six GRs in Jiangsu Province(Nanjing, Changzhou, Lianyungang, Nantong, Xuzhou, Yancheng) from January 2008 to September 2014. Finally, the application scope, existing problems and future prospects of the method are discussed.
引文
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[24] Schumacher C, Houze R A Jr. Comparison of radar data from the TRMM satellite and Kwajalein oceanic validation site. J. Appl. Meteor., 2010, 39(12): 2151-2164.
[25] LIAO Liang, Meneghini R.. Validation of TRMM precipitation radar through comparison of its multiyear measurements with ground-based radar. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 2009, 48(4): 804-817.
[26] 王成刚, 葛文忠, 魏鸣. TRMM PR雷达与阜阳雷达降水资料的对比研究. 遥感学报, 2003, 7(4): 332-336.WANG Chenggang, GE Wenzhong, WEI Ming. A comparative study of data from TRMM precipitation radar and Fuyang radar. Journal of Remote Sensing (in Chinese), 2003, 7(4), 332-336.
[27] 王振会, 李圣殷, 戴建华, 等. 星载雷达与地基雷达数据的个例对比分析. 高原气象, 2015, 34(3): 804-814.WANG Zhenhui, LI Shengyin, DAI Jianhua, et al. Comparative case study on the observations between the space-borne radar and ground-based radar. Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese), 2015, 34(3): 804-814.
[28] 朱艺青, 王振会, 李南, 等. 南京雷达数据的一致性分析和订正. 气象学报, 2016, 74(2): 298-308.ZHU Yiqing, WANG Zhenhui, LI Nan, et al. Consistency analysis and correction for observations from the radar at Nanjing. Acta Mereorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 2016, 74(2): 298-308.
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[2] 许小峰. 中国新一代多普勒天气雷达网的建设与技术应用. 中国工程科学, 2003, 5(6): 7-14.XU Xiaofeng. Construction, techniques and application of new generation doppler weather radar network in China. Engineering Science (in Chinese), 2003, 5(6): 7-14.
[3] 王振会, 王庆安, 张培昌, 等. 小旋转椭球粒子群降水区雷达回波衰减订正模拟实验. 遥感学报, 2003, 7(1): 31-36.WANG Zhenhui, WANG Qing’an, ZHANG Peichang, et al. Attenuation correction to radar observations of reflectivity factor from precipitating area with poly-disperse small spheroid raindrops. Journal of Remote Sensing (in Chinese), 2003, 7(1): 31-36.
[4] 戴铁丕, 傅德胜, 姜冬梅. 零度层亮带和大气折射对雷达测定区域降水量精度的影响. 南京气象学院学报, 1991, 14(1): 105-112.DAI Tiepi, FU Desheng, JIANG Dongmei. Effects of the zero-layer bright band and the atmospheric refraction on the precision of regional rainfall measured by radar. Journal of NanjingInstitute of Meteorology (in Chinese), 1991, 14(1): 105-112.
[5] 江源, 刘黎平, 庄薇, 等. 多普勒天气雷达地物回波特征及其识别方法改进. 应用气象学报, 2009, 20(2): 203-213.JIANG Yuan, LIU Liping, ZHUANG Wei, et al. Statistical characteristics of clutter and improvements of ground clutter identification technique with doppler weather radar. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science (in Chinese), 2009, 20(2): 203-213.
[6] CHU Zhigang, YIN Yan, GU Songshan. Characteristics of velocity ambiguity for CINRAD-SA Doppler weather radars. Asia-Pacific J. Atmos. Sci., 2013, 50(2): 221-227.
[7] Brandes E A, Vivekanandan J, Wilson J W. A comparison of radar reflectivity estimates of rainfall from collocated radars. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 1999, 16(9): 1264-1272.
[8] 刘黎平, 张沛源, 梁海河, 等. 双多普勒雷达风场反演误差和资料的质量控制. 应用气象学报, 2003, 14(1): 17-29.LIU Liping, ZHANG Peiyuan, LIANG Haihe, et al. Error estimation in wind fields derived from dnal-doppler radar and data quality control. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science (in Chinese), 2003, 14(1):17-29.
[9] Vasiloff S V, Seo D J, Howard K W, et al. Improving QPE and very short term QPF: an initiative for a community-wide integrated approach. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 2010, 88(12): 1899-1911.
[10] ZHANG Jian, Howard K, Langston C, et al. National mosaic and multi-sensor QPE (NMQ) system: description, results, and future plans. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 2011, 92(10): 1321-1338.
[11] 李柏, 古庆同, 李瑞义, 等. 新一代天气雷达灾害性天气监测能力分析及未来发展. 气象, 2013, 39(3): 265-280.LI Bai, GU Qingtong, LI Ruiyi, et al. Analyses on disastrous weather monitoring capability of CINRAD and future development. Meteorological Monthly (in Chinese), 2013, 39(3): 265-280.
