四川盆地二叠系火山岩地震相特征及识别
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摘要
四川盆地火山岩气藏勘探存在着钻井少、岩性岩相识别困难、储层分布不清、储层地震预测技术尚不配套等问题。为了实现对该盆地火山岩有利岩相的刻画及储层的定性定量预测,基于低频保护开展火山岩目的层地震成像处理,通过建立火山岩顶、底界地震反射模式解释刻画火山岩分布范围,在此基础上结合火山岩地震响应特征,建立火山岩地震相模式,进行火山机构识别与有利火山岩相刻画,进而基于相控开展永探1井区火山岩储层波阻抗反演和储层定性定量预测。研究结果表明:①低频保护的地震数据处理方法能够有效改善火山岩内幕与下伏地层成像质量;②二叠系火山岩识别模式为连续强波峰反射或断续中强波峰反射顶界、弱反射底界,可识别出5类地震反射特征和3类地震相模式(喷溢相、溢流相、火山沉积相);③简阳—三台地区大面积分布喷溢相,其中最有利储层发育的近火山口喷溢相沿北东方向呈点状分布,面积为1 500 km~2,次有利储层发育的远火山口喷溢相勘探面积为6 000 km~2;④永探1井区有利储层面积为600 km~2,储层厚度介于10～200 m,主要分布于成都—简阳地区,天然气勘探潜力大。结论认为,所形成的低频保护地震资料处理、火山岩岩性岩相识别与解释、相控波阻抗反演等一系列配套技术适用于该盆地二叠系火山岩储层预测,为该领域的油气勘探提供了技术支撑。
Exploration of volcanic gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin is faced with a series of difficulties, e.g. fewer wells, difficult identification of lithology and lithofacies, undefined reservoir distribution, and unmatched seismic prediction technology of reservoirs. In order to characterize the favorable lithofacies of volcanic rocks in the Sichuan Basin, to qualitatively and quantitatively predict reservoirs, we carried out seismic imaging quality processing on the target layers of volcanic rocks based on low-frequency amplitude-preserved processing, and interpreted and characterized the distribution range of volcanic rocks by establishing the seismic reflection model of volcanic rocks. Then, the seismic facies model of volcanic rock was established based on the seismic response characteristics of volcanic rocks in the southwest of the Sichuan Basin to identify the volcanic edifices and characterize the favorable lithofacies of volcanic rocks. Finally,wave impedance inversion of the volcanic reservoirs in Well Block Yongtan 1 and qualitative and quantitative reservoir prediction were conducted based on facies control. And the following research results were obtained. First, the seismic data processing method based on low-frequency amplitude-preserved processing is effective in improving the image quality inside volcanic rocks and their underlying formations. Second, the identification mode of Permian volcanic rocks is continuous strong peak refection or discontinuous moderate peak reflection at the top boundary and weak reflection at the bottom boundary. And 5 types of seismic reflection characteristics and 3 seismic facies of volcanic rocks(effusive facies, overflow facies and volcanic sedimentary facies) are identified. Third, in the Jianyang–Santai area,effusive facies is extensively distributed. Near-crater effusive facies developed in the most favorable reservoirs is distributed in the dotted form along the northeast with an area of 1 500 km2, and far-crater effusive facies developed in the secondary favorable reservoirs covers an exploration area of 6 000 km2. Fourth, favorable reservoirs in Well Block Yongtan 1 cover an area of 600 km2 and their thickness is between10 m and 200 m. They are mainly distributed in Chengdu–Jianyang area with a huge natural gas exploration potential. In conclusion, the matching technologies developed in this paper(e.g. the seismic data processing based on low-frequency amplitude-preserved processing,the lithology and lithofacies identification and interpretation of volcanic rock, and the facies-control wave impedance inversion) are suitable for the prediction of Permian volcanic reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin, and they provide a technical support for oil and gas exploration in this field.
