水稻和小麦根际效应及细菌群落特征的比较研究
|
摘要
稻麦轮作是我国重要的农业生产方式,但水稻和小麦的根际效应及其对土壤功能的相对贡献仍不清楚。利用中国科学院常熟农业生态试验站典型乌栅土壤,同时分别设置种植水稻和小麦的盆栽试验,通过比较根际和非根际土壤中活性组分含量、脱氢酶活性、细菌群落多样性等指标的差异,研究植稻和植麦土壤根际效应及细菌群落特征。结果表明:水稻和小麦根际和非根际土壤的养分含量、微生物活性和细菌群落多样性以及主要细菌种类均具有显著性差异;根际土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量和脱氢酶活性(DHA)均高于非根际土壤,而土壤可溶性有机氮(DON)含量及细菌阿尔法(Alpha)多样性均低于非根际土壤;水稻各指标根际效应(DOC:2.07%,MBC:8.61%,DHA:41.11%,DON:61.07%,Chao1指数:7.62%)均小于小麦对应指标的根际效应(DOC:3.37%,MBC:22.62%,DHA:44.48%,DON:71.43%,Chao1指数:16.59%);小麦根际和非根际细菌群落分布之间的差异显著大于水稻。以上结果表明,与旱作小麦相比,水稻根际土壤与非根际土壤的差异较小,水稻根际效应较小,有利于光合碳及土壤养分的运移,有利于土壤微生物尤其是非根际微生物的生长。这些结果从新的角度阐释了根际效应及其对稻麦轮作土壤可持续性发展的作用机制。
【Objective】 In China, rice and wheat rotation is an important mode of agricultural production, composed of two subsystems i.e. flooded-cultivation and dry farming, with rice and wheat being the representative respectively. The two subsystems differ significantly in irrigation and fertilization condition and soil microbial community structure. The migration of soil active components and microbial characteristics as affected by rhizosphere effect are crucial to the formation and development of soil fertility. Bacterial communities play an essential role in biogeochemical cycles, plant nutrition and disease biocontrol. Most papers available in the literature focused mainly on rhizosphere effect, root exudates and enzyme activity in the upland soil, with little efforts on comparison between upland and paddy soils in pattern of rhizosphere effect and associated microbial community dynamics. Therefore, it is so far still unclear about rhizosphere effects of rice and wheat and their relative contributions to soil function.【Method】 A pot experiment cultivating rice and wheat separately was conducted in gleyic-stagnic anthrosols, a typical type of soil in the Changshu Ecological Experiment Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Rhizosphere soil was separated from non-rhizosphere or bulk soil with a rhizobox system.Comparison was made between the two portions of soil in content of soil active components, dehydrogenase activity, microbial biomass carbon and bacterial community composition under the two cropping systems for analysis of differences between rice and wheat in rhizosphere effect. Principal component analysis(PCoA)and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) was performed of the results of High throughput sequencing of the obtained data for analysis of soil bacterial community composition.【Result】 In both rice and wheat soils, the two portions of soil varied significantly in content of dissolved organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon and in dehydrogenase activity. Obviously they were higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil, whereas dissolved organic nitrogen content and bacterial alpha diversity was significantly lower in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. Proteobacteria and Bacteroides were the dominant bacteria in both rice and wheat soils, accounting for more than 40%. However, in terms of dominant genera, differences were obvious between rice and wheat as well as between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere. On the whole,soil microbial community was more complex in the rhizosphere than in the non-rhizosphere soil, and higher in population in the rice soil than in the wheat soil. Principal component analysis clearly shows that sharp difference existed between the two soil systems cultivated with rice and wheat in bacterial community, and the difference between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils was significantly sharper in the wheat soil than in the rice soil. Rhizosphere effects(DOC: 2.07%; MBC: 8.61%; dehydrogenase activity: 41.11%;DON: 61.07%; and Chao1: 7.62%) in the rice soil were all lower in absolute value than their respective ones in the wheat soil(DOC: 3.37%; MBC: 22.62%; dehydrogenase activity: 44.48%; DON: 71.43%; and Chao1:16.59%). 【Conclusion】 All the above listed findings suggest that the difference between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere was narrower in the rice soil than in the wheat soil, that is to say, the rhizosphere effect of rice is lower, facilitating transport of photosynthetic carbon and soil nutrients and favoring growth of soil microbes, especially in rhizosphere. And the findings illustrate from a new angle the rhizosphere effect and mechanism of the effect on sustainable development of the soil under the rice and wheat rotation system,and shed lights on a new perspective for improving soil fertility, especially in the soil under upland cropping systems.
