蜡质标本制作与保存对沉水植物稳定同位素的影响
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摘要
实验通过模拟传统方法制作和保存蜡质标本,旨在探究制作和保存的不同阶段对3种沉水植物碳、氮稳定同位素值的影响。结果表明,制作和保存标本的过程均会对沉水植物的碳、氮稳定同位素值产生影响。植物标本压制的过程显著降低了沉水植物平均碳稳定同位素值,其中马来眼子菜下降了1.78‰,穗花狐尾藻下降了0.98‰,金鱼藻下降了0.72‰。在压制过程中氮稳定同位素值只有金鱼藻显著下降了1.1‰。沉水植物标本制作的浸泡过程使穗花狐尾藻和马来眼子菜的碳稳定同位素值分别出现了1.00‰和0.52‰的上升,金鱼藻的碳稳定同位素值增长小于0.08‰,氮稳定同位素值没有显著变化。沉水植物对标本制作和保存的过程响应存在种间差异。在制作和保存过程中对植物碳稳定同位素产生的影响大于氮稳定同位素值。因此建议,如果所研究对象的稳定同位素生态学差异小于3‰,蜡质标本的样品需要进行实验校准,不然会对结果产生影响。
Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of herbarium specimens have been used by ecologists to study long-history pollution and climate change. However, whether the preparation and preservation procedure impact isotopic signatures of herbarium specimens remain unclear. We tested the effect of herbarium on three submerged macrophyte species, and found the variations by both preparation and preservation processes. The press procedure significantly reduced carbon stable isotopes of submerged macrophytes for P. malaianus by 1.78‰, M. spicatum by 0.98‰ and C. demersum by 0.72‰. The press procedure reduced C. demersum nitrogen stable isotopes by 1.1‰. The soak procedure did not affect nitrogen stable isotopes of submerged macrophytes, but increased carbon stable isotopes of M. spicatum and P. malaianus by 1.00‰ and 0.52‰, separately. Carbon stable isotopes of C. demersum increased less than 0.08‰.Preparing procedures had larger effect on carbon isotope than nitrogen isotope. These influences were highly variable between species and times. The results suggest that if the interested stable isotopic variations are within 3‰, herbarium specimens are not suitable samples for the relevant studies without the experimental corrections.
Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of herbarium specimens have been used by ecologists to study long-history pollution and climate change. However, whether the preparation and preservation procedure impact isotopic signatures of herbarium specimens remain unclear. We tested the effect of herbarium on three submerged macrophyte species, and found the variations by both preparation and preservation processes. The press procedure significantly reduced carbon stable isotopes of submerged macrophytes for P. malaianus by 1.78‰, M. spicatum by 0.98‰ and C. demersum by 0.72‰. The press procedure reduced C. demersum nitrogen stable isotopes by 1.1‰. The soak procedure did not affect nitrogen stable isotopes of submerged macrophytes, but increased carbon stable isotopes of M. spicatum and P. malaianus by 1.00‰ and 0.52‰, separately. Carbon stable isotopes of C. demersum increased less than 0.08‰.Preparing procedures had larger effect on carbon isotope than nitrogen isotope. These influences were highly variable between species and times. The results suggest that if the interested stable isotopic variations are within 3‰, herbarium specimens are not suitable samples for the relevant studies without the experimental corrections.
引文
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[3]Li R,Li H.Subalpine Flora of Dashanbao Black-necked Crane Natural Reserve,China[J].Acta Botanica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica,2010,30(12):2505-2516[李嵘,李恒.大山包黑颈鹤自然保护区亚高山植物区系.西北植物学报,2010,30(12):2505-2516]
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[7]Zohner C M,Renner S S.Common garden comparison of the leaf-out phenology of woody species from different native climates,combined with herbarium records,forecasts long-term change[J].Ecology Letters,2014,17(8):1016-1025
[8]Cleland E E,Chuine I,Menzel A,et al.Shifting plant phenology in response to global change[J].Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2007,22(7):357
[9]Park I W,Schwartz M D.Long-term herbarium records reveal temperature-dependent changes in flowering phenology in the southeastern USA[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2015,59(3):347-355
[10]Everill P H,Primack R B,Ellwood E R,et al.Determining past leaf-out times of New England’s deciduous forests from herbarium specimens[J].American Journal of Botany,2014,101(8):1293-1300
[11]Calinger K M,Queenborough S,Curtis P S.Herbarium specimens reveal the footprint of climate change on flowering trends across north-central North America[J].Ecology Letters,2013,16(8):1037-1044
[12]Gallagher R V,Hughes L,Leishman M R.Phenological trends among Australian alpine species:using herbarium records to identify climate-change indicators[J].Australian Journal of Botany,2009,57(1):1-9