Exploration of volcanic gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin is faced with a series of difficulties, e.g. fewer wells, difficult identification of lithology and lithofacies, undefined reservoir distribution, and unmatched seismic prediction technology of reservoirs. In order to characterize the favorable lithofacies of volcanic rocks in the Sichuan Basin, to qualitatively and quantitatively predict reservoirs, we carried out seismic imaging quality processing on the target layers of volcanic rocks based on low-frequency amplitude-preserved processing, and interpreted and characterized the distribution range of volcanic rocks by establishing the seismic reflection model of volcanic rocks. Then, the seismic facies model of volcanic rock was established based on the seismic response characteristics of volcanic rocks in the southwest of the Sichuan Basin to identify the volcanic edifices and characterize the favorable lithofacies of volcanic rocks. Finally,wave impedance inversion of the volcanic reservoirs in Well Block Yongtan 1 and qualitative and quantitative reservoir prediction were conducted based on facies control. And the following research results were obtained. First, the seismic data processing method based on low-frequency amplitude-preserved processing is effective in improving the image quality inside volcanic rocks and their underlying formations. Second, the identification mode of Permian volcanic rocks is continuous strong peak refection or discontinuous moderate peak reflection at the top boundary and weak reflection at the bottom boundary. And 5 types of seismic reflection characteristics and 3 seismic facies of volcanic rocks(effusive facies, overflow facies and volcanic sedimentary facies) are identified. Third, in the Jianyang–Santai area,effusive facies is extensively distributed. Near-crater effusive facies developed in the most favorable reservoirs is distributed in the dotted form along the northeast with an area of 1 500 km2, and far-crater effusive facies developed in the secondary favorable reservoirs covers an exploration area of 6 000 km2. Fourth, favorable reservoirs in Well Block Yongtan 1 cover an area of 600 km2 and their thickness is between10 m and 200 m. They are mainly distributed in Chengdu–Jianyang area with a huge natural gas exploration potential. In conclusion, the matching technologies developed in this paper(e.g. the seismic data processing based on low-frequency amplitude-preserved processing,the lithology and lithofacies identification and interpretation of volcanic rock, and the facies-control wave impedance inversion) are suitable for the prediction of Permian volcanic reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin, and they provide a technical support for oil and gas exploration in this field.
引文
[1]杨毅,张本健,蒋德生,裴森奇,周子琰.四川盆地西南部上二叠统峨眉山玄武岩成藏模式初探[J].天然气工业,2010,30(5):46-49.Yang Yi,Zhang Benjian,Jiang Desheng,Pei Senqi&Zhou Ziyan.A preliminary study on hydrocarbon pooling patterns of the Upper Permian Emeishan basalts in southwestern Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2010,30(5):46-49
[2]邓敏,侯明才,张本健,李秀华.川西南部周公山地区峨眉山玄武岩有利储层分析[J].中国地质,2014,41(2):378-386.Deng Min,Hou Mingcai,Zhang Benjian&Li Xiuhua.Favorable reservoir analysis of Emeishan basalt in Zhougongshan area of southwest Sichuan Province[J].Geology in China,2014,41(2):378-386.
[3]侯明才,王文楷,张本健,王维,李秀华,邓敏,等.四川周公山-汉王场地区峨眉山玄武岩中流体类型及活动期次[J].岩石学报,2013,29(8):2709-2718.Hou Mingcai,Wang Wenkai,Zhang Benjian,Wang Wei,Li Xiuhua,Deng Min,et al.Fluid types and activities of Emeishan basalt in Zhougong mountain-Hanwang field of Sichuan Province[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2013,29(8):2709-2718.
[4]熊亮,张本健,何鲤,杨毅,邹娟,冉飞,等.川西坳陷西南端二叠纪玄武岩喷发环境及分布特征[J].四川地质学报,2011,31(3):260-265.Xiong Liang,Zhang Benjian,He Li,Yang Yi,Zou Juan,Ran Fei,et al.Eruption setting and distribution of the Permian basalt at the southwest end of the West Sichuan Depression[J].Acta Geologica Sichuan,2011,31(3):260-265.
[5]王璞珺,迟元林,刘万洙,程日辉,单玄龙,任延广.松辽盆地火山岩相:类型、特征和储层意义[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2003,33(4):449-456.Wang Pujun,Chi Yuanlin,Liu Wanzhu,Cheng Rihui,Shan Xuanlong&Ren Yanguang.Volcanic facies of the Songliao Basin:Classification,characteristics and reservoir significance[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2003,33(4):449-456.
[6]张新荣,王东坡.火山岩油气储层特征浅析[J].世界地质,2001,20(3):272-278.Zhang Xinrong&Wang Dongpo.Analysis on oil and gas reservoir characteristics of volcanic rocks[J].World Geology,2001,20(3):272-278.
[7]王兆雷.车排子油田车47井区火山岩岩性岩相目标刻画及控藏因素研究[D].北京:中国石油大学(北京),2016.Wang Zhaolei.The describe of lithology and facies of volcanic rocks and analysis of factors controlling volcanic reservoir in Che47 wellblock of Chepaizi area[D].Beijing:China University of Petroleum(Beijing),2016.