【Objective】 In China, rice and wheat rotation is an important mode of agricultural production, composed of two subsystems i.e. flooded-cultivation and dry farming, with rice and wheat being the representative respectively. The two subsystems differ significantly in irrigation and fertilization condition and soil microbial community structure. The migration of soil active components and microbial characteristics as affected by rhizosphere effect are crucial to the formation and development of soil fertility. Bacterial communities play an essential role in biogeochemical cycles, plant nutrition and disease biocontrol. Most papers available in the literature focused mainly on rhizosphere effect, root exudates and enzyme activity in the upland soil, with little efforts on comparison between upland and paddy soils in pattern of rhizosphere effect and associated microbial community dynamics. Therefore, it is so far still unclear about rhizosphere effects of rice and wheat and their relative contributions to soil function.【Method】 A pot experiment cultivating rice and wheat separately was conducted in gleyic-stagnic anthrosols, a typical type of soil in the Changshu Ecological Experiment Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Rhizosphere soil was separated from non-rhizosphere or bulk soil with a rhizobox system.Comparison was made between the two portions of soil in content of soil active components, dehydrogenase activity, microbial biomass carbon and bacterial community composition under the two cropping systems for analysis of differences between rice and wheat in rhizosphere effect. Principal component analysis(PCoA)and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) was performed of the results of High throughput sequencing of the obtained data for analysis of soil bacterial community composition.【Result】 In both rice and wheat soils, the two portions of soil varied significantly in content of dissolved organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon and in dehydrogenase activity. Obviously they were higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil, whereas dissolved organic nitrogen content and bacterial alpha diversity was significantly lower in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. Proteobacteria and Bacteroides were the dominant bacteria in both rice and wheat soils, accounting for more than 40%. However, in terms of dominant genera, differences were obvious between rice and wheat as well as between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere. On the whole,soil microbial community was more complex in the rhizosphere than in the non-rhizosphere soil, and higher in population in the rice soil than in the wheat soil. Principal component analysis clearly shows that sharp difference existed between the two soil systems cultivated with rice and wheat in bacterial community, and the difference between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils was significantly sharper in the wheat soil than in the rice soil. Rhizosphere effects(DOC: 2.07%; MBC: 8.61%; dehydrogenase activity: 41.11%;DON: 61.07%; and Chao1: 7.62%) in the rice soil were all lower in absolute value than their respective ones in the wheat soil(DOC: 3.37%; MBC: 22.62%; dehydrogenase activity: 44.48%; DON: 71.43%; and Chao1:16.59%). 【Conclusion】 All the above listed findings suggest that the difference between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere was narrower in the rice soil than in the wheat soil, that is to say, the rhizosphere effect of rice is lower, facilitating transport of photosynthetic carbon and soil nutrients and favoring growth of soil microbes, especially in rhizosphere. And the findings illustrate from a new angle the rhizosphere effect and mechanism of the effect on sustainable development of the soil under the rice and wheat rotation system,and shed lights on a new perspective for improving soil fertility, especially in the soil under upland cropping systems.