[13]Diskin E,Proctor H,Jebb M,et al.The phenology of Rubus fruticosus,in Ireland:herbarium specimens provide evidence for the response of phenophases to temperature,with implications for climate warming[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2012,56(6):1103-1111
[14]Rawal D S,Kasel S,Keatley M R,et al.Herbarium records identify sensitivity of flowering phenology of eucalypts to climate:Implications for species response to climate change[J].Austral Ecology,2015,40(2):117-125
[15]Pedicino L C,Leavitt S W,Betancourt J L,et al.Historical variations in delta C-13(leaf)of herbarium specimens in the southwestern U.S.[J].Western North American Naturalist,2002,62(3):348-359
[16]Mcelwain J C.Climate-independent paleoaltimetry using stomatal density in fossil leaves as a proxy for CO2 partial pressure[J].Geology,2004,32(12):1017-1020
[17]Millerrushing A J,Primack R B,Templer P H,et al.Long-term relationships among atmospheric CO2,stomata,and intrinsic water use efficiency in individual trees[J].American Journal of Botany,2009,96(10):1779-1786
[18]Sidorova O V,Siegwolf R T W,Myglan V S,et al.The application of tree-rings and stable isotopes for reconstructions of climate conditions in the Russian Altai[J].Climatic Change,2013,120(1-2):153-167
[19]Mclauchlan K K,Ferguson C J,Wilson I E,et al.Thirteen decades of foliar isotopes indicate declining nitrogen availability in central North American grasslands[J].New Phytologist,2010,187(4):1135-1145
[20]Cole M L,Valiela I,Kroeger K D,et al.Assessment of aδN Isotopic Method to Indicate Anthropogenic Eutrophication in Aquatic Ecosystems[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2004,33(1):124-132
[21]Benson E R,O'Neil J M,Dennison W C.Using the aquatic macrophyte Vallisneria americana(wild celery)as a nutrient bioindicator[J].Hydrobiologia,2008,596(1):187-196
[22]Dillon K S,Chanton J P.Nitrogen stable isotopes of macrophytes assess stormwater nitrogen inputs to an urbanized estuary[J].Estuaries&Coasts,2008,31(2):360-370
[23]Li Z Q,Zhang M,Cao T,et al.Variation in stable isotope signatures of the submersed macrophyte Vallisneria natans collected from several shallow lakes in China[J].Journal of Freshwater Ecology,2011,26(3):429-433
[24]Feuchtmayr H,Grey J.Effect of preparation and preservation procedures on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope determinations from zooplankton[J].Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom,2003,17(23):2605-2610
[25]Sarakinos H C,Johnson M L,Zanden M J V.A synthesis of tissue-preservation effects on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope signatures[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,2002,80(2):381-387
[26]Zanden M J V,Chandra S,Allen B C,et al.Historical food web structure and restoration of native aquatic communities in the Lake Tahoe(California-Nevada)Basin[J].Ecosystems,2003,6(3):274-288
[27]Kelly B,Dempson J B,Power M.The effects of preservation on fish tissue stable isotope signatures[J].Journal of Fish Biology,2006,69(6):1595-1611
[28]Maguire C M,Grey J.Determination of zooplankton dietary shift following a zebra mussel invasion,as indicated by stable isotope analysis[J].Freshwater Biology,2006,51(7):1310-1319
[29]Smith C E.Preparing Herbarium Specimens of Vascular Plants[M].Agricultural Research Service,U.S.Dept.of Agriculture.1971
[30]Croat T B.Collecting and preparing specimens of araceae[J].Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden,1985,72(2):252-258
[31]Hobson K A,Gloutney M L,Gibbs H L.Preservation of blood and tissue samples for stable-carbon and stable-nitrogen isotope analysis[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,1997,75(10):1720-1723
[32]Edwards M S,Turner T F,Sharp Z D.Short-and longterm effects of fixation and preservation on stable isotope values(δ13 C,δ15 N,δ34 S)of fluid-preserved museum specimens[J].Copeia,2002,2002(4):1106-1112
[33]Carabel S,Verísimo P,Freire J.Effects of preservatives on stable isotope analyses of four marine species[J].Estuarine Coastal&Shelf Science,2009,82(2):348-350
[34]Castro C,Dorris G M,Brouillette F,et al.Thermogravimetric determination of synthetic polymers in recycled pulp systems and deposits[J].Journal of Pulp&Paper Science,2001,29(5):85-91
[35]Knudson L L,Tibbitts T W,Edwards G E.Measurement of ozone injury by determination of leaf chlorophyll concentration[J].Plant Physiology,1977,60(4):606-608
[36]Syv?ranta J,Vesala S,Rask M,et al.Evaluating the utility of stable isotope analyses of archived freshwater sample materials[J].Hydrobiologia,2008,600(1):121-130