[8]佘德平,吴继敏,李佩,金晓蕾.低频信号在玄武岩地区深层成像中的应用研究[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(1):83-87.She Deping,Wu Jimin,Li Pei&Jin Xiaolei.Application of low-frequency signals to imaging of deep layers in subbasalt areas[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2006,34(1):83-87.
[9]胡兴豪,宋建国,帅鹏宇.针对玄武岩屏蔽作用下的地质目标地震采集技术研究--以冰岛M区块为例[J].中国石油勘探,2017,22(4):116-122.Hu Xinghao,Song Jianguo&Shuai Pengyu.Seismic acquisition technology for geological targets under the shield of basalt:Acase study on M Block,Iceland[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2017,22(4):116-122.
[10]Hanssen P,Hampson G,Jakubowicz H,Dobson A,Li Xiangyang,Ziolkowski A,et al.Use of low frequencies for sub-basalt imaging[J].Geophysical Prospecting,2003,51(3):169-182.
[11]裴正林,牟永光.火成岩区地震波传播规律研究[J].石油物探,2004,43(5):433-437.Pei Zhenglin&Mou Yongguang.Study of seismic wave propagation regularity in igneous rock area[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2004,43(5):433-437.
[12]佘德平,管路平,徐颖,李佩.应用低频信号提高高速玄武岩屏蔽层下的成像质量[J].石油地球物理勘探,2007,42(5):564-567.She Deping,Guan Luping,Xu Ying&Li Pei.Applying of low-frequency signal to improve imaging quality below shielding high-velocity basalt[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting.2007,42(5):564-567.
[13]张军华,张在金,张彬彬,梁鸿贤,傅金荣,郭见乐.地震低频信号对关键处理环节的影响分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,2016,51(1):54-62.Zhang Junhua,Zhang Zaijin,Zhang Binbin,Liang Hongxian,Fu Jinrong&Guo Jianle.Low frequency signal influences on key seismic data processing procedures[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2016,51(1):54-62.
[14]裴江云,陈树民,刘振宽,王建民.近地表Q值求取及振幅补偿[J].地球物理学进展,2001,16(4):18-22.Pei Jiangyun,Chen Shumin,Liu Zhenkuan&Wang Jianmin.Near surface Q value extraction and amplitude compensation[J].Progress in Geophysics,2001,16(4):18-22.
[15]王璞珺,吴河勇,庞颜明,门广田,任延广,刘万洙,等.松辽盆地火山岩相:相序、相模式与储层物性的定量关系[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006,36(5):805-812.Wang Pujun,Wu Heyong,Pang Yanming,Men Guangtian,Ren Yanguang,Liu Wanzhu,et al.Volcanic facies of the Songliao Basin:Sequence,model and the quantitative relationship with porosity&permeability of the volcanic reservoir[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2006,36(5):805-812.
[16]冯玉辉,黄玉龙,丁秀春,于小健,刘飞,王璞珺.辽河盆地东部凹陷中基性火山岩相地震响应特征及其机理探讨[J].石油物探,2014,53(2):206-215.Feng Yuhui,Huang Yulong,Ding Xiuchun,Yu Xiaojian,Liu Fei&Wang Pujun.Relationship between intermediate-mafic volcanic facies and their corresponding seismic reflections:A case study from eastern depression of Liaohe Basin[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2014,53(2):206-215.
[17]王西文,石兰亭,雍学善,杨午阳.地震波阻抗反演方法研究[J].岩性油气藏,2007,19(3):80-88.Wang Xiwen,Shi Lanting,Yong Xueshan&Yang Wuyang.Study on seismic impedance inversion[J].Lithologic Reservoirs,2007,19(3):80-88.
[18]韩波,石岩俊.火成岩相控多属性储层预测方法--以惠民凹陷商河地区沙三中亚段火成岩为例[J].长江大学学报(自科版),2017,14(7):31-36.Han Bo&Shi Yanjun.Method for predicting multi-attribute and facies-controlled igneous rock reservoir-By taking igneous rocks in the Middle Submember of Third Member of Shahejie Formation(E2s3m)in Shanghe area of Huimin sag for example[J].Journal of Yangtze University(Natural Science Edition),2017,14(7):31-36.
[19]仇鹏,孔丽娜,李道清,苏航,夏学领,周翠英.基于体控建模的内幕型火山岩气藏有效储层预测--以准噶尔盆地五彩湾凹陷火山岩气藏为例[J].天然气工业,2017,37(3):48-55.Qiu Peng,Kong Lina,Li Daoqing,Su Hang,Xia Xueling&Zhou Cuiying.Prediction of net pay zones in volcanic reservoirs with inner structures based on rock-mass controlled modeling:A case study of volcanic gas reservoirs in the Wucaiwan sag,Junggar Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2017,37(3):48-55.