引文
[1]Wang M C,Yang C H. Type of fertilizer applied to a paddy-upland rotation affects selected soil quality attributes. Geoderma, 2003, 114:93-108
[2]Lynch J M, Whipps J M. Substrate flow in the rhizosphere. Plant and Soil, 1990, 129:1-10
[3]Hernandez M, Dumont M G, Yuan Q, et al.Different bacterial populations associated with the roots and rhizosphere of rice incorporate plant-derived carbon. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2015, 81(6):2244-2253
[4]Kaibitz K,Solinger S,Park J H,et al. Controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in soils:A review. Soil Science, 2000, 165(4):277-304
[5]Kuzyakov Y,Blagodatskaya E. Microbial hotspots and hot moments in soil:Concept&review. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2015,83:184-199
[6]Baudoin E,Benizri E, Guckert A. Impact of artificial root exudates on the bacterial community structure in bulk soil and maize rhizosphere. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2003,35(9):1 183-1192
[7]Hartmann A, Rothballer M,Schmid M. Lorenz Hiltner, a pioneer in rhizosphere microbial ecology and bacteriology research. Plant and Soil, 2008,3 12(1):7-14
[8]Ryan P R,Delhaize E,Jones D L. Function and mechanism of organic anion exudation from plant roots.Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2001, 52:527-560
[9]Baraniya D,Puglisi E,Ceccherini M T,et al.Protease encoding microbial communities and protease activity of the rhizosphere and bulk soils of two maize lines with different N uptake efficiency. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2016,96:176-179
[10]Ye S,Yang Y, Xin G, et al. Studies of the Italian ryegrass-rice rotation system in southern China:Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis affects soil microorganisms and enzyme activities in the Lolium mutiflorum L. rhizosphere. Applied Soil Ecology,2015, 90:26-34
[11]贺纪正,李晶,郑袁明.土壤生态系统微生物多样性-稳定性关系的思考.生物多样性,2013, 21(4):411-420He J Z, Li J, Zheng Y M. Thoughts on the microbial diversity-stability relationship in soil ecosystems(In Chinese). Biodiversity Science, 2013,21(4):411-420
[12]安婷婷,侯小畔,周亚男,等.氮肥用量对小麦开花后根际土壤特性和产量的影响.中国农业科学,2017, 50(17):3352-3364An T T, Hou X P, Zhou Y N, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates on rhizosphere soil characteristics and yield after anthesis of wheat(In Chinese). Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(17):3352-3364
[13]Ma X,Zarebanadkouki M,Kuzyakov Y,et al. Spatial patterns of enzyme activities in therhizosphere:Effects of root hairs and root radius. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2018,118:69-78
[14]Fan K, Weisenhorn P, Gilbert J, et al. Soil pH correlates with the co-occurrence and assemblage process of diazotrophic communities in rhizosphere and bulk soils of wheat fields. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2018,121:185-192
[15]江春玉,刘萍,刘明,等.不同肥力红壤水稻土根际团聚体组成和碳氮分布动态.土壤学报,2017, 54(1):139-149Jiang C Y,Liu P,Liu M,et al. Dynamics of aggregates composition and C, N distribution in rhizosphere of rice plants in red paddy soils different in soil fertility(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017, 54(1):139-149
[16]Zhu Z,Ge T,Liu S,et al. Rice rhizodeposits affect organic matter priming in paddy soil:The role of N fertilization and plant growth for enzyme activities, CO2 and CH4 emissions. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2018,116:369-377
[17]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2000Lu R K. Analytical methods for soil and agro-chemistry(In Chinese). Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000