[37]Liu X Z,Su Q,Li J Z,et al.Responses of caobon isotopic composition of C3 and C4 herbaceous plants to temperature under controlled temperature conditions[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(10):3278-3287[刘贤赵,宿庆,李嘉竹,等.控温条件下C3、C4草本植物碳同位素组成对温度的响应.生态学报,2015,35(10):3278-3287]
[38]Keeley J E,Sandquist D R.Carbon:freshwater plants[J].Plant Cell&Environment,1992,15(9):1021-1035
[39]Angradi T R.Trophic linkages in the lower Colorado River:multiple stable isotope evidence[J].Journal of the North American Benthological Society,1994,13(4):479-495
[40]Zhang J M,Zhang M,Kuang W M,et al.Characteristics of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures of aquatic plants to algal blooms in Poyang Lake[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(5):708-715[张金美,张萌,匡武名,等.水华条件下鄱阳湖区植物叶片碳氮同位素特性.环境科学研究,2016,29(5):708-715]
[41]Warinner C,Garcia N R,Tuross N.Maize,beans and the floral isotopic diversity of highland Oaxaca,Mexico[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2013,40(2):868-873
[42]Stumpp C,Klaus J,Stichler W.Analysis of long-term stable isotopic composition in German precipitation[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,517(4):351-361
[2]Willis C G,Law E,Williams A C,et al.Crowd Curio:an online crowdsourcing platform to facilitate climate change studies using herbarium specimens[J].New Phytologist,2017,215(1):479-488
[3]Li R,Li H.Subalpine Flora of Dashanbao Black-necked Crane Natural Reserve,China[J].Acta Botanica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica,2010,30(12):2505-2516[李嵘,李恒.大山包黑颈鹤自然保护区亚高山植物区系.西北植物学报,2010,30(12):2505-2516]
[4]Panchen Z A,Primack R B,Ani?ko T,et al.Herbarium specimens,photographs,and field observations show Philadelphia area plants are responding to climate change[J].American Journal of Botany,2012,99(4):751-756
[5]Primack D,Imbres C,Primack R B,et al.Herbarium specimens demonstrate earlier flowering times in response to warming in Boston[J].American Journal of Botany,2004,91(8):1260-1264
[6]Millerrushing A J,Primack R B,Primack D,et al.Photographs and herbarium specimens as tools to document phenological changes in response to global warming[J].American Journal of Botany,2006,93(11):1667-1674
[7]Zohner C M,Renner S S.Common garden comparison of the leaf-out phenology of woody species from different native climates,combined with herbarium records,forecasts long-term change[J].Ecology Letters,2014,17(8):1016-1025
[8]Cleland E E,Chuine I,Menzel A,et al.Shifting plant phenology in response to global change[J].Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2007,22(7):357
[9]Park I W,Schwartz M D.Long-term herbarium records reveal temperature-dependent changes in flowering phenology in the southeastern USA[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2015,59(3):347-355
[10]Everill P H,Primack R B,Ellwood E R,et al.Determining past leaf-out times of New England’s deciduous forests from herbarium specimens[J].American Journal of Botany,2014,101(8):1293-1300
[11]Calinger K M,Queenborough S,Curtis P S.Herbarium specimens reveal the footprint of climate change on flowering trends across north-central North America[J].Ecology Letters,2013,16(8):1037-1044
[12]Gallagher R V,Hughes L,Leishman M R.Phenological trends among Australian alpine species:using herbarium records to identify climate-change indicators[J].Australian Journal of Botany,2009,57(1):1-9
[13]Diskin E,Proctor H,Jebb M,et al.The phenology of Rubus fruticosus,in Ireland:herbarium specimens provide evidence for the response of phenophases to temperature,with implications for climate warming[J].International Journal of Biometeorology,2012,56(6):1103-1111
[14]Rawal D S,Kasel S,Keatley M R,et al.Herbarium records identify sensitivity of flowering phenology of eucalypts to climate:Implications for species response to climate change[J].Austral Ecology,2015,40(2):117-125
[15]Pedicino L C,Leavitt S W,Betancourt J L,et al.Historical variations in delta C-13(leaf)of herbarium specimens in the southwestern U.S.[J].Western North American Naturalist,2002,62(3):348-359
[16]Mcelwain J C.Climate-independent paleoaltimetry using stomatal density in fossil leaves as a proxy for CO2 partial pressure[J].Geology,2004,32(12):1017-1020
[17]Millerrushing A J,Primack R B,Templer P H,et al.Long-term relationships among atmospheric CO2,stomata,and intrinsic water use efficiency in individual trees[J].American Journal of Botany,2009,96(10):1779-1786
[18]Sidorova O V,Siegwolf R T W,Myglan V S,et al.The application of tree-rings and stable isotopes for reconstructions of climate conditions in the Russian Altai[J].Climatic Change,2013,120(1-2):153-167