[12] 闵锦忠, 王修莹, 沈菲菲, 等. 多普勒雷达资料同化对江苏一次飑线过程的数值模拟. 气象科学, 2015, 35(3): 248-257.MIN Jinzhong, WANG Xiuying, SHEN Feifei, et al. Numerical simulation of Doppler radar data assimilation on a squall line event in Jiangsu province. Journal of the Meteorological Sciences (in Chinese), 2015, 35(3): 248-257.
[13] 刘黎平, 宗蓉, 齐彦斌, 等. 云雷达反演层状云微物理参数及其与飞机观测数据的对比. 中国工程科学, 2012, 14(9): 64-71.LIU Liping, ZONG Rong, QI Yanbin, et al. Microphysical parameters retrieval by cloud radar and comparing with aircraft observation in stratiform cloud. Engineering Science (in Chinese), 2012, 14(9): 64-71.
[14] Kozu T, Kawanishi T, Kuroiwa H, et al. Development of precipitation radar onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 2001, 39(1): 102-116.
[15] Liao Liang, Meneghini R, Iguchi T. Comparisons of rain rate and reflectivity factor derived from the TRMM precipitation radar and the WSR-88D over the Melbourne, Florida, site. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 2001, 18(12): 1959-1974.
[16] 何会中, 崔哲虎, 程明虎, 等. TRMM卫星及其数据产品应用. 气象科技, 2004, 32(1): 13-18.HE Hhuizhong, CUI Zhehu, CHENG Minghu, et al. TRMM satellite and application of its products. Meteorological Science and Technology (in Chinese), 2004, 32(1): 13-18.
[17] Kozu T, Kawanishi T, Kuroiwa H, et al. Development of precipitation radar onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 2001, 39(1): 102-116.
[18] 刘春雷, 王振会. 即将实现的星载雷达测雨计划——TRMM项目简介. 世界科技研究与发展, 1997, 19(5): 93-94.LIU Chunlei, WANG Zhenhui. A rainfall measuring program with radar riding on satellites will soon be carried out. World Sci-Tech R & D (in Chinese), 1997, 19(5): 93-94.
[19] 王振会. TRMM卫星测雨雷达及其应用研究综述. 气象科学, 2001, 21(4): 491-500.WANG Zhenhui. A brief introduction to TRMM precipitation radar and a summary on the study of its applications. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 2001, 21(4): 491-500.
[20] Nakagawa K, Hanado H, Kawamura S, et al. Ground validation of TRMM/PR measurements. Int. Arch. Photogramm., Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci., 2010, 38: 154-157.
[21] Wolff D B, Marks D A, Amitai E, et al. Ground validation for the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM). J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2005, 22(4): 365-380.
[22] Iguchi T. Calibration of TRMM precipitation radar. National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 2006.
[23] Park J D, Ou M L, Morris K R, et al. Comparisons of rain rate and reflectivity between TRMM precipitation radar and Gosan S-band radar//2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). Honolulu, HI, USA: IEEE, 2010: 4698-4700.
[24] Schumacher C, Houze R A Jr. Comparison of radar data from the TRMM satellite and Kwajalein oceanic validation site. J. Appl. Meteor., 2010, 39(12): 2151-2164.
[25] LIAO Liang, Meneghini R.. Validation of TRMM precipitation radar through comparison of its multiyear measurements with ground-based radar. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 2009, 48(4): 804-817.
[26] 王成刚, 葛文忠, 魏鸣. TRMM PR雷达与阜阳雷达降水资料的对比研究. 遥感学报, 2003, 7(4): 332-336.WANG Chenggang, GE Wenzhong, WEI Ming. A comparative study of data from TRMM precipitation radar and Fuyang radar. Journal of Remote Sensing (in Chinese), 2003, 7(4), 332-336.
[27] 王振会, 李圣殷, 戴建华, 等. 星载雷达与地基雷达数据的个例对比分析. 高原气象, 2015, 34(3): 804-814.WANG Zhenhui, LI Shengyin, DAI Jianhua, et al. Comparative case study on the observations between the space-borne radar and ground-based radar. Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese), 2015, 34(3): 804-814.
[28] 朱艺青, 王振会, 李南, 等. 南京雷达数据的一致性分析和订正. 气象学报, 2016, 74(2): 298-308.ZHU Yiqing, WANG Zhenhui, LI Nan, et al. Consistency analysis and correction for observations from the radar at Nanjing. Acta Mereorologica Sinica (in Chinese), 2016, 74(2): 298-308.
[29] Hitschfeld W, Bordan J. Errors inherent in the radar measurement of rainfall at attenuating wavelengths. J. Meteor., 1954, 11(1): 58-67.
[30] Meneghini R, Iguchi T, Kozu T, et al. Use of the surface reference technique for path attenuation estimates from the TRMM precipitation radar. J. Appl. Meteor., 2000, 39(12): 2053-2070.
[31] Meneghini R, Jones J A, Iguchi T, et al. A hybrid surface reference technique and its application to the TRMM Precipitation Radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 2004, 21(11): 1645-1658.
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