[18]吴金水,林启美,黄巧云,等.土壤微生物生物量测定方法及应用.北京:气象出版社,2006Wu J S, Lin Q M, Huang Q Y, et al. Soil microbial biomass-Methods and application(In Chinese).Beijing:China Meteorological Press, 2006
[19]Caporaso J G, Kuczynski J, Stombaugh J, et al.QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nature Methods, 2010,7(5):335-336
[20]Shaw A K,Halpern A L,Beeson K,et al. It's all relative:Ranking the diversity of aquatic bacterial communities. Environmental Microbiology, 2008,10(9):2200-2210
[21]Philips R P, Fahey T J. Tree species and mycorrhizal associations influence the magnitude of rhizosphere effects. Ecology,2006,87(5):1302-1313
[22]刘新志,李旭霞.太原市不同园林植物根际和非根际土壤养分和酶活性的差异.山西科技,2017, 32(5):53-56Liu X Z,Li X X. Differences of soil nutrients and enzyme activities in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of different landscape plants in Taiyuan(In Chinese). Shanxi Science and Technology, 2017,32(5):53-56
[23]朱金山,张慧,马连杰,等.不同沼灌年限稻田土壤微生物群落分析.环境科学,2018, 39(5):2401-2411Zhu J S, Zhang H, Ma L J,et al. Diversity of the microbial community in rice paddy soil with biogas slurry irrigation analyzed by Illumina sequencing technology(In Chinese). Environmental Science,2018, 39(5):2401-2411
[24]徐国伟,陆大克,王贺正,等.施氮和干湿灌溉对水稻抽穗期根系分泌有机酸的影响.中国生态农业学报,2018, 26(4):516-525Xu G W, Lu D K, Wang H Z, et al. Coupling effect of alternate wetting and drying irrigation and nitrogen rate on organic acid in rice root secretion at heading stage(In Chinese). Chinese Journal of EcoAgriculture, 2018, 26(4):516-525
[25]肖靖秀,郑毅,汤利,等.间作小麦蚕豆不同生长根际有机酸和酚酸变化.土壤学报,2016, 53(3):689-693Xiao J X, Zheng Y, Tang L, et al. Changes in organic and phenolic acids in rhizosphere of interplanted wheat and faba bean with growth stage(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2016, 53(3):689-693
[26]Gonet S S, Debska B. Dissolved organic carbon and dissolved nitrogen in soil under different fertilization treatments. Plant, Soil and Environment, 2006, 52(2):55-63
[27]Chu Q,Sha Z,Nakamura T,et al. Differential responses of soybean and sorghum growth, nitrogen uptake, and microbial metabolism in the rhizosphere to cattle manure application:a rhizobox study. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2016,64(43):8084-8094
[28]王晓雯,洪振瀚,刘安瑞,等.基于荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术的葡萄园土壤细菌群落结构多样性分析.酿酒科技,2016(11):28-36Wang X W, Hong Z H, Liu A R, et al. Analysis of bacterial community structure in vineyard soil by RT-PCR and high throughput sequencing(In Chinese). Liquormaking Science&Technology, 2016(11):28-36
[29]Lovley D R, Phillips E J P. Novel mode of microbial energy metabolism:Organic carbon oxidation coupled to dissimilatory reduction of iron or manganese.Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1998,54:1472-1480
[30]Darrah P R. Models of the rhizosphere. Plant and Soil, 1991, 138(2):147-158
[31]Sauer D,Kuzyakov Y, Stahr K. Spatial distribution of root exudates of five plant species as assessed by 14C labeling. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2006, 169:360-362
[32]张传更,高阳,张立明,等.水分管理措施对施用有机肥麦田土壤酶活性和微生物群落的影响.灌溉排水学报,2018,37(2):92-101Zhang C G,Gao Y,Zhang L M, et al. Effects of water management on soil enzyme activitiesand microbial community structure in wheat fields with organic fertilizer application(In Chinese). Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2018, 37(2):92-101
[33]Qiu H, Zheng X D, Ge T, et al. Weaker priming and mineralisation of low molecular weight organic substances in paddy than in upland soil. European Journal of Soil Biology,2017,83:9-17
[34]Bulgarelli D,Schlaeppi K, Spaepen S, et al.Stucture and functions of the bacterial microbiota of plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2013, 64(1):807-838