[19]Mclauchlan K K,Ferguson C J,Wilson I E,et al.Thirteen decades of foliar isotopes indicate declining nitrogen availability in central North American grasslands[J].New Phytologist,2010,187(4):1135-1145
[20]Cole M L,Valiela I,Kroeger K D,et al.Assessment of aδN Isotopic Method to Indicate Anthropogenic Eutrophication in Aquatic Ecosystems[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2004,33(1):124-132
[21]Benson E R,O'Neil J M,Dennison W C.Using the aquatic macrophyte Vallisneria americana(wild celery)as a nutrient bioindicator[J].Hydrobiologia,2008,596(1):187-196
[22]Dillon K S,Chanton J P.Nitrogen stable isotopes of macrophytes assess stormwater nitrogen inputs to an urbanized estuary[J].Estuaries&Coasts,2008,31(2):360-370
[23]Li Z Q,Zhang M,Cao T,et al.Variation in stable isotope signatures of the submersed macrophyte Vallisneria natans collected from several shallow lakes in China[J].Journal of Freshwater Ecology,2011,26(3):429-433
[24]Feuchtmayr H,Grey J.Effect of preparation and preservation procedures on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope determinations from zooplankton[J].Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom,2003,17(23):2605-2610
[25]Sarakinos H C,Johnson M L,Zanden M J V.A synthesis of tissue-preservation effects on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope signatures[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,2002,80(2):381-387
[26]Zanden M J V,Chandra S,Allen B C,et al.Historical food web structure and restoration of native aquatic communities in the Lake Tahoe(California-Nevada)Basin[J].Ecosystems,2003,6(3):274-288
[27]Kelly B,Dempson J B,Power M.The effects of preservation on fish tissue stable isotope signatures[J].Journal of Fish Biology,2006,69(6):1595-1611
[28]Maguire C M,Grey J.Determination of zooplankton dietary shift following a zebra mussel invasion,as indicated by stable isotope analysis[J].Freshwater Biology,2006,51(7):1310-1319
[29]Smith C E.Preparing Herbarium Specimens of Vascular Plants[M].Agricultural Research Service,U.S.Dept.of Agriculture.1971
[30]Croat T B.Collecting and preparing specimens of araceae[J].Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden,1985,72(2):252-258
[31]Hobson K A,Gloutney M L,Gibbs H L.Preservation of blood and tissue samples for stable-carbon and stable-nitrogen isotope analysis[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology,1997,75(10):1720-1723
[32]Edwards M S,Turner T F,Sharp Z D.Short-and longterm effects of fixation and preservation on stable isotope values(δ13 C,δ15 N,δ34 S)of fluid-preserved museum specimens[J].Copeia,2002,2002(4):1106-1112
[33]Carabel S,Verísimo P,Freire J.Effects of preservatives on stable isotope analyses of four marine species[J].Estuarine Coastal&Shelf Science,2009,82(2):348-350
[34]Castro C,Dorris G M,Brouillette F,et al.Thermogravimetric determination of synthetic polymers in recycled pulp systems and deposits[J].Journal of Pulp&Paper Science,2001,29(5):85-91
[35]Knudson L L,Tibbitts T W,Edwards G E.Measurement of ozone injury by determination of leaf chlorophyll concentration[J].Plant Physiology,1977,60(4):606-608
[36]Syv?ranta J,Vesala S,Rask M,et al.Evaluating the utility of stable isotope analyses of archived freshwater sample materials[J].Hydrobiologia,2008,600(1):121-130
[37]Liu X Z,Su Q,Li J Z,et al.Responses of caobon isotopic composition of C3 and C4 herbaceous plants to temperature under controlled temperature conditions[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(10):3278-3287[刘贤赵,宿庆,李嘉竹,等.控温条件下C3、C4草本植物碳同位素组成对温度的响应.生态学报,2015,35(10):3278-3287]
[38]Keeley J E,Sandquist D R.Carbon:freshwater plants[J].Plant Cell&Environment,1992,15(9):1021-1035
[39]Angradi T R.Trophic linkages in the lower Colorado River:multiple stable isotope evidence[J].Journal of the North American Benthological Society,1994,13(4):479-495
[40]Zhang J M,Zhang M,Kuang W M,et al.Characteristics of stable carbon and nitrogen isotope signatures of aquatic plants to algal blooms in Poyang Lake[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(5):708-715[张金美,张萌,匡武名,等.水华条件下鄱阳湖区植物叶片碳氮同位素特性.环境科学研究,2016,29(5):708-715]
[41]Warinner C,Garcia N R,Tuross N.Maize,beans and the floral isotopic diversity of highland Oaxaca,Mexico[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2013,40(2):868-873
[42]Stumpp C,Klaus J,Stichler W.Analysis of long-term stable isotopic composition in German precipitation[J].Journal of Hydrology,2014,517(4):351-361
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