[20]张光荣,廖奇,喻颐,冉崎,肖尧,卢晓敏,等.四川盆地高磨地区龙王庙组气藏高效开发有利区地震预测[J].天然气工业,2017,37(1):66-75.Zhang Guangrong,Liao Qi,Yu Yi,Ran Qi,Xiao Yao,Lu Xiaomin,et al.Seismic prediction on the favorable efficient development areas of the Longwangmiao Fm gas reservoir in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area,Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2017,37(1):66-75.
[21]冯玉辉.辽河盆地中基性火山岩:从储层刻画到成藏规律[D].吉林:吉林大学,2016.Feng Yuhui.Intermediate-mafic volcanic rocks in the Liaohe Basin:Volcanic reservoirs characterization and hydrocarbon accumulation[D].Jilin:Jilin University,2016.
[2]邓敏,侯明才,张本健,李秀华.川西南部周公山地区峨眉山玄武岩有利储层分析[J].中国地质,2014,41(2):378-386.Deng Min,Hou Mingcai,Zhang Benjian&Li Xiuhua.Favorable reservoir analysis of Emeishan basalt in Zhougongshan area of southwest Sichuan Province[J].Geology in China,2014,41(2):378-386.
[3]侯明才,王文楷,张本健,王维,李秀华,邓敏,等.四川周公山-汉王场地区峨眉山玄武岩中流体类型及活动期次[J].岩石学报,2013,29(8):2709-2718.Hou Mingcai,Wang Wenkai,Zhang Benjian,Wang Wei,Li Xiuhua,Deng Min,et al.Fluid types and activities of Emeishan basalt in Zhougong mountain-Hanwang field of Sichuan Province[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2013,29(8):2709-2718.
[4]熊亮,张本健,何鲤,杨毅,邹娟,冉飞,等.川西坳陷西南端二叠纪玄武岩喷发环境及分布特征[J].四川地质学报,2011,31(3):260-265.Xiong Liang,Zhang Benjian,He Li,Yang Yi,Zou Juan,Ran Fei,et al.Eruption setting and distribution of the Permian basalt at the southwest end of the West Sichuan Depression[J].Acta Geologica Sichuan,2011,31(3):260-265.
[5]王璞珺,迟元林,刘万洙,程日辉,单玄龙,任延广.松辽盆地火山岩相:类型、特征和储层意义[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2003,33(4):449-456.Wang Pujun,Chi Yuanlin,Liu Wanzhu,Cheng Rihui,Shan Xuanlong&Ren Yanguang.Volcanic facies of the Songliao Basin:Classification,characteristics and reservoir significance[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2003,33(4):449-456.
[6]张新荣,王东坡.火山岩油气储层特征浅析[J].世界地质,2001,20(3):272-278.Zhang Xinrong&Wang Dongpo.Analysis on oil and gas reservoir characteristics of volcanic rocks[J].World Geology,2001,20(3):272-278.
[7]王兆雷.车排子油田车47井区火山岩岩性岩相目标刻画及控藏因素研究[D].北京:中国石油大学(北京),2016.Wang Zhaolei.The describe of lithology and facies of volcanic rocks and analysis of factors controlling volcanic reservoir in Che47 wellblock of Chepaizi area[D].Beijing:China University of Petroleum(Beijing),2016.
[8]佘德平,吴继敏,李佩,金晓蕾.低频信号在玄武岩地区深层成像中的应用研究[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2006,34(1):83-87.She Deping,Wu Jimin,Li Pei&Jin Xiaolei.Application of low-frequency signals to imaging of deep layers in subbasalt areas[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2006,34(1):83-87.
[9]胡兴豪,宋建国,帅鹏宇.针对玄武岩屏蔽作用下的地质目标地震采集技术研究--以冰岛M区块为例[J].中国石油勘探,2017,22(4):116-122.Hu Xinghao,Song Jianguo&Shuai Pengyu.Seismic acquisition technology for geological targets under the shield of basalt:Acase study on M Block,Iceland[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2017,22(4):116-122.
[10]Hanssen P,Hampson G,Jakubowicz H,Dobson A,Li Xiangyang,Ziolkowski A,et al.Use of low frequencies for sub-basalt imaging[J].Geophysical Prospecting,2003,51(3):169-182.
[11]裴正林,牟永光.火成岩区地震波传播规律研究[J].石油物探,2004,43(5):433-437.Pei Zhenglin&Mou Yongguang.Study of seismic wave propagation regularity in igneous rock area[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2004,43(5):433-437.