[2]Lynch J M, Whipps J M. Substrate flow in the rhizosphere. Plant and Soil, 1990, 129:1-10
[3]Hernandez M, Dumont M G, Yuan Q, et al.Different bacterial populations associated with the roots and rhizosphere of rice incorporate plant-derived carbon. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2015, 81(6):2244-2253
[4]Kaibitz K,Solinger S,Park J H,et al. Controls on the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in soils:A review. Soil Science, 2000, 165(4):277-304
[5]Kuzyakov Y,Blagodatskaya E. Microbial hotspots and hot moments in soil:Concept&review. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2015,83:184-199
[6]Baudoin E,Benizri E, Guckert A. Impact of artificial root exudates on the bacterial community structure in bulk soil and maize rhizosphere. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2003,35(9):1 183-1192
[7]Hartmann A, Rothballer M,Schmid M. Lorenz Hiltner, a pioneer in rhizosphere microbial ecology and bacteriology research. Plant and Soil, 2008,3 12(1):7-14
[8]Ryan P R,Delhaize E,Jones D L. Function and mechanism of organic anion exudation from plant roots.Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2001, 52:527-560
[9]Baraniya D,Puglisi E,Ceccherini M T,et al.Protease encoding microbial communities and protease activity of the rhizosphere and bulk soils of two maize lines with different N uptake efficiency. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2016,96:176-179
[10]Ye S,Yang Y, Xin G, et al. Studies of the Italian ryegrass-rice rotation system in southern China:Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis affects soil microorganisms and enzyme activities in the Lolium mutiflorum L. rhizosphere. Applied Soil Ecology,2015, 90:26-34
[11]贺纪正,李晶,郑袁明.土壤生态系统微生物多样性-稳定性关系的思考.生物多样性,2013, 21(4):411-420He J Z, Li J, Zheng Y M. Thoughts on the microbial diversity-stability relationship in soil ecosystems(In Chinese). Biodiversity Science, 2013,21(4):411-420
[12]安婷婷,侯小畔,周亚男,等.氮肥用量对小麦开花后根际土壤特性和产量的影响.中国农业科学,2017, 50(17):3352-3364An T T, Hou X P, Zhou Y N, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates on rhizosphere soil characteristics and yield after anthesis of wheat(In Chinese). Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(17):3352-3364
[13]Ma X,Zarebanadkouki M,Kuzyakov Y,et al. Spatial patterns of enzyme activities in therhizosphere:Effects of root hairs and root radius. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2018,118:69-78
[14]Fan K, Weisenhorn P, Gilbert J, et al. Soil pH correlates with the co-occurrence and assemblage process of diazotrophic communities in rhizosphere and bulk soils of wheat fields. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2018,121:185-192
[15]江春玉,刘萍,刘明,等.不同肥力红壤水稻土根际团聚体组成和碳氮分布动态.土壤学报,2017, 54(1):139-149Jiang C Y,Liu P,Liu M,et al. Dynamics of aggregates composition and C, N distribution in rhizosphere of rice plants in red paddy soils different in soil fertility(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017, 54(1):139-149
[16]Zhu Z,Ge T,Liu S,et al. Rice rhizodeposits affect organic matter priming in paddy soil:The role of N fertilization and plant growth for enzyme activities, CO2 and CH4 emissions. Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2018,116:369-377
[17]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2000Lu R K. Analytical methods for soil and agro-chemistry(In Chinese). Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000
[18]吴金水,林启美,黄巧云,等.土壤微生物生物量测定方法及应用.北京:气象出版社,2006Wu J S, Lin Q M, Huang Q Y, et al. Soil microbial biomass-Methods and application(In Chinese).Beijing:China Meteorological Press, 2006