[12]佘德平,管路平,徐颖,李佩.应用低频信号提高高速玄武岩屏蔽层下的成像质量[J].石油地球物理勘探,2007,42(5):564-567.She Deping,Guan Luping,Xu Ying&Li Pei.Applying of low-frequency signal to improve imaging quality below shielding high-velocity basalt[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting.2007,42(5):564-567.
[13]张军华,张在金,张彬彬,梁鸿贤,傅金荣,郭见乐.地震低频信号对关键处理环节的影响分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,2016,51(1):54-62.Zhang Junhua,Zhang Zaijin,Zhang Binbin,Liang Hongxian,Fu Jinrong&Guo Jianle.Low frequency signal influences on key seismic data processing procedures[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2016,51(1):54-62.
[14]裴江云,陈树民,刘振宽,王建民.近地表Q值求取及振幅补偿[J].地球物理学进展,2001,16(4):18-22.Pei Jiangyun,Chen Shumin,Liu Zhenkuan&Wang Jianmin.Near surface Q value extraction and amplitude compensation[J].Progress in Geophysics,2001,16(4):18-22.
[15]王璞珺,吴河勇,庞颜明,门广田,任延广,刘万洙,等.松辽盆地火山岩相:相序、相模式与储层物性的定量关系[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2006,36(5):805-812.Wang Pujun,Wu Heyong,Pang Yanming,Men Guangtian,Ren Yanguang,Liu Wanzhu,et al.Volcanic facies of the Songliao Basin:Sequence,model and the quantitative relationship with porosity&permeability of the volcanic reservoir[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2006,36(5):805-812.
[16]冯玉辉,黄玉龙,丁秀春,于小健,刘飞,王璞珺.辽河盆地东部凹陷中基性火山岩相地震响应特征及其机理探讨[J].石油物探,2014,53(2):206-215.Feng Yuhui,Huang Yulong,Ding Xiuchun,Yu Xiaojian,Liu Fei&Wang Pujun.Relationship between intermediate-mafic volcanic facies and their corresponding seismic reflections:A case study from eastern depression of Liaohe Basin[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2014,53(2):206-215.
[17]王西文,石兰亭,雍学善,杨午阳.地震波阻抗反演方法研究[J].岩性油气藏,2007,19(3):80-88.Wang Xiwen,Shi Lanting,Yong Xueshan&Yang Wuyang.Study on seismic impedance inversion[J].Lithologic Reservoirs,2007,19(3):80-88.
[18]韩波,石岩俊.火成岩相控多属性储层预测方法--以惠民凹陷商河地区沙三中亚段火成岩为例[J].长江大学学报(自科版),2017,14(7):31-36.Han Bo&Shi Yanjun.Method for predicting multi-attribute and facies-controlled igneous rock reservoir-By taking igneous rocks in the Middle Submember of Third Member of Shahejie Formation(E2s3m)in Shanghe area of Huimin sag for example[J].Journal of Yangtze University(Natural Science Edition),2017,14(7):31-36.
[19]仇鹏,孔丽娜,李道清,苏航,夏学领,周翠英.基于体控建模的内幕型火山岩气藏有效储层预测--以准噶尔盆地五彩湾凹陷火山岩气藏为例[J].天然气工业,2017,37(3):48-55.Qiu Peng,Kong Lina,Li Daoqing,Su Hang,Xia Xueling&Zhou Cuiying.Prediction of net pay zones in volcanic reservoirs with inner structures based on rock-mass controlled modeling:A case study of volcanic gas reservoirs in the Wucaiwan sag,Junggar Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2017,37(3):48-55.
[20]张光荣,廖奇,喻颐,冉崎,肖尧,卢晓敏,等.四川盆地高磨地区龙王庙组气藏高效开发有利区地震预测[J].天然气工业,2017,37(1):66-75.Zhang Guangrong,Liao Qi,Yu Yi,Ran Qi,Xiao Yao,Lu Xiaomin,et al.Seismic prediction on the favorable efficient development areas of the Longwangmiao Fm gas reservoir in the Gaoshiti-Moxi area,Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2017,37(1):66-75.
[21]冯玉辉.辽河盆地中基性火山岩:从储层刻画到成藏规律[D].吉林:吉林大学,2016.Feng Yuhui.Intermediate-mafic volcanic rocks in the Liaohe Basin:Volcanic reservoirs characterization and hydrocarbon accumulation[D].Jilin:Jilin University,2016.
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