[19]Caporaso J G, Kuczynski J, Stombaugh J, et al.QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nature Methods, 2010,7(5):335-336
[20]Shaw A K,Halpern A L,Beeson K,et al. It's all relative:Ranking the diversity of aquatic bacterial communities. Environmental Microbiology, 2008,10(9):2200-2210
[21]Philips R P, Fahey T J. Tree species and mycorrhizal associations influence the magnitude of rhizosphere effects. Ecology,2006,87(5):1302-1313
[22]刘新志,李旭霞.太原市不同园林植物根际和非根际土壤养分和酶活性的差异.山西科技,2017, 32(5):53-56Liu X Z,Li X X. Differences of soil nutrients and enzyme activities in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of different landscape plants in Taiyuan(In Chinese). Shanxi Science and Technology, 2017,32(5):53-56
[23]朱金山,张慧,马连杰,等.不同沼灌年限稻田土壤微生物群落分析.环境科学,2018, 39(5):2401-2411Zhu J S, Zhang H, Ma L J,et al. Diversity of the microbial community in rice paddy soil with biogas slurry irrigation analyzed by Illumina sequencing technology(In Chinese). Environmental Science,2018, 39(5):2401-2411
[24]徐国伟,陆大克,王贺正,等.施氮和干湿灌溉对水稻抽穗期根系分泌有机酸的影响.中国生态农业学报,2018, 26(4):516-525Xu G W, Lu D K, Wang H Z, et al. Coupling effect of alternate wetting and drying irrigation and nitrogen rate on organic acid in rice root secretion at heading stage(In Chinese). Chinese Journal of EcoAgriculture, 2018, 26(4):516-525
[25]肖靖秀,郑毅,汤利,等.间作小麦蚕豆不同生长根际有机酸和酚酸变化.土壤学报,2016, 53(3):689-693Xiao J X, Zheng Y, Tang L, et al. Changes in organic and phenolic acids in rhizosphere of interplanted wheat and faba bean with growth stage(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2016, 53(3):689-693
[26]Gonet S S, Debska B. Dissolved organic carbon and dissolved nitrogen in soil under different fertilization treatments. Plant, Soil and Environment, 2006, 52(2):55-63
[27]Chu Q,Sha Z,Nakamura T,et al. Differential responses of soybean and sorghum growth, nitrogen uptake, and microbial metabolism in the rhizosphere to cattle manure application:a rhizobox study. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2016,64(43):8084-8094
[28]王晓雯,洪振瀚,刘安瑞,等.基于荧光定量PCR和高通量测序技术的葡萄园土壤细菌群落结构多样性分析.酿酒科技,2016(11):28-36Wang X W, Hong Z H, Liu A R, et al. Analysis of bacterial community structure in vineyard soil by RT-PCR and high throughput sequencing(In Chinese). Liquormaking Science&Technology, 2016(11):28-36
[29]Lovley D R, Phillips E J P. Novel mode of microbial energy metabolism:Organic carbon oxidation coupled to dissimilatory reduction of iron or manganese.Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1998,54:1472-1480
[30]Darrah P R. Models of the rhizosphere. Plant and Soil, 1991, 138(2):147-158
[31]Sauer D,Kuzyakov Y, Stahr K. Spatial distribution of root exudates of five plant species as assessed by 14C labeling. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2006, 169:360-362
[32]张传更,高阳,张立明,等.水分管理措施对施用有机肥麦田土壤酶活性和微生物群落的影响.灌溉排水学报,2018,37(2):92-101Zhang C G,Gao Y,Zhang L M, et al. Effects of water management on soil enzyme activitiesand microbial community structure in wheat fields with organic fertilizer application(In Chinese). Journal of Irrigation and Drainage, 2018, 37(2):92-101
[33]Qiu H, Zheng X D, Ge T, et al. Weaker priming and mineralisation of low molecular weight organic substances in paddy than in upland soil. European Journal of Soil Biology,2017,83:9-17
[34]Bulgarelli D,Schlaeppi K, Spaepen S, et al.Stucture and functions of the bacterial microbiota of plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2013, 64(1):807-838
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |